Exp) Option a is the correct answer.

The parliamentary system is also known as the ‘Westminster’ Model of Government, responsible Government and Cabinet Government. Westminster is a place in London where the British Parliament is located. It is often used as a symbol/synonym of the British Parliament. The parliamentary system is based on the principle of co-operation and co-ordination between the legislative and executive organs while the presidential system is based on the doctrine of separation of powers between the two organs. Option a is incorrect. Administrative accountability means the accountability of the executive to the legislature (Parliament). Parliament does not interfere with day-today administration nor does it control administration. Accountability to it is technical and indirect i.e., through the Ministers, and it is ex post facto.

Option b is correct. In Westminster form of government, the ministers operate on the principle of secrecy of procedure and cannot divulge information about their proceedings, policies and decisions. They take the oath of secrecy before entering their office. The oath of secrecy to the ministers is administered by the President.

Option c is correct. This is the bedrock principle of parliamentary government or Westminster Model of Government. The ministers are collectively responsible to the Parliament in general and to the Lok Sabha in particular (Article 75). They act as a team, and swim and sink together. The principle of collective responsibility implies that the Lok Sabha can remove the ministry (i.e., council of ministers headed by the prime minister) from office by passing a vote of no confidence.

Option d is correct. The ministers, normally being members of political party, share the same ideology and approach. Even when there is a coalition government, the ministers are committed to a common minimum programme. Between single party government and a coalition government, there is a fair amount of harmony and cooperation among the ministers. However, a single party government is more homogeneous than a multi-party coalition government.