Exp) Option d is the correct answer

New social movements (NSMs) are described by a theory regarding social movements after the advent of the postindustrial economy. The new wave of social movements is distinct from those social movements arising during the industrial economy. Characteristic features of the new social movement:

• There is no clear structural role of the participants of the new social movement as, very often than not, they have diffused social status as youth, student, women, minority, professional groups etc. The new social movements are segmented diffused and decentralized
• Ideologically these movements posited in sharp contrast to the Marxian concept of ideology of the workingclass movement. It is difficult to characterize new social movements as conservative or liberal, right or left, capitalist or socialist. These movements exhibit plural ideas and values.
• Mobilisations are linked to issues of symbolic and cultural identities than to economic issues.
• Action within these movements is a complex mix of the collective and individual confirmation of identity. Indeed, the relation between the individual and the collective is blurred in these movements.
• These movements involve personal and intimate aspects of human life, e.g., eating, dressing enjoying, loving etc habits and patterns.
• Non-violence and civil disobedience etc. are the dominant patterns of collective mobilisation to challenge the dominant-norms of conduct.
• The proliferation of these movements is caused by the credibility crisis of the conventional channels for political participation.