Role of tanks in high-altitude warfare

Source: The post role of tanks in high-altitude warfare has been created, based on the article “How are tanks armouring Ladakh sector?” published in “The Hindu” on 7th October is 2024

UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper 3- Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

Context: The article discusses the role of tanks in high-altitude warfare, particularly in Eastern Ladakh, where Indian and Chinese forces face off. It highlights challenges, tank upgrades, and future plans, while noting lessons from other global conflicts and evolving warfare technology.

For detailed information on Modern Warfare-Importance of absorption of technology read this article here

What are the role of tanks in high-altitude warfare?

1. Tanks in Ladakh: In September 2024, the Indian Army showcased the abilities of its T-90 tanks and BMP-2 armoured carriers near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh. These tanks demonstrated crossing the Indus River at an altitude of 13,700 feet.
2. Mobility and Firepower: T-90 tanks are equipped with a 1,000-hp engine, a 125-mm main gun, and anti-tank missiles, making them versatile in harsh terrains.
3. Challenges from China: The Chinese PLA has deployed modern ZTQ-15 and Type 96A tanks, which are agile and well-suited for high-altitude operations.
4. Adaptations: Special fuel, lubricants, and winterisation kits help maintain tanks in freezing temperatures.

What challenges do tanks face at high altitudes?

1. Low Oxygen Levels: The thin air at high altitudes affects engine performance. For example, T-90 tanks need to have their engines started 2-3 times at night to remain functional due to low oxygen levels.
2. Extreme Cold: Temperatures can drop to -40°C in areas like Ladakh. Special lubricants and fuel are used to prevent tanks from freezing and ensure they stay operational in these extreme conditions.
3. High Maintenance Needs: Tanks require constant care. For instance, special maintenance facilities were set up at Nyoma and along the Daulat Beg Oldi axis to keep the tanks operational in these harsh environments.
4. Wear and Tear: The harsh terrain and low temperatures cause rapid wear and tear, demanding faster repair cycles and replacement of parts.

What lessons are being learned from global conflicts?

1. Threat: Global conflicts like the Ukraine war and Armenia-Azerbaijan tensions show the growing threat from drones, long-range projectiles, and loitering munitions.
2. Adaptation required: The Indian Army is adapting by upgrading tanks and seeking new air-burst ammunition to counter drones.
3. Protecting armoured units: Modern protective systems are being added to tanks globally. France, Germany, and the U.S. are enhancing their tank fleets by adding new protective systems based on battlefield experiences from these wars.

What are India’s future plans for tanks and armoured vehicles?

1. Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV) project aims to replace older tanks, with expected induction by 2030.
2. Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FICV) project is in progress to replace existing BMPs.
3. The Zorawar light tank is being developed by DRDO and L&T, with preliminary trials completed and user trials expected by August 2025.
4. India plans to procure 100 additional K9 Vajra Howitzers following their successful deployment in Ladakh.
5. Upgrades for BMP-2s include 3rd generation Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) and air-burst ammunition to counter drones.

Question for practice:

Evaluate the challenges tanks face in high-altitude warfare and the adaptations required to maintain their effectiveness in such environments.