{"id":96540,"date":"2021-03-19T18:35:06","date_gmt":"2021-03-19T13:05:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?page_id=96540"},"modified":"2023-11-03T12:51:25","modified_gmt":"2023-11-03T07:21:25","slug":"botany-syllabus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upsc-syllabus\/botany-syllabus\/","title":{"rendered":"Botany Optional UPSC Syllabus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Botany Optional-Syllabus as per UPSC official syllabus<\/strong><\/h2>\n

PAPER-I<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology :<\/strong>
\nStructure and reproduction\/multiplication of viruses,viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis.<\/p>\n

Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes;
\nModes of infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of infection and disease resistance\/defence; Physiology of parasitism and control measures. Fungal toxins.
\nModelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.<\/p>\n

2. Cryptogams :<\/strong>
\nAlgae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes-structure and reproduction from evolutionary viewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their ecological and economic importance.<\/p>\n

3. Phanerogams : <\/strong>
\nGymnosperms : Concept of Progymnosperms. Classification and distribution of gymnosperms. Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction. A general account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordiaitailes; Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study techniques.
\nAngiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny.
\nTaxonomic hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical taxonomy
\nand chemotaxonomy; Evidence from anatomy, embryology and palynology.
\nOrigin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classification of angiosperms; Study of angiospermic families\u2014 Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae.
\nStomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth; Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood anatomy.
\nDevelopment of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm\u2014its development and function. Patterns of embryo development; Polyembroyony, apomixes; Applications of palynology; Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization.<\/p>\n

4. Plant Resource Development :<\/strong>
\nDomestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov\u2019s centres of origin. Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibres, spices, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes; latex, cellulose, starch and its products; Perfumery; Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.<\/p>\n

5. Morphogenesis :<\/strong>
\nTotipotency, polarity, symmetry and differentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. Somatic hybrids and Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal variation and its applications; Pollen haploids, embryo rescue methods and their applications.<\/p>\n

PAPER-II<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1. Cell Biology :<\/strong>
\nTechniques of cell biology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells\u2014structural and ultrastructural details; Structure and function of extracellular matrix (cell wall) and membranes-cell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport; Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes,lysosomes,peroxisomes; Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome; Cell signalling and cell receptors; Signal transduction Mitosis
\nand meiosis; molecular basis of cell cycle. Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance; Chromatin organization and packaging of genome; Polytene chromosomes; B-chromosomes\u2014structure, behaviour and significance.<\/p>\n

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution :<\/strong>
\nDevelopment of genetics, and gene versus allele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative genetics and multiple factors; Incomplete dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles; Linkage and crossing over of gene mapping including molecular maps (idea of mapping, function); Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance; sex determination and molecular basis of sex differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance and cytoplasmic genes (including genetics of male sterility).
\nStructure and synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins; Genetic code and regulation of gene expression; Gene silencing; Multigene families; Organic evolution-evidences, mechanism and theories.
\nRole of RNA in origin and evolution.<\/p>\n

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics :<\/strong>
\nMethods of plant breeding\u2014introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method); Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding. Use of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engineering\u2014methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects; Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding; Tools and
\ntechniques\u2014probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test and chi-square tests). Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson). Correlation and regression.<\/p>\n

4. Physiology and Biochemistry : <\/strong>
\nWater relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies.<\/p>\n

Photosynthesis\u2014photochemical reactions, photophosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways; C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of pholem transport, Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including fermentation)\u2014electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation; Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and energy conservation. Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as
\nphotoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome). Plant movements; Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth substances\u2014their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture; growth indices, growth movements. Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal); Fruit and seed physiology. Dormancy, storage and germination of seed. Fruit ripening\u2014its molecular basis and manipulation.<\/p>\n

5. Ecology and Plant Geography : <\/strong>
\nConcept of ecosystem; Ecological factors. Concepts and dynamics of community; Plantsuccession. Concepts of biosphere; Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and its control (including phytoreme-diation); Plant indicators; Environment (Protection) Act.
\nForest types of India\u2014\u2018Ecological and economic importance of forests, afforestation, deforestation and social forestry; Endangered plants, endemism IUCN categories, Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its conservation; Protected Area Network; Convention of Biological Diversity, Farmers\u2019 Rights; and Intellectual Property Rights; Concept of Sustainable Development; Biogeochemical cycles. Global warming and climatic change; Invasive species; Environmental Impact Assessment; Phytogeographical regions of India.<\/p>\n

Suggestive books for botany optional<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Cell Biology by De Robertis & Ambrose and Easy or Powar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cryptograms by B.R. Vasista<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Economic botany in the tropics by S. L. Kochhar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Embryology Of Angiosperms by S P Bhatnagar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genetics by Strickberger<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Elements of Genetics by Dr. Veer Bala Rastogi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Microbiology by Powars<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plant Anatomy by B.P. Pandey<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Botany Optional-Syllabus as per UPSC official syllabus PAPER-I 1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology : Structure and reproduction\/multiplication of viruses,viroids, bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry, medicine and in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis. Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nematodes; Modes of… Continue reading Botany Optional UPSC Syllabus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"parent":50153,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-96540","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/96540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96540"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/96540\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}