India China Relations – Development and Challenges- Explained Pointwise

Recently, the Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri announced that India and China had reached an agreement on patrolling arrangements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). India-China LAC agreement aims to resolve the border issues that arose from Chinese transgressions in 2020. However, clouds of concerns remain over long-standing “legacy disputes” in eastern Ladakh at Demchok and Depsang. Despite this progress, challenges remain in the India China relations.

What are the Key aspects of the recent India-China LAC Agreement?

1. Patrolling Protocols- The agreement allows both nations to resume patrols along previously established routes. The agreement effectively aims to return to the status quo that existed before the tensions escalated in 2020.

2. Disengagement Process- The agreement also seeks to complete the disengagement process, which has been a focal point of negotiations over the past four years.

3. Reduction of Military Presence- According to the agreement, both India and China will slightly withdraw their forces from current positions to prevent confrontations. Regular monitoring and review meetings will be instituted to ensure compliance with the new protocols.

What are the implications of the agreement for India-China relations?

The recent agreement between India and China regarding the Line of Actual Control (LAC) has significant implications for India-China bilateral relations.

1. De-escalation of Tensions- The agreement marks a move towards de-escalation in a region where both countries have maintained heavy military presence. The agreement reduces the likelihood of confrontations like Galwan 2020 and fosters a more stable environment along the border.

2. Restoration of Diplomatic Relations- Successful implementation of the agreement could facilitate the resumption of higher-level diplomatic engagements in forum such as BRICS, SCO.

3. Economic and Trade Relations- The normalization of military interactions will pave the way for improved economic ties between India and China. For Ex- Resumption of Flights and increased Chinese investment in India.

4. Influence on Regional Stability- A stable India-China relationship could set a precedent for resolving other territorial disputes in Asia. For ex- Alteration of perceptions of China’s border policies among neighbouring countries.

5. Path for Long-term Territorial Dispute Resolution- The LAC agreement will pave the way for resolution of ‘legacy border issues’ like Depsang and Demchok in future.

What are the challenges in resolving the India-China border dispute?

1. Historical Disagreements and ‘Legacy Issues’- The India-China border dispute has a long and complex history that dates back to the 1962 border war. The presence of ‘legacy issues’, such as the disputes over Depsang Plains and Demchok, is a major challenge in the effective resolution of the India-China Border Dispute.

2. Unilateral Chinese actions- China’s attempts to unilaterally alter the status quo along the LAC, including military incursions into Indian territory, have significantly escalated tensions and complicated resolution efforts in the past.

3. Strategic concerns and nationalistic sentiments- The strategic importance of the disputed territory, coupled with nationalistic sentiments on both sides, makes it more difficult for either government to compromise or concede territory.

4. Military build-up and infrastructure development- The strengthening of military presence and infrastructure along the LAC by both India and China adds to the layer of complexity in the effective resolution of dispute.

5. Lack of trust and mutual suspicion- The deadly clashes in the Galwan Valley in 2020 have deeply impacted the level of trust between the two nations, leading to heightened suspicion and uncertainty. This lack of trust creates a volatile environment that is not conducive to long-term conflict resolution.

6. Imbalance in buffer zones- The establishment of buffer zones during the disengagement process has resulted in India losing more territory than China. This imbalance creates further tension and makes conflict resolution more difficult.

What should be the Way Forward?

1. Continued dialogue and negotiations- Both nations must continue high-level talks, keeping dialogue channels open to facilitate negotiation and mutual understanding. Military, political, and diplomatic conversations should be maintained to reduce tension along the LAC in future.

2. Establishment of trust- Both countries should actively avoid actions that could exacerbate the situation, such as unilateral attempts to alter the status quo, and work towards fostering an environment of mutual respect and understanding.

3. Resolve legacy issues- The legacy issues, including unresolved border claims, should be addressed as a future step in the LAC negotiations. This would ensure a comprehensive solution to the border dispute.

4. Balanced disengagement- Future disengagements should aim for a balance, ensuring neither side disproportionately loses territory in the creation of buffer zones. This will help to maintain the equilibrium and contribute to a long-term peaceful resolution.