<\/p>\r\n
Physical Geography : <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 1. Geomorphology : <\/strong>Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth\u2019s crusts; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth\u2019s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Volcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles and Land scape development; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology; Erosion surfaces; Slope development; Applied Geomorphology; Geomorphology, economic geology and environment.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 2. Climatology : <\/strong>Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; Atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Air masses and fronto; Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather and Climate; Koppen\u2019s Thornthwaite\u2019s and Trewar Tha\u2019s classification of world climate; Hydrological cycle; Global climatic change, and role and response of man in climatic changes Applied climatology and Urban climate.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 3. Oceanography : <\/strong>Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources; biotic, mineral and energy resources; Coral reefs coral bleaching; Sea-level changes; Law of the sea and marine pollution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 4. Biogeography : <\/strong>Genesis of soils; Classification and distribution of soils; Soil profile; Soil erosion, Degrada-tion and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry, agro-forestry; Wild life; Major gene pool centres.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 5. Environmental Geography : <\/strong>Principle ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man on ecology and environment; Global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; Environmental degradation, management and conservation; Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; Environmental hazards and remedial measures; Environmental education and legislation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Human Geography : <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 1. Perspectives in \u00a0Human Geography : <\/strong>Areal differentiation; Regional synthesis; Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; Radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Human development indix.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 2. Economic Geography : <\/strong>World economic development: measurement and problems; World resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions; Agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutritions problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: location patterns and problems; Patterns of world trade.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 3. Population and Settlement Geography : <\/strong>Growth and distribution of world population; Demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; Concepts of over-under-and optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-being and quality of life; Population as social capital. Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of urban settlements; Urban morphology; Concept of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural-urban fringe; Satellite towns; Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 4. Regional Planning : <\/strong>Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation; Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; Regional development strategies; Environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 5. Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography : <\/strong>System analysis in Human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen\u2019s model of agricultural location; Weber\u2019s model of industrial location; Ostov\u2019s model of stages of growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 1. Physical Setting : <\/strong>Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries; Structure and relief; Drainage system and watersheds; Physiographic regions; Mechanism of Indian monsoons and rainfall patterns; Tropical cyclones and western disturbances; Floods and droughts; Climatic regions; Natural vegetation, Soil types and their distributions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 2. Resources : <\/strong>Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources, Forest and wild life resources and their conservation; Energy crisis.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 3. Agriculture : <\/strong>Infrastructure: irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; Institutional factors; land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; Cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; Agro and social-forestry; Green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; Aqua-culture; Sericulture, Agriculture and poultry; Agricultural regionalisation; Agro-climatic zones; Agro-ecological regions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 4. Industry : <\/strong>Evolution of industries; Locational factors of cotton, jute, textile, iron and steel, aluminium, fertiliser, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage and ago-based industries; Industrial houses and complexes including public sector underkings; Industrial regionalisation; New industrial policy; Multinationals and liberalisation; Special Economic Zones; Tourism including ecotourism.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 5. Transport, Communication and Trade : <\/strong>Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline net works and their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; Trade balance; Trade Policy; Export processing zones; Developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programme.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 6. Cultural Setting : <\/strong>Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; Major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; Cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of population; Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, interaregional and international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies; Health indicators.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 7. Settlements : <\/strong>Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; Urban sprawl; Slums and asssociated problems; Town planning; Problems of urbanisation and remedies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 8. Regional Development and Planning: <\/strong>Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati Raj and decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought-prone, hill tribal area development; Multi-level planning; Regional planning and development of island territories.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 9. Political Aspects : <\/strong>Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganisation; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter-state issues; International boundary of India and related issues; Cross-border terrorism; India\u2019s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian Ocean realm.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n 10. Contemporary Issues : <\/strong>Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues related to environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation, desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation and Indian economy.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n NOTE : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Geography optional Syllabus\u00a0(Download pdf) PAPER I PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography : 1. Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth\u2019s crusts; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth\u2019s interior; Geosynclines; Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building; Volcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts… Continue reading Geography Optional UPSC Syllabus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"parent":50153,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-50179","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50179"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50179\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}PAPER II<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA <\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n