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Source : The post State of R&D Spending in India has been created, based on the article “ R&D: Why the private sector falls behind ” published in “ Business Standard ” on 3rd August 2024
UPSC Syllabus Topic: GS Paper3-Science and Technology
Context : The article discusses India’s need for more research and development (R&D) spending. It highlights that India’s current R&D spending is low compared to other countries, partly due to limited competition in domestic markets and a lack of incentives for businesses.
For detailed information on Issues with India’s R&D expenditure read this article here
What is the Current State of R&D Spending in India? India spends only 0.65% of its GDP on research and development (R&D), significantly lower than countries like South Korea (4.8%) and China (2.4%). The government contributes over 60% of total R&D expenditure, focusing on defense, space, agriculture, and nuclear research. The private sector’s share in R&D has declined from 45% in 2012-13 to 40% in 2020-21. What Factors Affect R&D Investment? Competitive Forces: Countries with higher exposure to global competition tend to invest more in R&D. For example, South Korea and Taiwan have high R&D spending because their firms face intense global competition. Economic Structure: Resource-rich countries like Indonesia and Mexico spend less on R&D (0.28% and 0.3% of GDP, respectively), showing that R&D investment is influenced by the underlying economic structure. Government Incentives: Though India offers R&D tax deductions, the benefits are limited. Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) struggle with protecting intellectual property due to court delays. Why Does India Need More R&D? India needs to invest more in research and development (R&D) to progress faster and more effectively. Innovation will play a key role if incomes are to quadruple in the next two to three decades while addressing inclusion and sustainability challenges. Why Is India’s R&D Spending Low? A key reason is India’s low per capita income, which generally correlates with lower R&D investment. Limited competition in domestic markets reduces the need for firms to invest in R&D. High profit-earning ratios in India reduce the incentive for businesses to invest in uncertain R&D. Cultural sentiment among Indian businessmen often favors short-term gains over long-term, uncertain R&D investments. Protective market policies, such as high tariffs, lower the competitive pressure on firms, reducing their incentive for R&D. What Could Drive More R&D in India? Increase Competitive Forces : More competition in domestic markets can push firms to innovate. High tariffs and non-tariff barriers currently protect firms, reducing their need to invest in R&D. Encourage Global Market Participation : Firms that compete globally are more likely to invest in R&D. For example, South Korea and Taiwan have higher R&D spending due to their global market presence. Reduce Market Protection : Reducing domestic market protection can compel firms to invest in R&D to stay competitive, as seen in other countries with higher R&D spending. Question for practice:
Examine why India’s current R&D spending is lower compared to countries like South Korea and China.
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