9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 23rd October, 2024
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Mains Oriented Articles
GS PAPER - 2
UN’s urgent call for action against antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
Source: The post UN’s urgent call for action against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been created, based on the article “UN recognition of antibiotic abuse offers India an opportunity” published in “Indian Express” on 23rd October 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 – Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health
Context: The article discusses the UN’s urgent call for action against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It highlights AMR as a global health threat, outlines key targets, and emphasizes sustainable use of antimicrobials across sectors, especially healthcare and agriculture, by 2030.
For detailed information on Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance in India read this article here
What is AMR and why is it a global threat?
AMR stands for antimicrobial resistance, where bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to medicines. This makes infections harder to treat. It threatens human, animal, and plant health. Misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals since the 1950s has worsened this problem. WHO warned about phasing out antibiotics in food production in 2000.
What are the consequences of AMR?
- Health Setbacks: AMR could reverse progress in treating infectious diseases like tuberculosis and malaria due to drug-resistant strains. Common surgeries and cancer treatments become riskier and more expensive.
- Disproportionate Impact: Low- and middle-income countries are hit hardest due to poverty and inequality, worsening global health inequality.
- Economic Losses: The World Bank estimates AMR could result in up to $1 trillion in healthcare costs by 2050 and annual GDP losses between $1-3.4 trillion by 2030, comparable to the 2008 global financial crisis.
- Death Toll: AMR is linked to 4.95 million human deaths annually. The UN aims to reduce this by 10% by 2030.
- Agricultural Impact: Misuse of antimicrobials in industrial food production since the 1950s exacerbates AMR in animals and plants.
What is the UN’s strategy to fight AMR?
- Reducing AMR-related deaths: The UN aims to lower bacterial AMR-related deaths by 10% by 2030, currently estimated at 4.95 million annually.
- Funding and support: The UN advocates for sustainable national financing, including $100 million in catalytic funding, to ensure 60% of countries have funded national action plans by 2030.
- Antimicrobial usage: At least 70% of antimicrobials used in human healthcare should belong to WHO’s Access Group, known for fewer side effects and a lower risk of causing AMR.
- Healthcare facility standards: All countries must have basic water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management in healthcare facilities, and 90% should meet WHO’s Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) standards by 2030.
- Agriculture sector: The agri-food sector must prioritize responsible antimicrobial use, ensuring evidence-based practices for animal health.
Question for practice:
Discuss the consequences of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the UN’s strategy to combat it.
Role of the UN in maintaining peace
Source: The post role of the UN in maintaining peace has been created, based on the article “The world needs blue helmets who act as blue helmets” published in “The Hindu” on 23rd October 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 2 International Relations – Important International institutions, agencies and fora – their structure, mandate.
Context: The article discusses the role of the UN in maintaining peace. It criticizes the UN for often being a bystander in conflicts, failing to protect civilians. It calls for reform in the Security Council to allow quicker action and better support for peacekeeping missions.
For detailed information on shortcomings of UN read this article here
How does the UN Charter address peacekeeping?
- The UN aims to prevent wars and protect civilians through its Charter and peacekeeping forces. It has over 100,000 peacekeepers deployed worldwide.
- The UN Charter’s Chapter VI promotes peaceful settlements of disputes. Chapter VII allows the use of armed force, with Security Council authorization, in cases of aggression. Chapter VIII also allows regional forces to enforce peace if authorized by the Security Council.
Where has the UN succeeded and failed?
UN Successes:
- Peacekeeping Operations: The UN successfully restored peace in countries like Cambodia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Angola, Timor Leste, Liberia, and Kosovo.
- Notable Examples: In Kosovo, only 6,000 peacekeepers helped stabilize the region between 1999-2008. Similarly, 3,000 UN police and Australian infantry restored order in Timor Leste during the same period.
- Impact: These missions helped in re-establishing rule of law and forming elected governments.
UN Failures:
- Rwanda and Bosnia: In 1994 and 1995, the UN failed to protect civilians, leading to mass casualties, such as the Rwanda genocide, where nearly 1 million Tutsis were killed.
- Current conflicts: In Ukraine and Gaza, the UN has been criticized for inaction, despite having 100,000 peacekeepers that could have been redeployed to prevent massive civilian casualties.
What changes are needed for the UN Security Council?
- Expand Permanent Membership: Include countries like India and South Africa to better represent the global South and Africa. India is a major global voice, and South Africa’s inclusion would address long-overdue representation for Africa.
- Reform the Veto Power: Limit the veto power of the P5 members, which often prevents decisive action. For instance, the U.S. and Russia would veto interventions in West Asia and Ukraine, respectively.
- Division of Votes: In an expanded P7, a vote should decide interventions instead of relying on a single country’s veto. This would enable faster deployment of UN troops under Chapters VII and VIII.
For detailed information on UNSC Reforms read this article here
Question for practice:
Examine how the proposed reforms to the UN Security Council could improve its effectiveness in peacekeeping missions?
GS PAPER - 3
UN Biodiversity Conference- COP16
Source: The post UN Biodiversity Conference- COP16 has been created, based on the article “Biodiversity COP16: What is it, what is on agenda this year” published in “Indian Express” on 23rd October 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
Context: The article discusses the UN Biodiversity Conference in Cali, Colombia, focusing on the Convention on Biological Diversity. It highlights goals to protect biodiversity, including the 30 x 30 targets. Financial support for conservation and fair sharing of genetic resources are key topics at COP16.
What is the UN Biodiversity Conference and its purpose?
- The UN Biodiversity Conference, held every two years, is currently taking place in Cali, Colombia.
- It focuses on the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), established at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, which aims to protect global biodiversity, restore ecosystems, and equitably share biological resources.
- This year’s event is the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) under the CBD.
- The main goal is to implement the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (COP15), which includes four goals and 23 targets to be achieved by 2030.
For detailed information on COP15 of Convention on Biodiversity read this article here
Why are biodiversity discussions gaining attention?
Biodiversity discussions are gaining attention due to their strong link with climate change. Both crises are caused by resource extraction and unsustainable practices. Climate change accelerates biodiversity loss, while degraded ecosystems contribute to global warming. This has led to a convergence in the goals of biodiversity and climate negotiations.
What are the expected discussions of CO16?
- Progress on 30 x 30 Targets: Countries will push forward on the goal to conserve 30% of land and oceans and restore 30% of degraded areas by 2030. Countries need to submit National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs), similar to climate-related Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). So far, only 32 out of 196 countries have submitted their NBSAPs.
- High Seas Treaty: It is also known as the agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdictions or BBNJ, which was finalised last year as a separate international agreement to maintain the ecological health of oceans. At COP16, the focus will be on protecting biodiversity-rich ocean areas and ensuring fair distribution of genetic resources.
- Sharing Genetic Resources: The Nagoya Protocol, agreed upon in 2010, set rules for sharing benefits from bio-resources. At COP16, discussions will include how to share profits from digital genetic sequences of plants and organisms. This is especially important for indigenous populations.
- Financial Mobilization: The Kunming-Montreal Framework calls for $200 billion per year by 2030 to be spent on conservation, with developed countries providing $20-30 billion annually to developing countries. Ways and means to mobilise these financial resources is one of the main items on the agenda at COP16.
- Eliminating Harmful Subsidies: Countries are expected to phase out $500 billion worth of harmful subsidies by 2030.
Question for practice:
Discuss the main goals and expected discussions at COP16 of the UN Biodiversity Conference in Cali, Colombia.
Government’s efforts to tackle Naxalite violence in Chhattisgarh
Source: The post government’s efforts to tackle Naxalite violence in Chhattisgarh has been created, based on the article “Working toward a meaningful ‘victims’ register’ in Bastar” published in “The Hindu” on 23rd October 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3 – Security Issues
Context: The article discusses the government’s efforts to tackle Naxalite violence in Chhattisgarh. It highlights the importance of supporting victims, improving governance, and using a holistic approach, while cautioning against creating further societal divides during conflict resolution efforts.
For detailed information on Maoist Insurgency in India read this article here
How is the government addressing left-wing extremism?
- The government is tackling Naxalite violence in Chhattisgarh by addressing security and development together.
- They aim to ensure local community rights and improve governance. This approach has shown some success in decreasing violence in areas like Bastar division, which includes districts such as Bastar, Narayanpur, and Dantewada.
- The government plans to improve how victims of violence are registered and supported, as stated by Chhattisgarh’s Deputy Chief Minister, Vijay Sharma.
- The victims’ register aims to document all affected individuals impartially, which can aid in conflict resolution, similar to successful efforts in countries like Colombia.
- This should build trust among tribals and strengthen the state’s position against Maoists, especially now when Maoist influence is waning.
What challenges do the victims face?
- Displacement and Insecurity: Around 55,000 tribals fled to Andhra Pradesh during the peak years of Salwa Judum (mid-2000s) and have not been able to return home. They continue to seek redress and the opportunity to return to their communities in Chhattisgarh.
- Historical Neglect: The tribal communities have been victims of structural violence and neglect since colonial times, which has persisted post-independence. This ongoing neglect allowed Maoists to gain support by filling governance gaps in regions like Dandakaranya, covering parts of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
- Dual Victimisation: Tribals are often caught between violence from Maoist groups and state forces, complicating their identification and support through governmental initiatives like the victims’ register.
Way forward
The victim identification process must be fair and unbiased. If not, it could create further divides in society. Trust and reconciliation are key to making this effort successful, ensuring that all victims are heard and supported.
Question for practice:
Discuss the challenges faced by tribal victims of Naxalite violence in Chhattisgarh and the government’s efforts to support them.
Issue with India’s job market
Source: The post issue with India’s job market has been created, based on the article “The job crisis undermines state legitimacy” published in “The Hindu” on 23rd October 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3– Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.
Context: The article discusses India’s lack of good-quality jobs, especially for the youth. It argues that the failure to address unemployment and inequality could lead to political instability and criticizes solutions like UBI for ignoring dignity and social participation.
For detailed information on Issues in Indian Labor Market read this article here
What is the main issue with India’s job market?
- Lack of Good-Quality Jobs: Many jobs in India are informal, unpaid, or have no opportunities for growth. The unemployment rate seems low, but this is misleading because working just one month in a year counts as being employed.
- Youth Unemployment: The shortage of quality jobs, especially for the youth, can lead to frustration and economic problems. This is a significant issue as young people need meaningful work to feel included in society.
- Impact of Technology and Capital: Technological advances and the concentration of capital are displacing many workers. This increases inequality, as only the elite benefit from these changes, leaving a large part of the population without dignity or financial security.
For detailed information on The Employment Crisis in India read this article here
How Are Political Parties Responding?
- Political responses have been inadequate, relying on market forces or short-term solutions.
- The idea of ‘creative destruction’ assumes old jobs will naturally be replaced by better ones, which isn’t always true.
- Universal Basic Income (UBI) has also been suggested, but it doesn’t address people’s need for dignity or contribution to society.
- Political parties focus too much on winning elections and fail to address long-term structural problems like unemployment.
- This makes people feel neglected and lose trust in democratic institutions. Globally, we see this through the rise of populism and authoritarianism.
Way forward
Political parties must lead by addressing structural issues such as unemployment, inequality, and dignity. The future of India’s democracy depends on restoring a sense of purpose and participation to all citizens. Without this, political parties may become irrelevant.
Question for practice:
Discuss how the lack of good-quality jobs in India contributes to political instability and the potential consequences for democratic institutions.
Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly)
BRICS Reaches Clean Energy Milestone by End of 2024
Source: This post on BRICS Reaches Clean Energy Milestone by End of 2024 has been created based on the article “BRICS nations hit clean energy milestone: Fossil fuels to drop under 50% by end of 2024 for first time” published in Down to Earth on 23rd October 2024.
Why in news?
A report from the Global Energy Monitor highlights a significant turning point for the BRICS nations, where clean energy development is accelerating despite continued investments in coal, oil, and gas.
Major Energy Transition for BRICS
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1. The BRICS group includes Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and recently added members Iran, UAE, Ethiopia, and Egypt. They are collectively responsible for a third of global GDP and carbon emission.
2. BRICS is now rapidly transitioning from coal, oil, and gas to renewable energy.
3. As per the report, BRICS nations will see fossil fuel capacity fall below 50% of their total installed power capacity by the end of 2024.
4. This marks the first time the BRICS group has crossed this milestone, showing a shift toward cleaner energy sources.
5. Non-Fossil Power Growth in 2024: In 2024, BRICS countries have added 190 GW of non-fossil power capacity, mostly from wind and solar.In contrast, only 72 GW of fossil fuel power is set to be added this year, showing a significant pivot toward renewables.
6. Renewable vs. Fossil Capacity: By the end of the year, BRICS will have approximately 2,289 GW of renewable energy capacity, surpassing the 2,245 GW from fossil fuels. Comparatively, the European Union reached this 50% renewable energy mark in the early 2010s, and the G7 achieved it only last year.
BRICS Renewable Capacity Set to Triple by 2030
Rapid Expansion of Renewable Projects: BRICS nations are fast-tracking renewable energy projects, with 1,550 GW of wind and utility-scale solar either under construction or planned. Including hydropower, renewable projects outpace fossil fuel projects by nearly three to one.
Alignment with Global Climate Goals: BRICS is on track to nearly triple its renewable capacity by 2030, supporting global efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. If current trends continue, BRICS could see a 2.5-fold increase in total renewable capacity by the end of the decade.
Challenges in the Clean Energy Transition
Continued Fossil Fuel Investments: Despite progress, BRICS countries, except for Ethiopia, are still developing new coal, oil, and gas projects. Planned projects could increase coal capacity by 36% and oil and gas capacity by 53%, posing a challenge to the renewable transition.
Balancing Act for BRICS: The ongoing investment in fossil fuels creates tension with environmental goals. James Norman from Global Energy Monitor (GEM) emphasizes that while the clean energy transition is real, BRICS’ continued coal projects risk undermining their achievements in renewable energy.
UPSC Syllabus: Reports and index
FDA Approval of Cobenfy
Source: This post on FDA Approval of Cobenfy has been created based on the article “FDA approval for Cobenfy casts light on schizophrenia’s wickedness” published in The Hindu on 23rd October 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Cobenfy, a new antipsychotic drug to treat schizophrenia. FDA Approval of Cobenfy
About Cobenfy
1. About: Cobenfy is a newly FDA-approved medication for treating schizophrenia in adults. It is a combination of two drugs, xanomeline and trospium chloride.
2. How it works: It offers a unique approach by targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 and M4) instead of the dopamine receptors targeted by traditional antipsychotics.
3. The medication has shown promising results in clinical trials, with significant improvements in schizophrenia symptoms.
4. Risks: It comes with its own set of risks, such as gastrointestinal issues, increased heart rate, and allergic reactions like angioedema.
5. It is not recommended for individuals with certain conditions, including narrow-angle glaucoma and moderate-to-severe liver or kidney impairment.
About Schizophrenia
1. About: Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental health disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is characterized by episodes of psychosis, where an individual experiences distorted perceptions of reality.
2. Symptoms: It typically appear in late adolescence and early adulthood. The disorder results in a 13–15-year reduction in life expectancy due to lifestyle factors and comorbidities, with a 5% suicide rate.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
1. Positive Symptoms (reality distortion): Delusions, Hallucinations and Formal thought disorder (disorganized speech)
2. Negative Symptoms (diminished functions): Apathy, Reduced emotional expression, Lack of motivation and decreased pleasure
3. Disorganization Symptoms: Disorganized thinking and behavior and Inappropriate emotional responses
4. Cognitive Impairments: Impaired attention, memory, and judgment
Causes of Schizophrenia
1. Genetics play a crucial role with polygenic risk involving hundreds of genetic variants.
2. Environmental factors such as prenatal complications can interact with genetic predispositions to significantly increase the risk.
3. Neurodevelopmental origins also contribute to the disorder’s complexity.
Xanomeline and Trospium: Mechanism of Action
1. Xanomeline is a muscarinic receptor agonist that targets the parasympathetic nervous system showing promise in improving multiple schizophrenia symptoms.
2. Trospium works as an antimuscarinic agent to mitigate xanomeline’s adverse effects.
3. Cobenfy’s Side Effects and Cost: Common side effects include nausea, indigestion, hypertension, tachycardia and dizziness.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology
India and Pakistan Renew Agreement on Kartarpur Corridor
Source: This post on India and Pakistan Renew Agreement on Kartarpur Corridor has been created based on the article “India-Pakistan Renew Kartarpur Corridor Agreement” published in The Hindu on 23rd October 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, India and Pakistan renewed Agreement on Kartarpur Corridor. India and Pakistan Renew Agreement on Kartarpur Corridor
About the Agreement
1. India and Pakistan have agreed to extend their 2019 agreement on the Kartarpur Corridor for another five years.
2. This will allow continued access for Indian pilgrims to visit the Kartarpur Sahib Gurdwara in Narowal, Pakistan, until 2029.
3. The original agreement, signed on October 24, 2019, was initially valid for five years. The extension ensures uninterrupted operation of the corridor, facilitating the pilgrimage for the Indian Sikh community.
4. Despite the renewal of the agreement, India was unsuccessful in its efforts to persuade Pakistan to eliminate the $20 service fee (approximately ₹1,680) levied on each pilgrim.
5. Pakistan claims the fee is necessary to cover the cost of refurbishing the gurdwara, which amounted to an estimated $17 million.
UPSC Syllabus: International agreement
Cloud Chambers
Source: This post on Cloud Chambers has been created based on the article “Why India is building a cloud chamber as part of Mission Mausam” published in Indian Express on 23rd October 2024.
Why in news?
With Mission Mausam, India is constructing a cloud chamber with convection properties essential for studying Indian monsoon clouds. Globally, only a few convective cloud chambers exist. Cloud Chambers Explantion.
About Cloud Chamber
1. About: A cloud chamber is a closed cylindrical or tubular drum where water vapor, aerosols, and other elements are injected under controlled humidity and temperature to form clouds.
2. Purpose: This facility will enable scientists to study the particles that form cloud droplets or ice particles in a controlled environment.
3. Objectives of Building the Convective Cloud Chamber: To study the behavior of clouds during normal and extreme weather, intra-particle interactions, and the formation of rain and ice particles.
4. Aim: The aim is to understand moisture interactions and cloud behavior influenced by weather systems like cyclones and low-pressure areas. This knowledge will guide weather modification strategies for the region.
5. Significance of the Convective Cloud Chamber
i) Limited Global Availability: Only a few convective cloud chambers exist worldwide, designed to study cloud dynamics with convection properties.
ii) Relevance to Indian Weather: The chamber will be tailored to study Indian monsoon clouds and gain insights into cloud physics in conditions specific to India.
6. Application of the Cloud Chamber
Controlled Experiments: Scientists will simulate different environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, and convection within the chamber to study cloud behavior.
Advanced Instrumentation: Over the next 18-24 months, a focus will be on developing complex instrumentation and probes for in-depth study when the chamber is operational.
7. India’s Experience with Cloud Seeding
CAIPEEX Programme: India’s cloud seeding experience includes the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX), conducted over four phases in Maharashtra.
Results of Cloud Seeding: The experiments demonstrated that cloud seeding could enhance rainfall by up to 46% in specific areas under suitable conditions.
8. Limitations: Despite its potential, cloud seeding is not seen as a universal solution to address rainfall deficits across all regions.
UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology
International Incoming Spoofed Calls Prevention System
Source: This post on International Incoming Spoofed Calls Prevention System has been created based on the article “Union Minister Jyotiraditya M. Scindia launches ‘International Incoming Spoofed Calls Prevention System’” published in PIB on 23rd October 2024.
Why in news?
Minister of Communications and Development of North Eastern Region today launched ‘International Incoming Spoofed Calls Prevention System. It’s an efforts towards building a safe digital space and protecting citizens from cyber-crime.
About International Incoming Spoofed Calls Prevention System
1. Launched by: Ministery of Communications and Development of North Eastern Region
2. Developed by: Department of Telecommunications (DoT) and Telecom Service Providers (TSPs).
3. Objective: To protect Indian citizens from cyber fraud through spoofed international calls.
4. Key Features of the System
i) This newly launched system helps block such fraudulent calls before they reach potential victims.
ii) During its first 24 hours of operation, the system identified and blocked around 13.5 million spoofed calls, which represents 90% of all incoming international calls.
iii) This development is expected to significantly reduce scam calls that spoof local Indian numbers, providing a safer digital environment for telecom subscribers.
iv) The system is part of a broader government initiative to secure the nation’s telecommunications infrastructure and curb cybercrime.
About Spoofed calls
1. About: Spoofed calls are a type of scam where the caller deliberately falsifies the information transmitted to your caller ID display to disguise their identity.
2. Spoofing Mechanism: Cybercriminals manipulate the calling line identity (CLI) to make international calls appear as if they are from Indian numbers (+91-xxxxxxxxxx).
3. Uses of Spoofed Calls: Financial scams, Impersonating government or telecom officials, Creating panic with threats of service disconnection or arrests and false claims regarding involvement in illegal activities such as drugs, police impersonation, or sex rackets.
UPSC Syllabus: Governance
Amazon Future Engineer (AFE) program
Source: This post on Amazon Future Engineer (AFE) program has been created based on the article “Extreme weather obstacle to an equitable world, as 3.53 billion people continue to live in poverty” published in PIB on 23rd October 2024.
Why in news?
Recently, the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) launched the third phase of the ‘Amazon Future Engineer Program’ in 50 Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS).
About Amazon Future Engineer (AFE) program
The Amazon Future Engineer (AFE) program is an educational initiative designed to inspire, educate, and support students from underrepresented and underserved communities to pursue careers in computer science (CS) and engineering.
It was launched by Amazon and is part of the company’s broader commitment to bridge the technology skills gap and foster diversity in STEM fields.
Key Components:
1. K-12 Support: AFE provides resources and funding for elementary, middle, and high schools to introduce students to coding and CS. This includes teacher training, online curriculum access, and activities like Hour of Code. Schools in underserved areas receive priority support.
2. Scholarships and Internships: One of the flagship aspects of the AFE program is its scholarship initiative which awards $40,000 college scholarships to high school seniors planning to major in CS. In addition to financial aid, recipients are offered paid internships at Amazon to gain real-world experience.
3. University and Career Readiness: AFE partners with universities and organizations to provide mentorship, career guidance, and hands-on learning opportunities for students as they navigate higher education and career paths. The internships at Amazon help students gain practical skills, network with professionals, and build a career foundation.
4. Focus on Diversity: Amazon has placed a significant emphasis on expanding access to CS education for students from underrepresented groups, including minorities, women, and those from low-income families. The goal is to create a more inclusive tech workforce.
5. Partnerships with Nonprofits: AFE collaborates with various nonprofit organizations, such as Code.org, Girls Who Code and The Boys & Girls Club of America to expand its reach and bring high-quality STEM education to even more communities.
6. Real-World Applications and Projects: Students involved in the AFE program are encouraged to work on real-world projects, such as building apps, creating AI models, or contributing to sustainability and humanitarian efforts through technology. This hands-on approach helps them see the impact of computer science in everyday life.
UPSC Syllabus: Schemes and programmes