Recently Sub-Surface dams are seen as an alternative to surface dams. With reference to Sub surface dams, consider the following statements: 1. They lead to more evaporation of reserved water. 2. They Minimise the forced displacement of people 3. They may proliferate parasites, anopheles that transmit malaria. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

[A] 1 only

[B] 2 and 3 only

[C] 1 and 3 only

[D] 2 only

Answer: D

Notes:

While surface dam stores river water, a subsurface dam stores groundwater.

Statement 1 is incorrect– A subsurface dam does not lose reserved water by evaporation because water is stored underground and there is very little evaporation, in contrast with a surface dam that often loses a significant amount of reserved water due to evaporation in the dry season in arid or semi-arid areas.
Statement 2 is correct– A subsurface dam does not submerge land area in contrast with a surface dam because it stores water underground. Therefore, it does not seriously damage the environment, nor does it cause social problems such as the forced migration of the local people.
Statement 3 is incorrect– Reserved water using a subsurface dam is of fairly good quality because it is stored underground, and it can be used like ordinary well water, in contrast with reserved water using a surface dam that tends to proliferate parasites, anopheles that transmit malaria, and germs, and requires purification for domestic use.