{"id":233703,"date":"2023-03-23T15:28:53","date_gmt":"2023-03-23T09:58:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?page_id=233703"},"modified":"2023-04-11T18:03:50","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T12:33:50","slug":"state-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/state-2\/","title":{"rendered":"State"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">A <\/span><span class=\"FindHit SCXW94159194 BCX0\">state<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\"> is a political entity characterized by four essential elements<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">Population<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">Territory<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">Government,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">Sovereignty. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">A <\/span><span class=\"FindHit SCXW94159194 BCX0\">state<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\"> may comprise one or more nations (as did the Roman Empire and Austria-Hungary), and a nation may be represented in (or ruled by) one or more (usually contiguous) <\/span><span class=\"FindHit SCXW94159194 BCX0\">state<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW94159194 BCX0\">s, as in the early modern principalities of Germany.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"leftbox-green\">\n<p><strong>Difference between Nation and State<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A nation is a cultural, social, and linguistic community of people who share a common history, traditions, and beliefs. A nation is often defined by a shared sense of identity and culture, and it can exist within or across the boundaries of a state. For example, the Kurds are a nation without a state, as they do not have a country of their own.<\/p>\n<p>A state, on the other hand, is a political entity that has sovereignty over a defined territory and population. A state can be an independent country with its own government, or it can be a part of a larger country, such as a state within the United States of America. A state has the power to make and enforce laws, levy taxes, and engage in international relations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>&#8220;State&#8221; in Indian Context<\/h2>\n<p>Article 12 of the Indian Constitution defines &#8220;State&#8221; for the purpose of application of Part-III (Fundamental Rights) which includes:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Legislative and Executive Organs of the Union Government:\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Indian Government<\/li>\n<li>Indian Parliament \u2013 Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Legislative and Executive organs of the State Government\n<ul>\n<li>State Governments<\/li>\n<li>State Legislature \u2013 Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council of State<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Local authorities\n<ul>\n<li>Municipalities \u2013 Municipal Corporations, Nagar Palika, Nagar Panchayats<\/li>\n<li>Panchayats \u2013 Zila Panchayats, Mandal Panchayats, Gram Panchayats<\/li>\n<li>District Boards<\/li>\n<li>Improvement Trusts, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Statutory Authorities\n<ul>\n<li>National Human Rights Commission<\/li>\n<li>National Commission for Women<\/li>\n<li>National Law Commission<\/li>\n<li>National Green Tribunal<\/li>\n<li>National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission<\/li>\n<li>Armed Forces Tribunal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Non-Statutory Authorities\n<ul>\n<li>Central Bureau of Investigation<\/li>\n<li>Central Vigilance Commission<\/li>\n<li>Lokpal and Lokayuktas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>According to the Supreme Court, even a private body or an agency working as an instrument of the State falls within the meaning of the \u2018State\u2019 under Article 12.<\/p>\n<div class=\"leftbox-green\">\n<p><strong>Important Judgements<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ujjain Bai v. State of Uttar Pradesh: It brought attention to the fact that to become a state a body should have a certain amount of governmental control over it in terms of authority, functionality, and economic dependency.<\/li>\n<li>R.D Shetty v. Airport Authority of India: Supreme Court laid down the criteria for a body to be considered as &#8220;State&#8221;\n<ul>\n<li>If the entire share capital of the body is held by the government.<\/li>\n<li>The absolute control of such authorities lie with the government.<\/li>\n<li>Authorities which have an element of command or authority.<\/li>\n<li>The authorities discharging public service<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra Case: SC reaffirmed that Fundamental Rights cannot be violated by any judicial proceedings and also that Superior Courts of Justice do not fall under the ambit of Article 12.<\/li>\n<li>Sanjaya Bahel v. Union of India &amp; Others case: Delhi High Court, in May 2019, declared that UNO is not a \u2018State\u2019 defined under Article 12 of the Indian Constitution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A state is a political entity characterized by four essential elements Population Territory Government, Sovereignty. A state may comprise one or more nations (as did the Roman Empire and Austria-Hungary), and a nation may be represented in (or ruled by) one or more (usually contiguous) states, as in the early modern principalities of Germany. Difference&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/state-2\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">State<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10350,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-233703","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/233703","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10350"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=233703"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/233703\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=233703"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}