{"id":96673,"date":"2021-03-20T13:59:22","date_gmt":"2021-03-20T08:29:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?page_id=96673"},"modified":"2023-11-03T13:11:17","modified_gmt":"2023-11-03T07:41:17","slug":"chemistry-syllabus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upsc-syllabus\/chemistry-syllabus\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemistry Optional UPSC Syllabus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chemistry Optional-Syllabus as per UPSC official syllabus\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

PAPER-I<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1. Atomic Structure :<\/strong>
\nHeisenberg’s uncertainty principle Schrodinger wave equation (time independent);
\nInterpretation of wave function, particle in one- dimensional box, quantum numbers,
\nhydrogen atom wave functions; Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.<\/p>\n

2. Chemical bonding :<\/strong>
\nIonic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle; covalent
\nbond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in molecules and their dipole
\nmoments; Valence bond theory, concept of resonance and resonance energy; Molecular
\norbital theory (LCAO method); bonding H2 +, H2 He2 + to Ne2, NO, CO, HF, CN\u2013,
\nComparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and
\nbond length.<\/p>\n

3. Solid State :<\/strong>
\nCrystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit cell; Bragg’s law;
\nX-ray diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio rules, calculation of some limiting
\nradius ratio values; Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl, CaF2; Stoichiometric and
\nnonstoichiometric defects, impurity defects, semi-conductors.<\/p>\n

4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phenomenon :<\/strong>
\nEquation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions, and critical phenomena and
\nliquefaction of gases; Maxwell\u2019s distribution of speeds, intermolecular collisions, collisions
\non the wall and effusion; Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases.<\/p>\n

5. Liquid State :<\/strong>
\nKelvin equation; Surface tension and surface enercy, wetting and contact angle, interfacial
\ntension and capillary action.<\/p>\n

6. Thermodynamics :<\/strong>
\nWork, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics.
\nSecond law of thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various
\nprocesses, entropy-reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions; Thermodynamic
\nequation of state; Maxwell relations; Temperature, volume and pressure dependence of U, H,
\n-T effect and inversion temperature; criteria for equilibrium,
\nrelation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat
\ntheorem, introductory idea of third law of thermodynamics.<\/p>\n

7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions :<\/strong>
\nClausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase equilibria in
\nbinary systems, partially miscible liquids\u2014upper and lower critical solution temperatures;
\npartial molar quantities, their significance and determination; excess thermodynamic
\nfunctions and their determination.<\/p>\n

8. Electrochemistry :<\/strong>
\nDebye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for various
\nequilibrium and transport properties.
\nGalvanic cells, concentration cells; electrochemical series, measurement of e.m.f. of cells
\nand its applications fuel cells and batteries.
\nProcesses at electrodes; double layer at the interface; rate of charge transfer, current
\ndensity; overpotential; electroanalytical techniques : amperometry, ion selective electrodes
\nand their use.<\/p>\n

9. Chemical Kinetics:<\/strong>
\nDifferential and integral rate equations for zeroth, first, second and fractional order
\nreactions; Rate equations involving reverse, parallel, consecutive and chain reactions;
\nBranching chain and explosions; effect of temperature and pressure on rate constant. Study
\nof fast reactions by stop-flow and relaxation methods. Collisions and transition state
\ntheories.<\/p>\n

10. Photochemistry:<\/strong>
\nAbsorption of light; decay of excited state by different routes; photochemical reactions
\nbetween hydrogen and halogens and their quantum yields.
\n11. Surface Phenomena and Catalysis:
\nAdsorption from gases and solutions on solid adsorbents; Langmuir and B.E.T. adsorption
\nisotherms; determination of surface area, characteristics and mechanism of reaction on
\nheterogeneous catalysts.<\/p>\n

12. Bio-inorganic Chemistry:<\/strong>
\nMetal ions in biological systems and their role in ion-transport across the membranes
\n(molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake proteins, cytochromes and ferrodoxins.<\/p>\n

13. Coordination Chemistry :<\/strong>
\n(i) Bonding in transition of metal complexes. Valence bond theory, crystal field theory and
\nits modifications; applications of theories in the explanation of magnetism and elctronic
\nspectra of metal complexes.
\n(ii) Isomerism in coordination compounds; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination
\ncompounds; stereochemistry of complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; chelate effect and polynuclear complexes; trans effect and its theories; kinetics of substitution
\nreactions in square-planar complexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stability of complexes.
\n(iii) EAN rule, Synthesis structure and reactivity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate anions,
\ncarbonyl hydrides and metal nitrosyl compounds.
\n(iv) Complexes with aromatic systems, synthesis, structure and bonding in metal olefin
\ncomplexes, alkyne complexes and cyclopentadienyl complexes;
\ncoordinative unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions, insertion reactions, fluxional
\nmolecules and their characterization; Compounds with metal\u2014metal bonds and metal
\natom clusters.<\/p>\n

14. Main Group Chemistry:<\/strong>
\nBoranes, borazines, phosphazenes and cyclic phosphazene, silicates and silicones,
\nInterhalogen compounds; Sulphur\u2014nitrogen compounds, noble gas compounds.
\n15. General Chemistry of \u2018f\u2019 Block Element:
\nLanthanides and actinides: separation, oxidation states, magnetic and spectral properties;
\nlanthanide contraction.<\/p>\n

PAPER-II<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1. Delocalised Covalent Bonding :<\/strong>
\nAromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes, azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones.
\n2. (i) Reaction mechanisms :<\/strong> General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of
\nmechanisms or organic reactions : isotopies, mathod cross-over experiment,
\nintermediate trapping, stereochemistry; energy of activation; thermodynamic control
\nand kinetic control of reactions.
\n(ii) Reactive intermediates :<\/strong> Generation, geometry, stability and reactions of
\ncarboniumions and carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.
\n(iii) Substitution reactions :<\/strong>\u2014SN 1, SN 2, and SN i, mechanisms ; neighbouring group
\nparticipation; electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions of aromatic compounds
\nincluding heterocyclic compounds\u2014pyrrole, furan, thiophene and indole.
\n(iv) Elimination reactions :<\/strong>\u2014E1, E2 and E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2
\nreactions\u2014Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn elimination\u2014acetate pyrolysis, Chugaev
\nand Cope eliminations.
\n(v) Addition reactions :\u2014<\/strong>
\ned olefins and carbonyls.
\n(vi) Reactions and Rearrangements :<\/strong>\u2014(a) Pinacol-pinacolone, Hoffmann, Beckmann,
\nBaeyer-Villiger, Favorskii, Fries, Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner\u2014Meerwein
\nrearrangements.
\n(b) Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Witting,
\nClemmensen, Wolff-Kishner, Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions; Stobbe, benzoin
\nand acyloin condensations; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis,
\nBischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer, Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.Pericyclic reactions :\u2014Classification and examples; Woodward-Hoffmann
\nrules\u2014electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and sigmatropic
\nshifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5], FMO approach.
\n4. (i) Preparation and Properties of Polymers:<\/strong> Organic polymerspolyethylene, polystyrene,
\npolyvinyl chloride, teflon, nylon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber.
\n(ii) Biopolymers:<\/strong> Structure of proteins, DNA and RNA.
\n5. Synthetic Uses of Reagents:<\/strong>
\nOsO4, HlO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS, B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiAIH4, NaBH4, n-BuLi,
\nMCPBA.
\n6. Photochemistry :<\/strong>\u2014Photochemical reactions of simple organic compounds, excited and
\nground states, singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and Type II reactions.
\n7. Spectroscopy:<\/strong>
\nPrinciple and applications in structure elucidation :
\n(i) Rotational<\/strong>\u2014Diatomic molecules; isotopic substitution and rotational constants.
\n(ii) Vibrational<\/strong>\u2014Diatomic molecules, linear triatomic molecules, specific frequencies of
\nfunctional groups in polyatomic molecules.
\n(iii) Electronic<\/strong>\u2014Singlet and triplet states. n
\nconjugated double bonds and conjugated carbonyls Woodward-Fieser rules; Charge
\ntransfer spectra.
\n(iv) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR):<\/strong> Basic principle; chemical shift and spin-spin
\ninteraction and coupling constants.
\n(v) Mass Spectrometry :<\/strong>\u2014Parent peak, base peak, metastable peak, McLafferty
\nrearrangement.<\/p>\n

Suggestive books for chemistry optional<\/strong><\/h4>\n