{"id":96532,"date":"2021-03-19T18:21:29","date_gmt":"2021-03-19T12:51:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?page_id=96532"},"modified":"2023-11-02T21:09:07","modified_gmt":"2023-11-02T15:39:07","slug":"animal-husbandry-and-veterinary-science-syllabus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upsc-syllabus\/animal-husbandry-and-veterinary-science-syllabus\/","title":{"rendered":"Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Optional Syllabus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Optional-Syllabus as per official syllabus<\/strong><\/h2>\n

PAPER-I<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1. Animal Nutrition :<\/strong>
\n1.1 Partitioning of food energy within the animal. Direct and indirect calorimetry.
\nCarbon\u2014nitrogen balance and comparative slaughter methods. Systems for expressing
\nenergy value of foods in ruminants, pigs and poultry. Energy requirements for maintenance,
\ngrowth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool, and meat production.
\n1.2 Latest advances in protein nutrition. Energy protein inter-relationships. Evaluation of
\nprotein quality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets. Protein requirements for
\nmaintenance, growth, pregnancy, lactation, egg, wool and meat production.
\n1.3 Major and trace minerals\u2014Their sources, physiological functions and deficiency symptoms.
\nToxic minerals. Mineral interactions. Role of fatsoluble and water\u2014soluble vitamins in the
\nbody, their sources and deficiency symptoms.<\/p>\n

1.4 Feed additives\u2014methane inhibitors, probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones,
\noligosaccharides, antioxidants, emulsifiers, mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse of
\ngrowth promoters like harmones and antibiotics\u2014latest concepts.
\n1.5 Conservation of fodders. Storage of feeds and feed ingredients. Recent advances in feed
\ntechnology and feed processing. Anti-nutritional and toxic factors present in livestock feeds.
\nFeed analysis and quality control. Digestibility trials\u2014direct, indirect and indicator
\nmethods. Predicting feed intake in grazing animals.
\n1.6 Advances in ruminant nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Balanced rations. Feeding of calves,
\npregnant, work animals and breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch animals during
\ndifferent stages of lactation cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composition. Feeding of goats for
\nmeat and milk production. Feeding of sheep for meat and wool production.
\n1.7 Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations. Feeding
\nof pigs for lean meat production. Low cost rations for swine.
\n1.8 Poultry nutrition. Special features of poultry nutrition. Nutrient requirements for meat and
\negg production. Formulation of rations for different classes of layers and broilers.<\/p>\n

2. Animal Physiology :<\/strong>
\n2.1 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion. Endocrine glands in health
\nand disease.
\n2.2 Blood constituents.\u2014Properties and functions-blood cell formation\u2014Haemoglobin
\nsynthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties,
\ncoagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders\u2014anti-coagulants\u2014blood groups\u2014Blood
\nvolume\u2014Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their
\nsignificance in disease diagnosis.
\n2.3 Circulation.\u2014Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart beat,
\nelectrocardiograms. Work and efficiency of heart\u2014effect of ions on heart
\nfunction-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of
\ntemperature and stress on heart, blood pressuer and hypertension, osmotic regulation,
\narterial pulse, vasomotor regulation of circulation, shock. Coronary and pulmonary
\ncirculation, Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
\n2.4 Respiration.\u2014Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of
\nrespiration-Chemo-receptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
\n2.5 Excretion.\u2014Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal
\nfunction-renal regulation of acid-base balance : physiological constituents of urine-renal
\nfailure-passive venous congestion-Urinary secretion in chicken-Sweat glands and their
\nfunction. Bio-chemical test for urinary dysfunction.
\n2.6 Endocrine glands.\u2014Functional disorders\u2014their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of
\nhormones, mechanism and control of secretion\u2014hormonal receptors-classification and
\nfunction.
\n2.7 Growth and Animal Production.\u2014Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth
\ncurves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition,
\nmeat quality.
\n2.8 Physiology of Milk Production, Reproduction and Digestion.\u2014Current status of hormonal
\ncontrol of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female
\nreproductive organs, their components and functions. Digestive organs and their
\nfunctions.
\n2.9 Environmental Physiology.\u2014Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of
\nadaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanisms involved in animal
\nbehaviour, climatology\u2014various parameters and their importance. Animal ecology.
\nPhysiology of behaviour. Effect of stress on health and production.<\/p>\n

3. Animal Reproduction :<\/strong>
\nSemen quality.\u2014Preservation and Artificial Insemination\u2014Components of semen,
\ncomposition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors
\naffecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality,
\npreservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen.
\nDeep freezing techniques in cows, sheep, goats, swine and poultry. Detection of oestrus and
\ntime of insemination for better conception. Anoestrus and repeat breeding.<\/p>\n

4. Livestock Production and Management :<\/strong>
\n4.1 Commercial Dairy Farming.\u2014Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced
\ncountries. Dairying under mixed farming and as specialized farming, economic dairy
\nfarming. Starting of a dairy farm, Capital and land requirement, organization of the dairy
\nfarm. Opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal.
\nHeard recording, budgeting cost of milk production, pricing policy; Personnel Management.
\nDeveloping Practical and Economic rations for dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the
\nyear, feed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for young stock and
\nbulls, heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding young and adult stock; Feeding
\nrecords.
\n4.2 Commercial meat, egg and wool production.\u2014Development of practical and economic
\nrations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry. Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimes
\nfor young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital
\nand land requirements and socio-economic concept.
\n4.3 Feeding and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.<\/p>\n

5. Genetics and Animal Breeding :<\/strong>
\n5.1 History of animal genetics. Mitosis and Meiosis : Mendelian inheritance; deviations to
\nMendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over; Sex determination, sex
\ninfluenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome
\naberrations; Cytoplasmic inheritance, Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material;
\nGenetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology. Mutations, types of
\nmutations, methods for detecting mutations and mutation rate, Transgenesis.
\n5.2 Population Genetics applied to Animal Breeding\u2014Quantitative Vs. Qualitative traits; Hardy
\nWeinberg Law; Population Vs. Individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing
\ngene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding,
\nmethods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding; Effective population
\nsize; Breeding value, estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation;
\nPartitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment
\ninteraction; role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
\n5.3 Breeding Systems.\u2014Breeds of livestsock and Poultry. Heritability, repeatability and
\ngenetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates;
\nAids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family
\nselection; Pregnency testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and
\ntheir uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods;
\nIndirect selection and correlated response; Inbreeding, out breeding, upgrading,
\ncross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production;
\nSelection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold characters. Sire
\nindex.<\/p>\n

6. Extension :<\/strong>
\nBasic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods
\nadopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer
\nand feedback. Problems and constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry
\nprogrammes for rural development.<\/p>\n

PAPER-II<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1. Anatomy, Pharmacology and Hygiene :<\/strong>
\n1.1 Histology and Histological Techniques : Paraffin embedding technique of tissue
\nprocessing and H.E. staining\u2014Freezing microtomy\u2014Microscopy Bright field microscope
\nand electron microscope. Cytology-structure of cell organells and inclusions; cell
\ndivision-cell types\u2014Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult
\ntissues\u2014Comparative histology of organs\u2014Vascular, Nervous, digestive, respiratory,
\nmusculo-skeletal and urogenital systems\u2014Endocrine glands\u2014Integuments\u2014sense organs.
\n1.2 Embryology.\u2014Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic
\nmammals gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes and
\nplacentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals-Teratology-twins and
\ntwinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives-endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal
\nderivatives.
\n1.3 Bovine Anatomy.\u2014Regional Anatomy : Paranasal sinuses of OX\u2014 surface anatomy of
\nsalivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary, mandi-buloalveolar, mental and
\ncornnal nerve block. Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median,
\nulnar and radial nervestibial, fibular and digital nerves\u2014Cranial nerves-structures involved
\nin epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of
\nthoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities-comparative-features of locomotor apparatus and
\ntheir application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
\n1.4 Anatomy of Fowl.\u2014Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration
\nand flying, digestion and egg production.
\n1.5 Pharmacology and therapeutics drugs.\u2014Cellular level of pharmacodynamics andpharmacokinetics. Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance. Drugs acting on
\nAutonomic nervous system. Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics.
\nAutocoids. Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial infections. Use of
\nhormones in therapeutics\u2014chemotherapy of parasitic infections. Drug and economic
\nconcerns in the Edible tissues of animals\u2014chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases. Toxicity
\ndue to \u201cinsecticides, plants, metals, non-metals, zootoxins and mycotoxins\u201d.
\n1.6 Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation.\u2014Assessment of
\npollution of water, air and soil\u2014Importance of climate in animal health\u2014effect of
\nenvironment on animal function and performance relationship between industrialisation
\nand animal agriculture\u2014animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic
\nanimals viz. pregnant cows and sows, milking cows, broiler birds\u2014stress, strain and
\nproductivity in relation to animal habitation.<\/p>\n

2. Animal Diseases :<\/strong>
\n2.1 Etiology, epidemiology pathogenesis, symptoms, post-moretem lesions, diagnosis, and
\ncontrol of infectious diseases of cattle, sheep and goat, horses, pigs and poultry.
\n2.2 Etiology, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle,
\nhorse, pig and poultry.
\n2.3 Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
\n2.4 Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific conditions like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea,
\nIndigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning.
\n2.5 Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
\n2.6 Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases\u2014hard
\nimmunity\u2014disease free zones\u2014\u2018zero\u2019 disease concept\u2014chemoprophylaxis.
\n2.7 Anaesthesia.\u2014local, regional and general-prenesthetic medication. Symptoms and surgical
\ninterference in fractures and dislocation. Hernia, choking abomassal
\ndisplacement\u2014Caesarian operations. Rumenotomy\u2014Castrations.
\n2.8 Disease investigation techniques.\u2014Materials for laboratory
\ninvestigation\u2014Establishment. Animal Health Centres\u2014Disease free zone.<\/p>\n

3. Veterinary Public Health :<\/strong>
\n3.1 Zoonoses.\u2014Classification, definition, role of animals and birds in prevalence and
\ntransmission of zoonotic diseases\u2014occupational zoonotic diseases.
\n3.2 Epidemiology.\u2014Principle, definition of epidemiological terms, application of
\nepidemiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control. Epidemiological
\nfeatures of air, water and food borne infections. OIE regulation, WTO, sanitary and
\nphytosanitary measures.
\n3.3 Veterinary Jurisprudence.\u2014Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and
\nprevention of animal diseases\u2014State and Central Rules for prevention of animal and
\nanimal product borne diseases\u2014S.P. C.A.\u2014Veterolegal cases\u2014Certificates\u2014Materials and
\nMethods of collection of samples for veterolegal investigation.<\/p>\n

4. Milk and Milk Products Technology :<\/strong>
\n4.1 Market Milk.\u2014Quality, testing and grading of raw milk. Processing, packaging, storing,
\ndistribution, marketing defects and their control. Preparation of the following milks :
\nPasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted,
\nrecombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their
\nmanagement, yoghurt, Dahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterilized
\nmilks. Legal standards. Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk
\nplant equipment.
\n4.2 Milk Products Technology.\u2014Selection of raw materials, processing, storing, distributing
\nand marketing milk products such as Cream, Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese,
\ncondensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food, lce cream and Kulfi; by-products, whey
\nproducts, butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, grading, judging milk products\u2014BIS and
\nAgmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging
\nprocessing and operational control. Costing of dairy products.<\/p>\n

5. Meat Hygiene and Technology :<\/strong>
\n5.1 Meat Hygiene
\n5.1.1 Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing
\noperations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgement
\nof carcass meat cuts\u2014grading of carcass meat cuts\u2014duties and functions of Veterinarians
\nin wholesome meat production.
\n5.1.2 Hygienic methods of handling production of meat.\u2014Spoilage of meat and control
\nmeasures\u2014Post- slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence
\nthem\u2014Quality improvement methods\u2014Adulteration of meat and detection\u2014Regulatory
\nprovisions in Meat trade and Industry.
\n5.2 Meat Technology
\n5.2.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of meat.\u2014Meat emulsions\u2014Methods of
\npreservation of meat\u2014Curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products,
\nprocessing and formulations.
\n5.3 By-products.\u2014Slaughter house by-products and their utilisation\u2014Edible and inedible by
\nproducts\u2014Social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house
\nby-products\u2014Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
\n5.4 Poultry Products Technology.\u2014Chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat,
\npre- slaughter care and management. Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of
\npoultry meat and products. Legal and BIS standards.
\nStructure composition and nutritive value of eggs Microbial spoilage. Preservation and
\nmaintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
\n5.5 Rabbit\/Fur Animal farming.\u2014Rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and
\nwool and recycling of waste by products. Grading of wool.<\/p>\n

Suggestive books for<\/strong> Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Optional<\/strong><\/h3>\n