Daily Quiz: UPSC Prelims Marathon – October 12

Anti-microbial resistance – Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) change when they are exposed to antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and anthelmintics). Micro organisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”.

As a result, the medicines become ineffective and infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of spread to others.

One Health – it recognises the health of people is connected to the health of animals and the environment. The goal of One Health is to encourage the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines – working locally, nationally and globally to achieve the best health for  people, animals and our environment.

School health programme – for the prevention of Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis

Swasthya E-Gurukul – is an e-learning initiative of WHO. It is a single repository for training material for several disease programmes such as diabetes, leprosy, AIDS, TB, etc.

India’s mission to place a navigation satellite into space failed  after the spacecraft carrying it suffered a technical fault on the final leg after a perfect launch.

IRNSS-1H satellite was not released by the PSLV-39 rocket as the heat shield didn’t separate from the spacecraft.

A heat shield is an encasement which protects the satellite in the rocket from ultra-high temperatures, acoustic pressures that the spacecraft experiences while travelling in the Earth’s atmosphere.

In space shuttles, the heat shield must protect the crew capsule and its precious astronaut crew from temperatures that can melt metal. These ultra-high temperatures result from friction between the air and the speeding spacecraft, according to NASA.

Heat shield separation and satellite

Pressures decrease once the spacecraft is outside Earth’s atmosphere, allowing the heat shield to separate in the fourth phase of the launch.

After the heat shield failed to separate, the IRNSS-1H satellite could not be released into the orbit.

The eighth satellite was a replacement for IRNSS-1A, one of the seven satellites in India’s navigation satellite constellation, as its three rubidium atomic clocks on board had stopped functioning. It was also the first time the private sector was actively involved in assembling and testing of a satellite.

Asteroids are composed mainly of rock and metals, while comets are made of ice, dust and small rocks. An object becomes a meteor if it enters Earth’s atmosphere. Since meteors leave visible streaks across the sky, they are often known as shooting stars. The term “meteorite” refers to solid debris that survives entry and impact with the ground.

The only known unequivocal biological role of vitamin K is as a cofactor for an enzyme that enables specific proteins to bind calcium (3, 4). The ability to bind calcium ions (Ca2+) is required for the activation of the seven vitamin K-dependent blood clotting (‘coagulation’) factors (e.g., prothrombin), or proteins, in the series of events that stop bleeding through clot formation (‘coagulation cascade’). Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors are synthesized in the liver. Consequently, severe liver disease results in lower blood levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and an increased risk of uncontrolled bleeding (‘hemorrhage’).

Shinkensan Technology
Shinkansen literally means new trunk line that refers to the high-speed rail line network in Japan.Shinkansen uses a range of advanced technology which helps the trains attain high speed without compromising on safety and comfort.

Because the image is smaller, more image can fit onto the mirror, so a convex mirror provides for a larger field of view than a plane mirror. This is why they are useful. They are used whenever a mirror with a large field of view is needed. For example, the passenger-side rear view mirror

Your circadian rhythm is basically a 24-hour internal clock that is running in the background of your brain and cycles between sleepiness and alertness at regular intervals. It’s also known as your sleep/wake cycle.

For most adults, the biggest dip in energy happens in the middle of the night (somewhere between 2:00am and 4:00am, when they’re usually fast asleep) and just after lunchtime (around 1:00pm to 3:00pm, when they tend to crave a post-lunch nap). Those times can be different if you’re naturally a night owl or a morning person. You also won’t feel the dips and rises of your circadian rhythm as strongly if you’re all caught up on sleep. It’s when you’re sleep-deprived that you’ll notice bigger swings of sleepiness and alertness.

A part of your hypothalamus (a portion of your brain) controls your circadian rhythm. That said, outside factors like lightness and darkness can also impact it. When it’s dark at night, your eyes send a signal to the hypothalamus that it’s time to feel tired. Your brain, in turn, sends a signal to your body to release melatonin, which makes your body tired. That’s why your circadian rhythm tends to coincide with the cycle of daytime and nighttime (and why it’s so hard for shift worker to sleep during the day and stay awake at night).