Space Docking Experiment

Source: This post on Space Docking Experiment has been created based on the article “2 satellites part of space docking experiment handed over to Isro” published in Business standards on 24th October 2024.

Why in news?

Recently, Hyderabad-based Ananth Technologies (ATL) handed over two 400-kg class satellites to ISRO. These satellites are part of ISRO’s upcoming Space Docking Experiment.

About the SPADEX

1. SPADEX stands for Space Docking Experiment. It involves the docking of two free-flying spacecraft in space, allowing them to join and operate as a single unit.

2. This mission is part of India’s broader ambition to be a key player in space exploration and satellite technology, aiming for both autonomous space docking and eventual space station development.

3. Objective of SPADEX

i)  Demonstrating autonomous docking of spacecraft in low Earth orbit.

ii)  Validating technology for flying two spacecraft in formation.

iii)  Testing remote robotic arm operations for docking.

iv)  Developing technology for controlling one spacecraft using another’s attitude control system.

4. Components: ISRO will launch a satellite that splits into two components: a chaser and a target. These components will separate in space, rendezvous, and dock, forming a unified satellite.  The chaser will use cameras, sensors, and a robotic arm for docking with the target.

5. Benefits:

i) The split-up and reunite method allows for smaller, easier-to-transport satellite components.

ii)  Repairs or upgrades will be more efficient, with only specific parts needing replacement.

iii) The technology is cost-effective and time-saving for future satellite missions.

6. Potential Applications of SPADEX:  This technology could revolutionize satellite constellations, providing enhanced coverage and performance. It could also enable the creation of customizable satellites for specific missions.

7. SPADEX will be a foundational step for India’s space station, Bhartiya Antariksha Station. The first module of the station is planned for 2028, with complete construction by 2035. SPADEX technology will be crucial for docking modules together in space to build the station.

8. SPADEX and Chandrayaan-4: Chandrayaan-4 will utilize SPADEX for lunar sample collection and return. It involves docking between a spacecraft on the lunar surface and the sample return module orbiting above.

9. SPADEX for Gaganyaan 2 and Artemis Mission:  Gaganyaan 2 will involve docking with India’s space station and NASA’s Artemis moon base. The mission aims for human moon landings by 2040 in collaboration with NASA.

10. Applications of SPADEX in Space Operations:

i) It is to be used for Human transfer between spacecraft. It can also be used for cargo transfer between spacecraft.

ii) It is also used for refueling and replacement of satellite parts spacecraft in orbit.

UPSC Syllabus: Science and technology