Factors behind declining fertility – The importance of hope

Source: The post factors behind declining fertility has been created, based on the article “The importance of hope – Reversing the decline in fertility, predicted in recent studies, isn’t impossible. Policies that instill hope in young people could help” published in “Indian express” on 2nd April 2024.

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 1- Society- population and associated issues,

News: The article talks about a Lancet paper showing global population trends are changing, with declining birth rates instead of overpopulation. It highlights India’s situation and suggests policy changes for a better future. Factors behind declining fertility

What are the major findings in a paper on global population trends in the Lancet?

Global Population Decline: The Lancet paper projects a significant decrease in the global population. Most countries, including India, are expected to see lower birth rates.

China’s Population Halving: By 2100, China’s population might drop by up to 50%.

Contrast in Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa is the exception, likely to experience population growth.

Ageing Population: The decline in birth rates suggests a future with more elderly people and fewer young ones.

Economic and Social Impact: The change could affect job markets, healthcare, and social systems, as there will be more old people needing care but fewer young people to support them.

What are the factors behind declining fertility?

Education and Empowerment: Higher education levels and increased empowerment among women lead to smaller family sizes.

Economic and Job Security: The high cost of child-rearing and lack of job security discourage having children. This trend is observed even in wealthy countries with generous parental support policies.

Climate Change Concerns: Young people are reluctant to bring children into a world threatened by environmental issues like climate change.

India’s Economic Challenges: In India, 90% of the youth are in low-paying, informal jobs, contributing to uncertainty about the future.

Wealth Inequality: India’s extreme wealth inequality, with the richest 1% owning 40% of the wealth, creates societal instability.

Declining Happiness and Democracy Health: India’s low ranking in the World Happiness Report and concerns about its democratic status further impact decisions about starting a family.

What should be done?

Restore Hope: Policies should focus on instilling hope in young people about their future.

Promote Education and Job Security: Enhancing education and ensuring job security can address economic uncertainties.

Reform Taxation and Social Security: Implement progressive taxation and improve social security systems to create a more equitable society.

Ensure Universal Healthcare: Universal health coverage should be provided, especially for long-term care of chronic conditions.

Address Environmental Concerns: Tackling issues like climate change can alleviate young people’s fears about the future world for their children.

Strengthen Democracy: Improving the democratic health of a country can positively impact societal outlook and stability.

Question for practice:

Examine the factors contributing to declining fertility rates globally, with a focus on India, as discussed in Lancet’s findings.