\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\nAbout UNSC:<\/span><\/b> The UN Security Council is one of the UN\u2019s 6 main organs<\/strong>. The other 5 organs are; the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. It is aimed at maintaining international peace and security. It held its first session on 17 January 1946 in Westminster, London.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nHeadquarters:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0New York, United States<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nMembers Countries:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>The UNSC has 15 member<\/span>s<\/span> consisting of permanent and non-permanent members.<\/span><\/p>\n\n- 5 members \u2014 US, UK, Russia, China, and France \u2014 are permanent members<\/strong>. These permanent members have veto rights. <\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The\u00a0<\/span>other 10<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0elected or non-permanent members<\/strong> have a tenure of two years<\/strong>. At present, the non-permanent members are Estonia, India, Ireland, Kenya, Mexico, Niger, Norway, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines, Tunisia, and Vietnam.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Initially, the strength of non-permanent members was six which was extended to ten in 1965.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- All permanent members have veto power whereas all the members have one vote<\/strong>.<\/span> To decide on any matter in the UNSC, 9 votes out of 15 are required<\/strong>. However, if any of the 5 permanent members votes against<\/strong> or veto the matter or resolution, it cannot be passed.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Veto powers of P5 countries have been used most frequently by Russia<\/strong>, blocking more than 100 resolutions since the council\u2019s founding.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- A UN member, which is not a member of UNSC can participate in the UNSC discussion without any voting power. However, it is only possible if the matter in discussion will affect the interest of the country.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Presidency:<\/span><\/b>\u00a0The Presidency of the UNSC rotates alphabetically among 15 members every month.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nPowers:<\/span><\/b> Among all the United Nations Organisations, only UNSC has the power to make binding decisions<\/strong> on member states.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nObjectives:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- Maintain international peace<\/strong> and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Investigate any dispute<\/strong> or situation which might lead to international friction;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Recommend methods of adjusting such disputes<\/strong> or the terms of settlement;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Formulate plans<\/strong> for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Determine the existence of a threat to the peace<\/strong> or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken;<\/span><\/li>\n
- Call on Members to apply economic sanctions<\/strong> and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General. The UNSC along with the Assembly it elects the Judges of the International Court of\u00a0<\/span>Justice(<\/span>ICJ).<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Reforms and associated\u00a0<\/span><\/b>organisations<\/span><\/b>:<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- G4 Nations\u00a0<\/span><\/b>– Established in 2005 it is a group of 4 countries bidding for permanent seats in the UNSC. They are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Uniting for Consensus (Coffee Club)\u00a0<\/span><\/b>– This is the group of countries opposing the expansion of permanent seats in the UNSC under the leadership of Italy. It was established in 1995 and includes – Italy, Spain, Malta, San Marino, Pakistan, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia & Turkey.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\nUN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\nAbout UN- ECOSOC:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>It was established in 1945. It is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. It is the principal organ that works on sustainable development policies. It also coordinates the activities of several UN units and organizations working on development and social, environmental, and economic issues<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nHeadquarters:<\/span><\/b>\u00a0New York, United States.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nAim:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>To serve as a forum for coordination and discussion on international economic, environmental, and social issues. It also works towards formulating policy recommendations addressed to the Member States and the United Nations system.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nFunctions\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nEvery year a the High-Level Political Forum (HLPF) is organized under the council. It reviews the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,<\/p>\n
Members:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>The Council consists of 54 Member States. The UNGA elects them for a 3-year term.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- Seats in the council are allocated based on geographical representation. 11 of them are allotted to Asian states, 14 to African states, 6 to Eastern Europe, 10 to Latin America and the\u00a0<\/span>Caribbean,<\/span>\u00a0and 13 to Western Europe<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- For the nations to be elected as members of ECOSOC for a three-year term, it needs 2\/3rd majority of UN General Assembly votes.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Each member of the council has one vote and generally voting in the council is by a simple majority. The president is elected for a one-year term from amongst the member states.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nICJ (International Court of Justice)<\/span><\/b><\/h3>\nAbout ICJ:<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- It was established under UN Charter 1945 (which also established UNSC) to act as a principal judicial organ of the UN. It acts as a Civil court.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- As it is the UN principal judicial organ it is called as \u201cworld court\u201d.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Headquarters:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Hague, The Netherland (Only principal UN organ not located in New York)<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nCases that ICJ Handles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- ICJ Settles legal disputes between Nations only. ICJ settles disputes on issues of Sovereignty, trade, treaty violations, and interpretations, etc.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The Court has no jurisdiction to deal with applications from individuals, non-governmental organizations, corporations,<\/strong> or any other private entity. It cannot provide them with legal advice or help them in their dealings with national authorities.<\/li>\n
- The Court can only hear a dispute in the case of a request by one or more States. It cannot deal with a dispute on its own initiative. It is also not permitted to investigate and rule on acts of sovereign States.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Member Countries:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>Members of UN automatically becomes the member of ICJ.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nComposition:<\/strong> 15 members elected for 9 years.<\/span> Of the 15 judges, the composition is mandated to be as follows –<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- 3 from Africa<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- 2 from Latin America and the Caribbean<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- 3 from Asia<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- 5 from Western Europe and other states<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- 2 from Eastern Europe<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Qualification and conditions for appointments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- To get elected candidate has to get absolute majority in UNGA and UNSC<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- 5 Judges are elected for 3 years once<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- No two Judges can be of the same nationality<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- Members can be re-elected<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The President and Vice-President are elected by secret ballot to hold office for 3 years.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
- The P5 members of the UNSC always have a judge on the Court. The exception was China, which did not have a judge on the Court from 1967 to 1985 because it did not put forward a candidate. More recently Britain too lost an election to India thereby failing to get even a single judge in ICJ in 2017.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
India is a member of the UN so it is also a member of ICJ. Indian Judge Dalveer Bhandari was re-elected in 2018.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n