Falling off the health-care radar:

Falling off the health-care radar:

Overview

• The article discusses the problems with National Health Policy (NHP), and dealing and managing the non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

What are the issues with National Health Policy?

• The National Health Policy (NHP), 2017 is unable to see the wood for the trees.
• Life and death questions are dealt with perfunctorily or simply overlooked.
• For example, it overlooks the rapid rise in the share of the old (60 years or more), and associated morbidities, especially sharply rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and disabilities.
• With rising age, numerous physiological changes occur and the risk of chronic diseases rises.
• The co-occurrence of chronic diseases and disability elevates the risk of mortality.
• The recent report, Caring for Our Elders: Early Responses, India Ageing Report – 2017 (UNFPA), complements the NHP by focussing on the vulnerability of the aged to NCDs, recent policy initiatives and the role of non-governmental organisations in building self-help groups and other community networks.
• While all this is valuable, it fails to make a distinction between the aged in general and those suffering from chronic conditions. It matters as many suffering from chronic conditions and disabilities may find it Nor are the important questions of the impact of these networks and their reliability discussed except in a piecemeal manner.

Is the health system well-equipped to deal with surging NCDs?

• The health system is ill-equipped to deal with surging NCDs; nor is the staff well trained to treat/advise the aged suffering from dementia or frailty, and for early diagnosis and management of conditions such as hypertension.
• The quality of medical care is abysmal, and hospitalisation costs are exorbitant and impoverishing.
• Health insurance covers a fraction of medical expenses incurred.
• However, many of these chronic conditions such as hypertension can be prevented or delayed by engaging in healthy behaviours. Supportive families and community networks often make a significant difference.

India Human Development Survey (IHDS): Analysis

• Based on the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2015, among aged males and females (over 60 years)¸ the proportions of those suffering from NCDs nearly doubled during 2005-12, accounting for about a third of the respective populations in 2012.
• More females than males suffered from these diseases.
• The proportions were higher among those over 70, and these doubled in the age groups 60-70 years and over 70.
• A vast majority of those with NCDs had access to medical advice and treatment and the proportion remained unchanged during 2005-12.
• As there is considerable heterogeneity in providers of medical help — from qualified doctors to faith healers and quacks — and a sharp deterioration in the quality of medical services, it is not surprising that the proportions suffering from NCDs have shot up despite high access.
• Access to government health insurance nearly doubled but remained low as barriers for the aged remain pervasive. In any case, the proportion of medical expenses covered was measly.
• The IHDS also provides data on inter-caste and village conflicts, with the proportion of those suffering from NCDs living in villages that experienced inter-caste or other conflicts more than doubling during 2005-2012. Lack of social harmony induces helplessness, disruption of medical supplies and network support.

Loneliness and immunity: Risk factor for NCDs

• Loneliness is a perceived isolation that manifests in the distressing feeling that accompanies discrepancies between one’s desired and actual social relationships.
• The link between loneliness and mortality is mediated by unhealthy behaviors and morbidity.
• Research shows that loneliness increases vascular resistance and diminishes immunity.
• Whether related to or unrelated to loneliness, a high risk factor for NCDs is daily consumption of alcohol, especially local brews.
• Daily consumption of alcohol among the aged with NCDs rose more than twice over the period 2005-2012.

What is the role of networking?

• Another measure is the proportion of those married and widowed.
• However, children often play an important role in elderly support with the caveat that filial piety shows signs of diminishing.
• An important point is that today, ‘women are increasingly filling other roles, which provides them with greater security in older age.
• But these shifts also limit the capacity of women and families to provide care for older people who need it’.
• That social networks are effective in providing support to the aged is far from axiomatic as there are questions of size of a network, whether it is proximal or non-proximal and whether there is social harmony.
• If social networks are instrumental in bonding together in periods of personal crises, this could compensate for a lack of family support, e.g. widows living alone, and help alleviate morbidity.

What does the World Report on Ageing and Health 2015 say?

• The World Report on Ageing and Health 2015 (WHO) is emphatic about what is known as ageing in place.
• That is the ability of older people to live in their own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income or level of intrinsic capacity.
• This reinforces the case that solutions to those with chronic diseases lie within but also outside health systems.

Conclusion: Policy perspective

• From a policy perspective, health systems have to be configured to deal with not one NCD but multiple NCDs to manage them better.
• The impact of multimorbidity on an old person’s capacity, health-care utilization and the costs of care are significantly larger than the summed effects of each.
• Besides, the reconfigured medical system must be complemented by stronger family ties and social networks.
• This is not as Utopian as it may seem as examples of such complementarities abound.