{"id":114486,"date":"2021-06-23T21:00:23","date_gmt":"2021-06-23T15:30:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=114486"},"modified":"2021-06-28T12:18:16","modified_gmt":"2021-06-28T06:48:16","slug":"9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-june-23-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-june-23-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief \u2013 June 23, 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; background-color: powderblue;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210680524\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210680524\">Mains Oriented Articles<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW190177142\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW190177142\">GS Paper 2\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW190177142\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Note1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What the law says on compensation for Covid deaths<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What can we do to avoid the third wave of Covid?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note3\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Countering a political act that has a legal garb<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note4\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hy does China consistently beat India on soft power?<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note5\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Need to rethink discriminatory policy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note6\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The farmers\u2019 protest began a year ago. How has it lasted this long?<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note7\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India\u2019s Medical Health Crisis: Not enough doctors, nurses<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW262016496\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW262016496\">GS Paper 3\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW262016496\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Note8\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Covid leaves Indian adults poorer by 6.1% in 2020: Credit Suisse<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note9\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Covid vaccines: EU ignores India, S Africa\u2019s patent waiver plea at WTO<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note10\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Infodemic\u00a0due to\u00a0top-down\u00a0Misinformation<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note11\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Edge computing will be key to automating cars and factories.<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note12\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Why is China targeting cryptocurrencies?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note13\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Four theatre commands likely to be raised by year-end<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note14\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We need a state agency to spur breakthrough research<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note15\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Save jobs or protect savers? A new monetary policy dilemma\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a href=\"#Note16\">Export\u2019s India\u2019s window of opportunity<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note17\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Impact of Fed\u2019s Policy changes on the Indian Economy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note18\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The role of multilateral lenders in minimizing climate change<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note19\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Digital\u00a0Agristack\u00a0for Farmers<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note20\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Green Tariff Policy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; background-color: powderblue;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><b>Prelims Oriented Articles\u00a0(FACTLY)<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#Note21\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Govt labels Delta-plus \u2018variant of concern\u2019, urges caution<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note22\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How judges recuse from cases, and why<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note23\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Centre, states came together to roll out public-friendly reforms, says PM<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note24\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rare pygmy hogs released in Assam\u2019s Manas National Park<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note25\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">World\u2019s first GM rubber sapling planted in Assam.<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note26\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ownership rights to\u00a0unauthorised\u00a0colonies located on Yamuna Flood Plain<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#Note27\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Google hit with European Union antitrust probe on ad-tech dominance<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW210680524\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW210680524\">Mains Oriented Articles<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW138338225\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW138338225\"><a id=\"Note1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/what-the-law-says-on-compensation-for-covid-deaths\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What the law says on compensation for Covid deaths<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW138338225\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/compensation-for-covid-deaths-petition-in-sc-and-what-the-law-says-7371115\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Express<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tags: Covid deaths, GS Paper 2, Social issues, Disaster Management Act<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Supreme Court\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">has reserved its verdict on a petition by two advocates seeking compensation of Rs 4 lakh to the families of those who have died of Covid-19 or related complications.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Provisions for Compensation for Death:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"43\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Centre<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">has declared\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Covid-19 as a notified disaster under the Disaster Management Act<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"44\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Section 12(iii) of the Act says the\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">National Authority shall recommend guidelines for the minimum standards of relief to be provided to persons affected by disaster.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"13\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The relief shall include<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0ex gratia assistance on account of loss of life as also assistance on account of damage to houses and for restoration of means of livelihood.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"13\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Centre revises<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0the relief amount from time to\u00a0time.\u00a0In\u00a02015, the Disaster Management Division of the Home Ministry has notified relief as Rs 4 lakh per deceased person.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW252969476\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW252969476\"><a id=\"Note2\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/what-can-we-do-to-avoid-the-third-wave-of-covid\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What can we do to avoid the third wave of Covid?<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW252969476\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/vaccine-supply-india-what-can-we-do-to-avoid-the-third-wave-of-covid-7371095\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Click here<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector\/Services relating to Health<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tag<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India needs to urgently adopt a targeted vaccination strategy,\u00a0prioritizing\u00a0high risk\u00a0groups and potential super spreaders.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">A targeted vaccination strategy is critical to avoid a possible third wave of Covid-19 infections. Due to limited resources, optimal utilisation of the scarce resource must be a key strategy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the policy gaps in the current vaccination strategy?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The current policy of vaccination\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">benefits digitally aware citizens and creates inequality in the administration of vaccine<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0Drive-through vaccination\u00a0centers\u00a0in some cities increase the inequality.\u00a0T<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">his is not a desirable policy\u00a0objective.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"51\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Currently, the focus of vaccination is on the number and percentage of people vaccinated. However, the major focus should be on who is vaccinated. At present, the 45-plus age group has been the main target group as there is higher mortality in this group.<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0But a major policy gap is\u00a0observed\u00a0in vaccinating the 18-45 age group.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">certain high-risk groups under the <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">18-45 age group should be\u00a0targetted.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"52\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Government has\u00a0advised\u00a0that infected persons should avoid being vaccinated<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0for three months after recovery.\u00a0Implementation of this policy on the ground may not be happening.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"53\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">There is the issue of a large number of people who have been infected by the virus but are not aware of it. Thus, a large percentage of jabs may be going to people who already have antibodies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How do we need to devise targeted groups? How will this help?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Union Health Ministry has\u00a0authorised\u00a0state governments to plan state-level\u00a0prioritisation\u00a0policies within the 18-45 age group.\u00a0It is vital for state governments to use this option. A policy that targets certain high-risk groups within the 18-45 age group is required.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"54\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly, the population in the 18-45 age group can be divided into three categories.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Category A\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">comprises people who have already caught Covid-19 and have developed antibodies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Category B<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0includes those who have not yet been infected.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Category C\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">includes a small subset of high-risk groups and potential super-spreaders. For example, street vendors, auto-rickshaw drivers, milk and vegetable vendors, newspaper vendors, journalists etc. They should be given priority.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"55\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly, this method will help in reducing the number of deaths.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0It would be appropriate that the central government issues a detailed advisory on this.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"56\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly, it makes sense to target high-risk groups and potential super-spreaders for vaccination<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. This should not be delayed.\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Targeted vaccinations will also enable a faster continuation of economic activities<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0and will reduce the stress on economically vulnerable groups.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The conclusion\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"57\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">To tackle 3<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">rd<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0wave,\u00a0Targeted vaccination with limited supply is important. The central government has already permitted on-the-spot registrations.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"58\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Further, state governments need to take the initiative and plan for targeted and prioritised vaccinations. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW116753365\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW116753365\"><a id=\"Note3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/countering-a-political-act-that-has-a-legal-garb\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Countering a political act that has a legal garb<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GEP8MPV5O.1&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gs2:\u00a0Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: Sedition, Sedition Law, Lakshadweep issue,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Sedition cases should be charged only when any act either spoken or written creates incitement into violence or social disturbance.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Background<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"62\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recently, Aisha Sultana, a filmmaker from Lakshadweep, booked for the alleged offenses of sedition and statements prejudicial to national integrity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"63\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">She was alleged to have used the word \u2018bioweapon\u2019 in a television discussion while criticising the Lakshadweep Administrator\u2019s actions\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"64\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, MS. Sultana\u2019s case is only one among the numerous sedition cases recently registered in the country.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"65\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Earlier, In Lakshadweep, people were booked for sedition cases even for putting up placards or posters against the Prime Minister.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Sedition during British India\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"66\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The offense of sedition was introduced in 1870 under Section <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"67\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In 1922, Mahatma Gandhi was charged with sedition. He described the provision as \u201cperhaps the prince among the political sections of the IPC designed to suppress the liberty of the citizen.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"68\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gandhiji, who himself was a lawyer, made two points in his statement during the trial.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">One, he admitted the charge of preaching disaffection towards the then existing regime.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Two, he justified his act and said that it was his duty to do so as it is \u201ca sin to have affection for the system under the British Raj.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"69\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Further, explained\u00a0that\u00a0Affection cannot be manufactured or regulated by law.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"70\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">If one has no affection for a person or system, one should be free to give the fullest expression to his disaffection so long as he does not incite violence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"71\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">After this, the British Raj used the draconian provision only when they alleged that a speech or writing resulted in violence or social disturbance. For example,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried in 1897 on an accusation that the articles in Kesari (Marathi paper owned by him)\u00a0incited\u00a0violence that led to the killing of two British officers. Tilak was convicted and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 18 months.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Sedition in Free India: Kedar Nath Singh case<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"72\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Kedar Nath Singh case<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0(1962), the assertion made by Gandhiji in the court was indirectly laid down as the law by the Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In Kedar Nath Singh, the accusation was that Kedar Nath, a Forward Communist Party leader, had asserted his belief in a revolution.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">He said that the revolution \u201cin the flames of which the capitalists, zamindars, and the Congress leaders of India\u2026. will be reduced to ashes&#8230;.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Court said that \u201ccomments, however strongly worded, expressing dislike of actions of the Government, without exciting violence, would not be\u00a0penal.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"73\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similarly,\u00a0i<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">n Balwant Singh case<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0(1995), slogans for an independent Sikh nation were found to be not\u00a0seditious\u00a0as it did not lead to incitement of\u00a0violence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"74\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">This proposition was followed consistently, till\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Vinod Dua<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">(2021) case<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, where the Court said that a journalist cannot be booked for sedition for expressing dissent.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the current situation?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"75\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Even today, the draconian law of sedition is being used against political opponents essentially as a political act.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"76\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Sedition charges are frequently and intentionally being registered solely based on words spoken, written, or tweeted. For example, Aisha Sultana case.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"77\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">According to the report by the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">National Crime Records Bureau<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0(NCRB), between 2016 and 2019 there was a 160% increase in the registration of sedition cases. However, the conviction rate during this period fell from 33.3% to 3.3%.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"78\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">This can have a chilling effect on people\u2019s movements.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Way forward<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"79\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Supreme Court of India and the High Courts should take\u00a0Suo\u00a0Motu\u00a0cognizance\u00a0of the\u00a0incidents,\u00a0where the state purposefully uses draconian laws to suppress criticism and protest.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"80\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Such\u00a0Suo\u00a0Motu proceedings would reflect the\u00a0kind of judicial\u00a0activism that our time demands.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW215854714\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW215854714\"><a id=\"Note4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/why-does-china-consistently-beat-india-on-soft-power\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why does China consistently beat india on soft power<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/why-does-china-consistently-beat-india-on-soft-power-7371094\/\">Indian Express<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India and its Neighborhood- Relations.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags,\u00a0SOft\u00a0power, India China relations, Foreign Policy of India,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: China\u2019s has advantage over India in terms of hard power (economic power + military power) as well as soft power<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is soft power?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Soft power, a tool of foreign policy,\u00a0is a mix of cultural, policy and political influences based on power of attraction. It is the ability to persuade others in a peaceful means.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"100\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Foreign policy influence comes from the legitimacy and morality of one\u2019s dealings with other countries.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"102\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cultural influence is based on others\u2019 respect for one\u2019s culture.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"103\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Political influence is how much others are inspired by one\u2019s political values.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"104\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is difficult to measure soft power.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How is\u00a0China\u2019s soft power more attractive than India\u2019s Soft power?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">India might think it is more attractive than China. However, the numbers based on the Lowy Institute survey show otherwise.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"105\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In diplomatic influence<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, overall, India ranks sixth and China ranks first among 25 Asian powers,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"106\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">On diplomatic network<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">s, India nearly matches China in the number of regional embassies it has but is\u00a0behind\u00a0in the number of embassies worldwide (176 to 126).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"107\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">I<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">n terms of multilateral power<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, India matches China in terms of regional memberships,\u00a0but\u00a0its contributions to the UN capital budget are\u00a0less\u00a0compared to Chinese contributions (11.7 per cent to 0.8 per cent of the total).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"108\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In surveys of foreign policy leadership, ambition, and effectiveness, China ranks first or fourth on four measures while India ranks between fourth and sixth in Asia.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"109\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In terms of cultural influence,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India ranks in fourth place and China in second place in Asia.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"110\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In terms of cultural projection,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"33\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">India scores better on Google searches abroad of its newspapers and its television\/radio broadcasts. It also exports more of its \u201ccultural services.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"34\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Whereas\u00a0China does better on several other indicators. For instance, India has only nine brands in the list of the top 500 global brands\u00a0whereas\u00a0China lists 73.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"35\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">On the number of UNESCO World Heritage sites, India has 37 while China has 53.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"111\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">India also lags in the Passport freedom Index. Chinese citizens can travel visa-free to 74 countries while Indians can travel only to 60 countries.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"112\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In terms of information flows, in 2016\u201317, India hosted a mere 24,000 Asian students in tertiary education institutions\u00a0whereas\u00a0China hosted 2,25,000.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"113\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In terms of tourist arrivals, in 2017 India received 5 million tourists from Asia whereas China received 41 million and ranked first among 25 Asian countries.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"114\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">in terms of political influence, India ranked 12th and China ranked 10th.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"115\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In terms of political stability and absence of violence\/terrorism\u201d, India ranked 21st, and China ranked 15th.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"116\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Further, confidence on India\u2019s regional ambitions, economic, military, and diplomatic capabilities, with Southeast Asia is very low according to the State of Southeast Asia Survey Reports<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW65237628\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"FindHit BCX0 SCXW65237628\"><a id=\"Note5\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/need-to-rethink-discriminatory-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Need to rethink discriminatory policy<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/editorials\/rethink-the-policy-7371126\/%20\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Express<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Population and Associated Issues<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: GS Paper 2, Government policies, two-child policy, population-related issues<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recent Assam government proposed to bar people with more than two children from welfare schemes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Background:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similar norms related to contesting local body elections are present in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka,\u00a0Odisha\u00a0and Haryana.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How\u00a0is the policy\u00a0flawed and discriminatory?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"120\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly, measures such as the two-child policy\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">discriminate<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0against the poor and the socially\u00a0marginalized.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"36\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">These policies also\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">provoke\u00a0people,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0and it increases\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">communalization<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of the society.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"37\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It increases\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">vote bank politics<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0as these policies are misused by politician to gain support from particular community.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"121\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly,\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">China<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0used such penal measures to control population but in long term it failed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"38\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In case of India judicious mix of policies that focusses on improving social indices such as literacy and healthcare, especially of women and children, and family planning measures, including promotion of modern contraceptives made the demographic\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">transition sustainable.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"122\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly, In India the focus is slowly shifting from\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">childbearing\u00a0to child\u00a0rearing.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"39\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">As per\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and Census data<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0population growth in India is not a matter for concern.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"40\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s population is expected to peak by 2050 and then decline sharply with the total fertility rate projected to reach 1.3 by 2100.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"123\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fourth, In Assam\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">TFR is declining sharply<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0among all communities.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"41\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">According to the fifth NFHS (2019-20), the TFR for Muslims in Assam is 2.4 from 3.6 in 2005-06.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"124\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lastly,\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">total fertility rate (TFR) for depends on many socio-economic factors<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0including:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"42\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Higher levels of poverty<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"43\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">lower levels of education and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"44\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">population concentrated in less developed rural areas.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">That is why\u00a0coercive\u00a0measures need to\u00a0avoided\u00a0and policies should be based on fairness,\u00a0freedom\u00a0and equality.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note6\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-farmers-protest-began-a-year-ago-how-has-it-lasted-this-long\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The farmers\u2019 protest began a year ago. How has it lasted this long?<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/farmers-protest-punjab-farm-laws-7371125\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Indian Express<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Topic<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: Farmer\u2019s Protest, Farm laws, GS Paper 3, Agriculture<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Context<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: The farmer protest movement against three Acts passed by the Parliament has sustained itself for more than six months. Article discusses the plausible reasons behind it.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why has the farmer protest movement lasted this long?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"170\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Support from the hegemonic agrarian class of Punjab<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: This class which has ruled this state since the mid-\u201960s in the post-Green Revolution phase has joined this protest.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">This section of the society has<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">an abundance of human and material resources.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"47\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why are they supporting the movement?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211; Land, for this agrarian class, holds social and cultural value. The acts passed by the Parliament have reinforced their fears over the weakening of their control over the agricultural economy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"171\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Support from other sections of the society<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: It has enormous support among retired and even serving civil servants, teachers, students, civil society activists, artists and professionals.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"172\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Protest is for survival<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Earlier agrarian protests in the \u201980s revolved largely around the enhancement of support prices,\u00a0institutionalised\u00a0credit system, regular supply of inputs on\u00a0subsidised\u00a0rates, etc. Those protests used to threaten to stop the supply of food-grain to other states. Whereas now the crisis is\u00a0privatisation\u00a0of agricultural operations and of food-grain not finding a market. This protest is for survival.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"173\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Upcoming elections in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Another reason for its longevity is the forthcoming election in early 2022 in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. This explains the desperation of political parties, to support this agitation. In Punjab, it has provided an opportunity to the present government to overcome anti-incumbency. Knowing well that the state assembly has no powers to nullify the central Acts and introduce their own Acts to regulate agriculture trade, the state govt of Punjab did exactly that.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusion<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">There is an urgent need to overcome the uncertainty in public policy and revisit the market\u00a0centred\u00a0growth model to ensure food security for the poor, food sovereignty of the country, and income redistribution policies for\u00a0marginalised\u00a0populations including farmers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to know<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"177\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Three Agri-laws passed by the Parliament<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"178\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">MSP<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"179\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">APMC<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note7\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/indias-medical-health-crisis-not-enough-doctors-nurses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">India\u2019s Medical Health Crisis: Not enough doctors, nurses<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/current-affairs\/bs-number-wise-not-enough-doctors-nurses-amid-india-s-medical-crisis-121062201898_1.html\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Business Standard<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: GS Paper 2, Health and Associated issues<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: Medical health crisis, shortage of doctors, Health, Social Issues, GS Paper 2<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Covid-19 has overburdened India\u2019s poor healthcare\u00a0system. Government\u00a0has taken various initiatives to overcome\u00a0it.\u00a0But\u00a0there is one area that doesn&#8217;t get attention which is India&#8217;s acute shortage of doctors and nurses.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Doctors in India:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Doctors in India:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India had 1.16 million doctors of whom only 80% or 0.9 million were working in 2019.This results in 0.68 doctors for every 1,000 people.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">WHO prescribes\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">a ratio of 1 doctor for every 1,000\u00a0people.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How much time would it take for India to reach WHO standards?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In 2019-20<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, as many as 70,262 students graduated with a MBBS\u00a0degree. If\u00a0only 80% join medical work, it would take another seven years to reach the WHO standard.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, even if India continues to add 1.1% to its population every year, and even if it increases MBBS seats by 5.5% each year, it will take 10 years to reach the WHO standard.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s Status of Doctors when compared to other Countries:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">BRICS<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0(Brazil, Russia China, and South Africa) countries average two doctors for every 1,000 people.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0Organisation\u00a0for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">which has 38 members, mostly developed countries, has 3.1 doctors.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">On the other hand,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">at the current pace, India will take 32 years and 57 years to level with BRICS and OECD respectively.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Status of Nurses in India:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India had 3.24 million<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0or 2.36 nurses per 1,000 people in 2020.The WHO prescribes three nurses per 1,000 people.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Even if India adds 0.21 nurses every year, it would take two years to reach the WHO-required nurse ratio, 11 years to reach BRICS and 32 to get to the OECD ratio of 9.6 nurses per 1,000 people.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Disparity Region and States wise:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India has an average<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of 0.68 doctors per 1,000\u00a0people.But\u00a0there is only 0.1 doctor for 1,000 people in rural India.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The disparity among states<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> is also\u00a0huge.UP\u00a0has increased its doctor count by 6% in the last two years and Delhi by 27%.On\u00a0the other hand, Bihar did not add any nurses between 2016 and 2018.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note8\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/covid-leaves-indian-adults-poorer-by-6-1-in-2020-credit-suisse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covid leaves Indian adults poorer by 6.1% in 2020: Credit Suisse<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/economy-policy\/covid-leaves-indian-adults-poorer-by-6-1-in-2020-credit-suisse-121062200803_1.html\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Business Standard<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>Syllabus<\/strong>:\u00a0Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><strong>Tags:<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Global Wealth Report, poverty,\u00a0Gini Coefficient, Indian Economy, GS\u00a0Paper\u00a03<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Credit Suisse has released a report titled Global Wealth Report 2021.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaways from the Global Wealth Report 2021:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Report on Global Wealth:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"314\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The aggregate global wealth\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">has risen by $28.7 trillion to reach $418.3 trillion at the end of 2020 despite the pandemic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"315\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In terms of current US dollars<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, total wealth grew by 7.4% and wealth per adult was up 6.0%.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"316\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gini coefficient<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0\u2014 a broad-based measure of inequality has increased in most of the countries except in the US, where it fell marginally.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"317\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Developed regions<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0were better off in 2020.Total wealth has increased by $12.4 trillion in North America and by $9.2 trillion in Europe.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Report on India:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Covid-19 Impact on Indian Adults:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"318\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Covid-19 pandemic\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">has left the Indian adults poorer by 6.1% in 2020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"319\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Wealth per Indian adult\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in 2020 has dropped to $14,252 by 2020-end compared to pre-pandemic\u00a0levels.On\u00a0a cumulative basis, the drop in the wealth of Indian adults at $594 billion.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"320\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The drop in the wealth of Indian adults<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in 2020 was amplified by exchange rate depreciation: at fixed exchange rates.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"321\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in real terms, the average wealth level in India in 2020 was at a level seen in the United States 70 years ago.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"322\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">However,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in the next five years, wealth per Indian adult will surge past $20,000, a rise of over 40%.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s Wealthiest:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"323\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s wealthiest\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">has seen their share in the country&#8217;s wealth rise in 2020 even though overall wealth in India declined.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"324\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The wealth share\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">of the top 1% went up from 39.5% in 2019 to 40.5% at the end of 2020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gini Coefficient of India:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"325\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s Gini coefficient<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, a measure of the distribution of income across the population has increased from 74.7 in 2000 to 82.0 in 2019 and reached 82.3 at the end of 2020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"326\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">However,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India has done less badly than China on its Gini coefficient as China has seen a sharper concentration in 2020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the Gini Coefficient and why is it not a good indicator to measure inequality?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"327\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gini coefficient\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is widely used to track wealth\u00a0distribution.A\u00a0higher Gini index indicates greater inequality.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"328\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, the formula it uses<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, such as large aggregations of people as data inputs, simply lacks sensitivity to cases of a disproportionate share of wealth held by very few people.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"329\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Hence, it fails\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">to adequately reflect changes in financial status if wealth levels at the bottom are negligible to begin with.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"330\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Therefore<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, a tiny change recorded in India\u2019s Gini Coefficient for 2020 should not be taken as an assurance that covid did not widen our gaps of well-being by much.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"331\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Most evidence<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0points to millions having been pushed into poverty, even as owners of corporate equity saw their net worth go up as stock markets boomed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note9\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/covid-vaccines-eu-ignores-india-s-africas-patent-waiver-plea-at-wto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Covid vaccines: EU ignores India, S Africa\u2019s patent waiver plea at WTO<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/international-business\/covid-vaccines-eu-ignores-india-s-africas-patent-waiver-plea-at-wto\/articleshow\/83760149.cms\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Click here<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0issues relating to intellectual property rights.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tag: WTO, Patents, GS Paper 3, IPR Related Issues<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The European Union has presented a declaration to the World Trade Organization (WTO) that overlooks\u00a0the goals of India and South Africa&#8217;s combined request for an intellectual property (IP) waiver on Covid pharmaceuticals and vaccines.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Despite the fact that the waiver idea has the support of over 100 countries, the EU has been opposing it for the past eight months.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the issue surrounding the waiver?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"37\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"59\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly, if adopted, the waiver will give countries critical policy flexibility<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to eliminate IP hurdles, allowing them to collaborate more in R&amp;D, manufacturing, and scale-up, and thereby improve the availability of Covid medicines and vaccines.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"37\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"60\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly, the EU proclamation is being seen as a diversionary technique<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, since it asserts its position of implementing relevant policies under the WTO&#8217;s TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) agreement during the pandemic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"37\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EU reaffirmed the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, urging nations to facilitate the use of compulsory\u00a0licensing.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"37\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"61\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly, this might delay the progress of reaching an agreement on the waiver<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Waiver is important to address the inequalities in\u00a0access to Covid vaccines.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note10\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/infodemic-due-to-top-down-misinformation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Infodemic\u00a0due to\u00a0top-down\u00a0Misinformation<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GEP8MPV5U.1&amp;imageview=0\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0Role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0Infodemic, Misinformation, Covid misinformation,\u00a0GS Paper 3, Internal Security<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Domestic political actors are a major source of false or misleading information about the coronavirus which is concerning many Indians.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is\u00a0infodemic,\u00a0disinformation,\u00a0misinformation\u00a0and fake news?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"81\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Misinformation<\/span><\/b> <b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It\u00a0refers to information that is false or inaccurate, and is often spread widely with others, regardless of an intent to deceive.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"82\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Infodemic:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is\u00a0an\u00a0immense wave of information that includes false and misleading material,\u00a0rumours\u00a0that attempts to exploit the crisis for propaganda for profit.\u00a0Misinformation\u00a0accompanied with the pandemic is known as\u00a0infodemic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"83\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Disinformation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0It refers to\u00a0false or out-of-context information that is presented as narrative or facts for deliberately misleading.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"84\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fake News<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: It is purposefully crafted, sensational, emotionally charged, totally fabricated information that mimics the form of mainstream news\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0What are the major sources of misinformation?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"85\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">As per recent survey\u00a0one\u00a0in four (23%)\u00a0people\u00a0has said Government, politicians or political parties are the source of misinformation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"86\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Only 16% are concerned about Facebook being a source and 14% said YouTube is major source for the spread of misinformation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"87\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Among messaging applications only 28% believes WhatsApp generate more widespread misinformation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"88\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Only 9%<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0identified activist groups as the most concerning source of false or misleading information about the coronavirus.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, Indian authorities are mostly interested in misinformation generating from activists.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Some recent examples of widespread misinformation during pandemic:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"89\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">One, \u2018coronil\u2019 the ayurvedic remedy was launched in June last year by Patanjali\u00a0Ayurveda\u00a0and claimed to be certified by WHO.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It claimed\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">100 per cent recovery<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0from COVID-19 within seven days of consuming the medicine\u00a0but later it was pointed out that the license was for an immunity booster.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"90\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Two,\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Former President of the United States and Brazilian President\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">are prominent international examples for spreading misinformation related to corona.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"91\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Three,\u00a0some politicians have also claimed that\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">cow urine<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0can protect people against COVID-19.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"92\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similarly, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare last year came under severe criticism for recommending a range of unproved, alternative remedies to prevent or treat the disease.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why misinformation generating from top is harmful for the society?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"93\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly,\u00a0Coronil\u00a0episode showed how misleading information from prominent public figures and people in positions of authority can\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">lead to bigger problems<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"94\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Globally many reporters have found that official COVID-19 death tolls are far lower than the actual excess deaths during the pandemic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"30\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">For instance,\u00a0T<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">he Hindu found this in Tamil Nadu<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0after comparing Civil Registration System data with the officially reported figure.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"95\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly, Misinformation spread by top politicians and promoted by partisan news media\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">destroys the democratic fabric<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of the society.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"31\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It also makes the fight against corona virus more difficult.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"96\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly, though top-down misinformation from politicians, celebrities, and other prominent public figures forms a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">small part<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of the false and\u00a0misleading.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"32\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">But they have a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">large share of social media engagement<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0which results into\u00a0infodemic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">That it is why\u00a0top down\u00a0misinformation when people are suffering from deadly corona is more serious. It suggests that government needs\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">holistic approach<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to deal with\u00a0infodemic\u00a0instead of just\u00a0focussing\u00a0on any one source.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note11\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/edge-computing-will-be-key-to-automating-cars-and-factories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Edge computing will be key to automating cars and factories.<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Source: TOI<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tag:\u00a0\u00a0edge computing, Science and Technology, GS Paper 3<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Edge computing\u00a0will be the key to automation of factories and cars.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is\u00a0Edge Computing?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Edge Computing\u00a0is a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">distributed information technology (IT) architecture\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in which client data is stored and processed as near to the originating source as possible.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In simple terms,\u00a0Edge computing\u00a0is a computing\u00a0that is\u00a0done at or near the source of the data, instead of relying on the cloud at one of a dozen data centers to do all the work.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Whereas in traditional technology data captured by sensors and cameras will be sent to data centers. Then data centers will\u00a0analyse\u00a0and send back the appropriate action to be taken.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">For\u00a0example,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in a self-driving car, for brakes or a sudden turn, captured data will be sent to data centers. Then centers send the\u00a0appropriate action\u00a0back to the car. \u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Whereas in case of\u00a0edge computing\u00a0data storage and processor will be in the car.\u00a0So,\u00a0it can take instant decisions in case of emergency.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Significance of\u00a0Edge Computing<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Saves bandwidth:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0It saves bandwidth, since data is not being sent on the network. For example,\u00a0in facial recognition and motion analytics cameras, images require massive bandwidth. The edge processor can process images and send the processed data to the data\u00a0centre\u00a0for further analytics, reducing traffic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Applications:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Edge devices can\u00a0monitor air quality and temperature patterns in a room and send alerts to the central building management system on breach of air quality parameters.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Edge Computing\u00a0system installed in ITC can detect and reject the defected products within milliseconds.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Availability of internet:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Further, it is useful for the regions where there\u2019s no internet.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Opportunities\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Since last 2-3 years,\u00a0custom processors are being made by companies. These processors are used for specific applications such as voice, video and image processing, which are essential in\u00a0edge computing.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">These custom processors are powerful enough to store and do the necessary computations themselves.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note12\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/why-is-china-targeting-cryptocurrencies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why is China targeting cryptocurrencies?<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/MShareArticle?OrgId=GRA8MQK49.1&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tag: Cryptocurrency,\u00a0cryptocurrencies\u00a0in India, GS Paper 3, Money and banking, Indian Economy<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Bitcoin has fallen below $30,000 for the first time in more than five\u00a0months. This\u00a0is because of China\u2019s crackdown against\u00a0cryptocurrencies\u00a0which are not sanctioned by China.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What has China done?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"150\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">China has asked banks\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">and online payment firms not to offer any crypto-related services, such as account openings, registration, trading, clearing, settlement and insurance reiterating the 2017 ban.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"151\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, China has also asked Banks and payment companies to step up monitoring of money flows involved in cryptocurrency\u00a0trading and\u00a0coordinate more closely in\u00a0identifying\u00a0such risks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why has China taken action against\u00a0cryptocurrencies?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"152\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">To crackdown on Crypto Mining:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">China accounted for around 65% of global Bitcoin mining operations in 2020 with Sichuan province rated as its second largest producer.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"46\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Role of Bitcoin Miners<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Bitcoin miners play a similar role to gold miners \u2014 they bring new Bitcoins into\u00a0circulation.\u00a0They\u00a0get these as a reward for validating transactions which require the successful\u00a0computation\u00a0of a mathematical\u00a0puzzle. And\u00a0these computations have become ever-increasingly complex and therefore energy-intensive in recent\u00a0years. Huge\u00a0mining operations are inevitable if one is to mine Bitcoins.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"153\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">To stop access to cheap electricity:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Access to cheap electricity has made mining lucrative in\u00a0China. In\u00a02020, China accounted for\u00a0two-thirds\u00a0of the total computational power last year.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"154\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">To stop Illegal activities:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cryptocurrencies\u00a0bypasses official institutions and the anonymity that it offers makes it a flourishing business for illegal activities.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"155\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">To avoid Financial Risk:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Bitcoin and other\u00a0cryptocurrencies\u00a0cannot be traced by a country&#8217;s central bank making them difficult to regulate. Hence, China has\u00a0acted\u00a0on\u00a0cryptocurrencies\u00a0to prevent and control financial risks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"156\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">To launch its own Digital Currency:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">China is planning to introduce its own digital\u00a0currency.\u00a0Its\u00a0aim is to allow China to conduct transactions in its own currency around the world reducing dependency on the dollar which\u00a0remains\u00a0dominant internationally.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note13\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/four-theatre-commands-likely-to-be-raised-by-year-end\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Four theatre commands likely to be raised by year-end<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/four-theatre-commands-likely-to-be-raised-by-year-end\/article34913243.ece\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tags:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">GS Paper 3, Security Forces, Internal Security,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">theatre command<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0The Chief of\u00a0Defence\u00a0Staff (CDS) has chaired a meeting with the Vice Chiefs of the three Services and representatives of Government to iron out differences on the integrated theatre commands creation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is a theatre command?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"157\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A theatre command is a military structure wherein all the assets of the army, air force and navy in a particular theatre of war are under the operational control of a three-star general.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the current situation?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"158\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Indian armed forces\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">currently have 17\u00a0commands. There\u00a0are 7 commands each of the Army and the Air Force. The Navy has 3 commands.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"159\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">There is one joint command\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in Andaman and Nicobar\u00a0Islands. It\u00a0is the first Tri-Service theatre command of the Indian Armed Forces, based at Port Blair in Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"160\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The other tri-service command,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the Strategic Forces Command (SFC), looks after the delivery and operational control of the country\u2019s nuclear assets.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the four integrated tri-service commands that are being planned?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"161\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Air\u00a0Defence\u00a0theatre command<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"162\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Maritime theatre command (A maritime theatre commander will not be appointed right\u00a0away.\u00a0The\u00a0command will be first\u00a0raised,\u00a0and commander appointed later)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"163\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Integrated eastern theatre command<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"164\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Integrated western theatre command<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why is an integrated theatre command being planned?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"165\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Major countries<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0including the US and China function on the theatre command concept with the idea of seamless integration among the land, sea and air forces for better coordination and response.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"166\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the idea behind integrated theatre command is to rationalize war fighting resources, and efficiency of executions and to face threats in an integrated manner.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"167\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">This means\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">that the proposed Theatre Commands are going to be highly dependent on the interoperability amongst various units of the three services which is not available yet.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Challenges in the creation of Theatre Command:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"168\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Objections by Indian Air\u00a0Force (AIF):\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">IAF\u00a0fears that it will lose control over its assets and operations if integrated theatre commands come up. Moreover, it also has issues over the naming of the commands.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"169\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, experts have said that there has been no occasion during actual warfare when the three services have not operated with commendable\u00a0cooperation. Hence, there is no need for an integrated theatre command.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note14\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/we-need-a-state-agency-to-spur-breakthrough-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">We need a state agency to spur breakthrough research<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/inc-word-edit.officeapps.live.com\/we\/2.%09We%20need%20a%20state%20agency%20to%20spur%20breakthrough%20research%20(2)\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Livemint<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0Awareness in the field of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">biotechnology and\u00a0Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector\/Services relating to Health<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: Vaccines, GS Paper 3, Science and technology,\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Context<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Quick development of COVID vaccines was possible due to mRNA technology and this critical technology could only be developed due to funding given by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). We need such agencies all around the world.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rapid development of vaccines<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"180\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Within 48 hours of the genetic sequence of the covid virus being published by Chinese scientists<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, Moderna<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0had developed a recipe for a vaccine by deploying a new technology it had been using to develop a Zika vaccine.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"181\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">BioNTech<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0was able to produce a working recipe even sooner\u2014in a matter of hours.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"182\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">By the end of February, both companies had batches of viable vaccines ready for clinical trials.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Never\u00a0in the history of humanity had we moved so rapidly from the identification of a disease to its prevention.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why were we able to develop the vaccines so quickly?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"183\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Advances in genetic technology<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0made it possible for Chinese scientists to publish the genetic sequence of the virus in a matter of weeks, giving researchers a head-start in understanding how it worked inside the human body.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"184\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Previous work done on SARS and MERS<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Due to the work that had already been done to understand the genetic make-up of other coronaviruses\u2014SARS and MERS\u2014scientists were able to quickly identify the specific genetic sequence that coded its distinctive spike protein.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"185\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">mRNA technology<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: The most significant\u00a0reason\u00a0we were able to produce vaccines so soon was a new experimental technology (mRNA technology) that allowed us to take all we knew about the virus and use it to get the human body to engineer its own\u00a0defenses.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is mRNA?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Messenger RNA (or mRNA) refers to single-strand RNA molecules that carry instructions from our DNA to cells.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"186\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">mRNA tells them what proteins they should produce and when.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"187\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">For a while now, scientists have been able to design mRNA, introduce them into living cells, and get them to make proteins on demand.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"188\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Numerous applications:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Getting the body to produce proteins to supplement natural deficiencies, improve blood flow, or even reverse the effects of life-threatening diseases like multiple sclerosis.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How can we use mRNA technology to combat disease?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Perhaps the most ingenious use of this technology is in combating disease.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"22\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"189\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">If mRNA can instruct the body to produce proteins that mimic the shape of an invading virus (the spike protein in COVID\u2019s case), we can train our immune system in advance to identify dangers and create antibody\u00a0defences\u00a0for when a real virus comes along.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the role played by DARPA in all this?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The mRNA technology is not new. Research in the field had been going on for at least two decades. But there were many occasions when funding ran out. At that point, a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">$25 million grant from the US\u00a0Defence\u00a0Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">kept the research work going.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why we need state agencies\/state capital, like DARPA in every country?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Big scientific breakthroughs especially in experimental technologies need state agencies to step in because of<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"22\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"190\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">a long\u00a0gestation\u00a0periods.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"22\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"191\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">no definitive path towards the\u00a0outcome\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Private capital rarely\u00a0supports\u00a0this sort of research.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Major contributions of DARPA<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">DARAPA\u2019s investment over the years has resulted in some truly revolutionary technologies as\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"192\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">the internet<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"193\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">autonomous vehicles<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"194\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">GPS (Global Positioning Systems)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"195\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">mRNA vaccines<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">So, what will it take to set up a DARPA in India?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are three unique challenges that need to be\u00a0overcome.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"196\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Space to make mistakes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: First, we need to make sure that we give this agency the space to make mistakes. Scientists need to be able to enquire an idea without having to justify why\u2014even if those lines of investigation end up being futile.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"48\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">They need to be able to try out fantastic ideas in the hope that one in a hundred\u2014or even a thousand\u2014will yield an elusive breakthrough.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"197\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Political will<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Then we will also need to muster up the political will to see this through. Moonshot projects, almost by definition, are incapable of yielding results on a\u00a0timescale\u00a0that is of any use\u2014or relevance\u2014to a politician.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"49\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">We need to secure political commitment beyond the time horizon within which most politicians are accustomed to working.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"50\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moonshot project<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: It is\u00a0an exploratory\u00a0and ground-breaking project undertaken without any expectation of near-term profitability or benefit and also, perhaps, without a full investigation of potential risks and benefits.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"198\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A ready market<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Finally, we need to build methods to take innovations to market. For DARPA, this goal has been served by the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">US department of defense<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0that gladly accepts any invention it comes up with and deploys it in the field.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"51\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">This not only gives inventors a way out of the laboratory into the real world, it also surfaces technologies that could have broader commercial appeal and allows them to be tested before being released to the wider world.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:257}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusion<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In our current context, these challenges might seem particularly insurmountable. But we must remember that India\u2019s space\u00a0programme\u00a0has faced all these challenges and yet managed to become the\u00a0unmitigated\u00a0success that it is. If\u00a0we,\u00a0did it once, we can do it again.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to know<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"25\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"199\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">mRNA technology<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"25\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"200\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">DARPA<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note15\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/save-jobs-or-protect-savers-a-new-monetary-policy-dilemma\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Save jobs or protect savers? A new monetary policy dilemma\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/economy-policy\/save-jobs-or-protect-savers-a-new-monetary-policy-dilemma-amid-covid-19-121062300068_1.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Business Standard<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: RBI, monetary\u00a0policy, Indian Economy, GS Paper 3, Accommodative\u00a0Policy,\u00a0accommodative stance<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Context<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Should RBI increase the interest rate or continue with its accommodative stance? A new model has also been suggested \u2013 HANK (Heterogenous Agents New Keynesian).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">While the world is still debating whether modern monetary theory (MMT), which encourages governments to spend without having any meaningful fiscal constraints, should be the norm, something new has been for India\u2014 Heterogenous Agents New Keynesian (HANK) model.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is HANK?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In simple terms, the model suggests that interest rates can be kept low for the greater good. While a section of depositors does get affected, not all savers may necessarily be negatively impacted when central banks push down the interest rates.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"201\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rationale behind HANK<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: The central idea behind the HANK model, is that by increasing demand with monetary expansion, firms would ramp up production. This would improve their survival rate amid a deep shock like the pandemic and protect jobs that would eventually push more wages and salaries in the hands of households, most of whom may get compensated for a drop in their interest incomes on saving.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-114556 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-hsaduq-1.png?resize=729%2C481&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"729\" height=\"481\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-hsaduq-1.png?resize=300%2C198&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-hsaduq-1.png?w=383&amp;ssl=1 383w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"202\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The HANK model also depends on\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">fiscal policy<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to address part of the price stability concerns, traditionally the main job of a central bank. The central bank on its part can do many things \u2013\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">it can keep interest rates low, enhance liquidity, or even do direct or indirect\u00a0monetization\u00a0for the government<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to help it spend more. This helps growth, generates demand, and can\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">give rise to inflation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"52\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The government then formulates tax policies that redistribute income to people who are in dire need.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"203\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What HANK doesn\u2019t recommend?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0&#8211; HANK, however, does not suggest unrestrained spending for long. This\u00a0specialised\u00a0policy comes in handy when the country is witnessing a once in a century crisis.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why\u00a0should RBI\u00a0continue with its accommodative stance?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A continuation of RBI\u2019s accommodative stance is necessary in the backdrop of the second wave and to help support a sustainable recovery through lower rates and easier financial conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"204\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lowest monetary policy rates ever\u00a0are\u00a0also justified at a time when the pandemic managed to push the gross domestic product (GDP) to its deepest contraction in the last fiscal year.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why\u00a0should RBI\u00a0discontinue\u00a0with its accommodative stance?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"205\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Impact on pensioners<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: There are at least 42 million senior citizens in India with at least Rs 14 trillion deposits who have no hedging (risk management) in case of interest rate declines as we have no comprehensive social security.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Way forward<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The interest rate component can be adjusted in the case of people who are not solely dependent on interest income.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"206\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">For example, alternate financial savings avenues such as equity markets participation are getting popular. But they do not ensure the safety of the principal and are therefore not desirable to the senior citizens.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to know<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"207\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Accommodative stance of RBI<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"208\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fiscal policy\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"209\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Liquidity management by RBI<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note16\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/exports-indias-window-of-opportunity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Export\u2019s India\u2019s window of opportunity\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/opinion\/exports-india-s-window-of-opportunity-121062201944_1.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Business Standard<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Topic<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: GS3 \u2013\u00a0Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: Exports, GS Paper 3, Indian Economy, International Trade<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Context<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Possibility of a sharp recovery for\u00a0Indian\u00a0economy can only be realized through a strong focus on exports.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Export-led growth of global economies<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Since World War II, we have seen many countries grow on the back of rising investments and exports.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"28\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"210\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Japan, South Korea, China, and to some extent, Thailand and Malaysia, are all examples of economies where exports played a major role in driving economic transformation.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Hence, it has been clear for some time now that strong exports are crucial in driving development.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are some key learnings from Asian experience that we can implement?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"211\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Exports and imports go hand in hand<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Experience of\u00a0Asian countries, like Japan, China\u00a0etc, illustrates that imports and exports grow hand in hand.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"53\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Example<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Automobile industry &#8211;\u00a0India imports $6.1 billion worth of auto components, but using these imports, our automobile industry exports $18 billion worth of products.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"54\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">This holds true for India as well. For example, between 2001 and 2010,\u00a0India\u2019s\u00a0trade-to-GDP\u00a0ratio nearly doubled from 26% to 49%. Both imports and exports grew during this period. In nominal terms, both imports and exports grew at rates close to 20% in this decade.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"212\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Focus on intermediate goods<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Almost half of China\u2019s imports consisted of\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">intermediate goods<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, which were then instrumental in raising their exports. Important to note is that a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">liberal import regime<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0was followed for such intermediate goods, with\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">duty-free imports\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">allowed.\u00a0Hence, India should not increase tariffs or raise non-tariff barriers on intermediate goods. This is because:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"55\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Goods that come into India flow into goods manufactured for exports. Any increase in the cost of such products\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">indirectly increases production costs\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">and hampers our exports.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"56\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">By raising the cost of these critical inputs, we end up\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">further eroding our competitiveness<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, already burdened by a high cost of logistics, credit, and power.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"57\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Present situation &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Presently, a large proportion of our imports, 32%, consist of intermediate goods. Almost 70% of all anti-dumping duties are levied on intermediate goods. This needs to change.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"213\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Proper incentive structures<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Incentive structures were put in place to ensure higher relative profitability of exports compared to the rest of the sectors.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"58\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The incentive structures ranged from\u00a0subsidised\u00a0bank credit, export targets linked to long-term credit, export subsidies, and incentives for research &amp; development, amongst others.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"214\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Phasing out of import substitution<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: An important lesson is that while import substitution may have been in place, it was gradually phased out.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"215\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Developing capabilities in manufacturing<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Another important lesson is that these countries having developed their capabilities in\u00a0labour-intensive\u00a0industries gradually moved up the manufacturing value chain.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"216\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Public investment in infrastructure\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">to reduce the cost of logistics is another key policy intervention.\u00a0Several strategic sectors were identified for promotion.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The lessons from the experiences of Asia\u00a0indicate\u00a0that\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">export promotion<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">,\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">rather than import substitution,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">drives development<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Has India been able to replicate the above policies followed by Asian countries?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">No. This can be seen from the following facts<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"30\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"217\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Dismal share in global merchandise trade<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: According to the World Trade Organization, India\u2019s share in global merchandise trade stood at less than 2%, despite having the inherent strength and potential to do much better.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"30\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"218\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Manufacturing<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0as a share of\u00a0GDP\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">employment<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0remained\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">stagnant\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">between 1990 and 2020. Whilst exports have increased, they are dwarfed in scale by\u00a0China.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"30\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"219\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Low global share in food processing exports<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0Even in traditional sectors, like food processing where India has one of the largest raw material bases in the world, we command a 2% share in global exports.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why\u00a0couldn\u2019t India\u00a0replicate the Asian experience?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Several factors explain this.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"220\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Availability of credit<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: We lag in credit availability to the private sector. Domestic credit to the private sector, as a percentage of GDP, stood at 50 per cent in India, compared to 165 per cent in China and 123 per cent in other upper-middle-income countries.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"221\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Low private debt-to-GDP ratio<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Our private debt-to-GDP\u00a0ratio is extremely low and there is immense possibility of enhancing it for manufacturing and exports.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"222\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cross-subsidization of power<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"223\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Higher cost of logistics<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"224\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Labour laws\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"225\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A traditional export basket<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Similarly, the composition of India\u2019s exports needs to undergo a radical change. Our export basket is predominantly traditional and does not comprise cutting-edge products. As much as 70% of India\u2019s exports target 30% of world trade comprising items with a declining global share.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What steps should India take and what reforms have been implemented?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The need is to promote our\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">domestic manufacturing industry<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to drive exports and growth. Several important policy steps have been taken in this regard over the past few years.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"226\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lowering of corporate tax<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: The decision to lower the corporate tax rate to 22%\u00a0for all firms and 15%\u00a0for new manufacturing firms, will encourage the domestic manufacturing sector.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"227\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">PLI Schemes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0The introduction of the production-linked incentive\u00a0(PLI)\u00a0schemes in several key sectors, for the first time,\u00a0incentivize\u00a0production, rather than inputs. These schemes will help domestic manufacturing achieve size and scale.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"228\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rationalization of labor codes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0As many as 29 Central\u00a0labor\u00a0laws were\u00a0rationalized\u00a0into four codes.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"229\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Definitions of MSMEs revised<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0The definitions of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have been raised upwards, allowing them to grow in size, whilst maintaining the benefits of MSMEs.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">All these steps should help the domestic industry achieve size and scale.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusion<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The possibility of a sharp recovery for the economy can only be\u00a0realized\u00a0through a strong focus on exports. The opportunity of India integrating itself into global value chains cannot be allowed to pass. Strong and coordinated policy action, across all levels of governments, is needed to\u00a0realize\u00a0this opportunity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to know<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"230\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Import\u00a0substitution<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"231\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Intermediate goods<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"232\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cross-subsidization<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"233\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Production-linked incentive (PLI)\u00a0schemes<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"234\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rationalization of labor codes<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"235\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Revision of definition of MSMEs<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note17\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/impact-of-feds-policy-changes-on-the-indian-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Impact of Fed\u2019s Policy changes on the Indian Economy<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: <a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.livemint.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=2365225b8d1&amp;imageview=0\">Livemint\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tag:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">US federal reserve, Indian Rupee, US Fed rates, GS Paper 3, Indian Economy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The decision of U.S federal reserve to increase interest rates by 2023 will have a significant impact on India. It may depreciate the Indian rupee and increase the inflation levels in the country thereby demanding robust reforms.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why is a change in Fed rates a concern for all?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"253\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Any interest rate change in the U.S influences exchange rates, international money flows and, to a certain extent, interest rates the world over. The implications are very wide as the US is the world\u2019s largest economy and the dollar is the most traded currency.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"254\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">When the FOMC raises rates, foreign institutional investors (FIIs) of American origin and other large foreign funds move back to the US in search of better returns.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"255\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">When FIIs withdraw money from the host country, it negatively influences the exchange rate. This results in depreciation of the host country\u2019s currency and resulting in appreciation of the dollar.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is its link with the Indian economy?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"256\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Given that India is a growing economy offering higher returns, there exists\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">a strong link between changes in Fed rate and FII flows<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"257\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A Fed rate change leads to fluctuations in Indian capital markets and impacts exchange rate. With the FOMC hinting at two rate hikes by 2023, Indian stocks and currency have been adversely impacted.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"258\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rupee depreciation can lead to higher import prices, and with crude oil being the largest component of Indian imports, it could lead to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">increased fuel prices, worsening the cost-push inflation.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thus, the government should strive for economic revival and initiate reforms, and build on India\u2019s story of being an attractive destination for investors.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note18\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-role-of-multilateral-lenders-in-minimizing-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The role of multilateral lenders in minimizing climate change<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.livemint.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=23663f56dfe&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">click here<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:\u00a0Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tag: Climate change,\u00a0ADB, Environment, Climate financing,\u00a0Multilateral funding, GS Paper 3, Environment<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Asia should take bold measures and launch green projects in the energy sector to make a difference.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">We must fight climate change, meet the emission-reduction goals under the Paris Agreement, all while promoting economic growth and putting the region\u2019s development on a green path.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why\u00a0is\u00a0the efforts\u00a0of\u00a0 Asia\u00a0important in the climate change battle?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Asia accounts for 36% of the global GDP, has made progress in economic development and poverty reduction.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"259\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is also responsible for 80% of the world\u2019s coal consumption, and 60% of CO2 emissions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"260\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Many countries have experienced the devastating consequences of climate change:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0floods, droughts, heat waves and storms.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"261\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The region requires major changes in the energy sector.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">These include: avoiding the use of fossil fuels and switching to low-carbon fuels, deploying more renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, reducing final energy demand, and incentivizing investment in low-carbon technologies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"262\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A commitment across the region will be needed to meet the goal of limiting global warming<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to no more than 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"263\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Asia needs to balance climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Ensuring universal energy access is critical as more than 200 million people in the region still have no electricity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"70\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Countries such as China, Fiji, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Maldives, the Marshall Islands, Singapore and Timor-Leste have pledged carbon-neutrality.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How will the ADB help in minimizing climate change?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The (ADB) is ready to take on a leadership role in the region in meeting these commitments. It aims at stepping up our climate finance and capacity-building efforts to\u00a0help developing\u00a0member countries achieve their NDCs.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"264\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly, under\u00a0ADB\u2019s Strategy\u00a02030, the target is to focus 75% of Asian Development Bank\u2019s operations on climate adaptation and\u00a0mitigation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. $80 billion in climate financing from 2019 to 2030 will be provided.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"265\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly, ADB will contribute to the global effort envisioned by COP26<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. We will promote a holistic approach that integrates the ecological, social and financial aspects of flexibility across our operations.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"266\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly, private sector operations to support this agenda should be continued<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. It should fill investment gaps and lead technological and business innovation in the pursuit of sustainable solutions.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"71\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Technology advances have slashed the costs of producing renewable energy by up to 80%\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in the case of solar photovoltaics. Emerging technologies like smart grids, energy storage and hydrogen make it easier to integrate renewable energy into power networks and distributed energy systems.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"72\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Smart technologies have enhanced the flexibility and resilience of power networks<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Digitalization has boosted energy efficiencies on the demand side.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"267\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lastly, for cross-sectoral impact, innovative energy projects are utilizing public-private sector synergies<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"73\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">For example, in Thailand, ADB provided long-term financing for a 10MW wind power project<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0with an integrated 1.88MW-hour pilot battery energy storage system. It is the first private sector project in the country to integrate utility-scale wind power generation with battery storage.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The conclusion\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"268\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">ADB envisions an energy policy that is aligned with global commitments under the Paris Agreement and is responsive to the needs of our DMCs as they build sustainable and resilient energy systems. It could include a formal withdrawal from financing new coal-fired power plants.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note19\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/digital-agristack-for-farmers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digital\u00a0Agristack\u00a0for Farmers<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: <a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.livemint.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=236a8cf4465&amp;imageview=0\">Livemint<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0E-technology in the aid of farmers<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0Digital\u00a0Agristack,\u00a0agri\u00a0technology, GS Paper 3, Agriculture<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The agricultural ministry is working towards creating a Digital\u00a0Agristack\u00a0for farmers. It will collect granular data to provide growers with a range of customized services like input quantity, output choice, potential market etc.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About\u00a0Agristack:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"278\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The project will collect granular data to provide growers with a range of customized services. Like, what to plant, where to sell, market information on price movements, and linkages to formal credit arrangements.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"279\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Each farmer will be provided a unique farmer\u2019s ID, which will be linked to her Aadhaar number.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"280\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It will contain details related to land ownership, the crops she grows, soil health and the benefits available under government schemes such as direct cash transfers, crop insurance and subsidized credit.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Significance of\u00a0Agristack<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"284\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The stack will\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">fuel innovation and support several value-added services<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0as deduced by a consultation paper titled India Digital Ecosystem of Agriculture-IDEA.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"285\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It would\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">curtail information anomalies<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0and allow farmers to effectively plan what and how much to produce.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"286\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It would\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">breed investment towards the agricultural sector\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">and\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">augment research\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">towards more resilient crops.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"74\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Agri-tech\u00a0startups received over $1.5 billion of investment in the past 5-7 years and\u00a0AgriStack\u00a0can open the taps for more inflows.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"287\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It would e<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">nable use of Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">on large datasets. This will not only support farm\u00a0management but\u00a0can also help develop and design new crop protection products.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"288\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It would be used by insurance firms to do effective crop loss assessment. This\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">would result in prudent settlement of claims and\u00a0rationalisation\u00a0of future premiums<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Concerns associated with\u00a0Agristack<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"289\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Linking land ownership data with Aadhaar may hit a roadblock\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">because the process of\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">digitizing land records is still under progress in India<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Further land disputes account for more than 60% of all civil litigation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"290\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">A blind reliance on technology\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">may lead to exclusion errors<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0as observed in other welfare\u00a0programmes\u00a0like the food subsidy scheme.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"291\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Accessibility of data\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is another issue as big players can easily access it while small farmers are excluded due to digital divide. Further, if the same data ends up solely in the hands of a set of large traders, it could help them\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">manipulate markets<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"292\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It can be used by large corporations to encourage unnecessary purchase by the farmers. They can then sell farmers\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">everything<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0from chemicals to credit and pare their own current marketing and human resource costs.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"293\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Accuracy of data may be questionable<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0as capturing high quality data on crops and soil conditions from India\u2019s 150 million land parcels is not an easy task.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"294\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">revenue model of private firms working on pilot projects is still not clear<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. They may sell farmers data and\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">breach their privacy<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Way Ahead<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"295\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The private firms working on pilot projects must effectively cooperate with state governments to reconcile the differences over land ownership.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"296\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The government should move ahead with the project based on the results obtained from pilot trails.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"297\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It should duly consult farmer groups or otherwise run the risk of a meltdown later. The ongoing\u00a0protests against\u00a0the farm reform laws shows the adverse consequences which may arise due to\u00a0non-consultation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a id=\"Note20\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/green-tariff-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Green Tariff Policy<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.livemint.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=236c6a12bb4&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Live Mint<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus &#8211; GS 2\u00a0&#8211; Government<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0green tariff policy, GS\u00a0Paper\u00a03<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0green tariff policy\u00a0will enable DISCOMs to supply clean electricity to consumer.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"298\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">India is working on a\u00a0green tariff policy\u00a0and soon launches guidelines enabling power distribution companies to supply only clean electricity to customers at a green tariff.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"299\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Green tariff policy-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"75\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0Green Tariff Policy\u00a0will assist DISCOMs in providing electricity generated from clean energy projects at a lower cost as compared to power from conventional fuel sources such as coal.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"300\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The policy comes as solar and wind power rates in India have reached all-time lows of $1.99 per unit and $2.43 per unit, respectively.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s ultimate goal<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"301\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">India aims to achieve 175 GW of renewable capacity, including 100GW of solar power, by 2022.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"302\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">According to the Central Electricity Authority, by 2030, India\u2019s power requirement would touch 817GW, more than half of which would be clean energy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Advantage of green tariff policy-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"303\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Supply cheaper renewable energy-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"76\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Once the mechanism is in place,\u00a0discoms\u00a0can exclusively buy green electricity and supply it at \u2018green tariff\u2019, which will be the weighted average tariff of green energy that the consumer will pay.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"77\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Open access will allow large users of energy, generally those who consume more than 1MW, to purchase power from the open market rather than relying on a more expensive grid.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"304\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ensuring open access will also encourage major green electricity users to build their own green energy facilities.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How India intends to address the issue of intermittent solar and wind energy supply.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Union Power Ministry will shortly issue a strategy to encourage\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">hydro pump storage schemes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, with a potential capacity of about 96 GW.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"305\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The plan is to elevate water to a certain height during off-peak hours and then discharge it into a lower reservoir to produce energy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Prelims Oriented Articles<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a id=\"Note21\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/govt-labels-delta-plus-variant-of-concern-urges-caution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Govt labels Delta-plus \u2018variant of concern\u2019, urges caution<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/india\/india-proud-of-its-olympians-contributions-to-sports-pm-modi\/articleshow\/83768236.cms\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">TOI<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: Science and Technology<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tag: Covid 19, Coronavirus, Delta Variant,\u00a0Delta Plus Variant,\u00a0Virus Mutation, Variant of concern, GS Paper 2, Health, Social Issues<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Government of India has\u00a0categorised\u00a0the Delta Plus variant as a \u2018variant of\u00a0concern&#8217;.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is Delta+ variant?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Delta variant\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">formerly known as B.1.617.2 is believed to be the most\u00a0transmissible\u00a0variant of Covid -19\u00a0yet. It has been initially detected in India.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Delta plus variant<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0(B.1.617.2.1 or AY.1) has been formed due to a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">mutation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in the Delta variant.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the characteristics of the Delta plus variant?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Delta plus variant has three important characteristics:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Increased transmissibility<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Binds\u00a0strongly\u00a0to receptors of lung cells,\u00a0and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">potential reduction in monoclonal antibody response.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What measures have been suggested by Central Government?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Centre has suggested immediate containment measures including:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">preventing crowds and intermingling of people,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">widespread testing,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">prompt contact tracing and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">vaccine coverage on a priority basis in districts affected by Delta plus variant.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is\u00a0a\u00a0Variant of Concern (VOC)?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">WHO (World Health\u00a0Organisation)\u00a0classifies a variant as a VOC when it is associated with:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">An increase in transmissibility<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0or detrimental change in Covid-19 epidemiology o<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Increase in virulence\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">(Ability to cause severe\/life-threatening disease)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Decrease in the effectiveness\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">of public health measures or available diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a id=\"Note22\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/explained-how-judges-recuse-from-cases-and-why\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explained: How judges recuse from cases, and why<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/how-judges-recuse-from-cases-and-why-7371106\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Express<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:\u00a0Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tag: Recusal of Judges, Judiciary in India, GS paper 2, Polity<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recently, two Supreme Court\u00a0(SC)\u00a0judges have recused themselves from hearing cases relating to West Bengal.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the recusal of judges?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Recusal\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is the removal of oneself as a judge or policymaker in a particular matter.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why does a judge recuse?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The judges usually recuse themselves when there is a\u00a0Conflict of Interest:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conflict of Interest:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0It can occur in many ways,\u00a0such\u00a0as,\u00a0holding shares in a company that is a litigant to having a prior or personal association with a party involved in the case.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">As the\u00a0judges\u00a0have\u00a0a duty to act\u00a0fair,\u00a0they recuse from\u00a0the case.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Another instance for recusal<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0is when an appeal is filed in the Supreme Court against a judgement of a High Court that may have been delivered by the SC judge when he or she was in the HC.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/centre-states-came-together-to-roll-out-public-friendly-reforms-says-pm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centre, states came together to roll out public friendly reforms, says\u00a0PM.<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/centre-states-came-together-to-roll-out-public-friendly-reforms-says-pm-7371354\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Express<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:\u00a0Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0One Nation One Ration Card,\u00a0ease of doing business,\u00a0Atma\u00a0Nirbhar\u00a0Bharat\u00a0package\u00a0GS Paper 2, S<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Prime Minister\u00a0write up on\u00a0four reforms brought, as a\u00a0part of the Atma\u00a0Nirbhar\u00a0Bharat package in May 2020 have improved the ease of living\u00a0for\u00a0the public, particularly the poor, the vulnerable and the middle class.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Background<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In May 2020,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0the Centre had announced to increase borrowing limits of states from 3% to 5% of their Gross State Domestic Product for 2020-21.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Of the 2% extra borrowing limit, 1% was made conditional on the implementation of reforms in four focus areas.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Which are those four focus areas:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The four focus areas are:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">One Nation One Ration Card:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It required state governments to ensure that all ration cards in the state under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) were seeded with Aadhaar numbers of all family members.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">This ensures availability<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of ration to beneficiaries under National Food Security\u00a0Act (NFSA) and other welfare schemes especially the migrant workers and their families at any Fair Price Shop (FPS) across the\u00a0country. 17\u00a0states have\u00a0implemented\u00a0this reform.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Improving ease of doing business:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0It required states to\u00a0ensure:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">renewal<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of business-related licenses is made automatic, online and non-discretionary on mere payment of fees.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Another requirement<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0was to implement a\u00a0computerised\u00a0random inspection system to reduce harassment and corruption.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) revenue reforms:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It required states to<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">notify\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">property tax floor rates in accordance with circle property rates and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">notify\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">water and sewerage charges, to at least recover operation and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Power Sector Reforms:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It required states to ensure:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Reduction<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in Aggregate Technical &amp; Commercial (AT&amp;C) losses<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Targeted reduction<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in Average Cost of Supply and Average Revenue\u00a0Realisation\u00a0(ACS-ARR) gap and<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Direct benefit\u00a0transfer\u00a0(DBT)<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of electricity subsidy to farmers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a id=\"Note24\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/rare-pygmy-hogs-released-in-assams-manas-national-park\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rare pygmy hogs released in Assam\u2019s Manas National Park<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/other-states\/rare-pygmy-hogs-released-in-assams-manas-national-park\/article34909685.ece\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:\u00a0Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tag: Pigmy Hog, Gs paper 3, Environment, Faunal diversity in India,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Around Eight captive-bred pygmy hogs were released in the Manas National Park of\u00a0Assam.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About Pygmy Hog:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pygmy Hog\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is the smallest member of the pig\u00a0family.\u00a0It\u00a0is native to\u00a0alluvial\u00a0grasslands in the foothills of the Himalayas at elevations of up to 300 m.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Habitat:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The only known population of Pygmy Hog lives in Assam,\u00a0India,\u00a0and\u00a0possibly southern\u00a0Bhutan.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"22\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Features:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The pygmy hog is one of the very few mammals that build its own home, or nest, complete with a \u2018roof.\u2019<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indicator Species:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pygmy Hog is an indicator\u00a0species. Its\u00a0presence reflects the health of its primary habitat, the tall, wet grasslands of the region.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">IUCN status:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Endangered<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Wildlife Protection Act,1972:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Schedule 1<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pygmy Hog Conservation\u00a0Programme(PHCP)<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0Programme\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is a collaboration among Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust of UK, Assam Forest Department, Wild Pig Specialist Group of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Union Environment Ministry.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under the\u00a0programme,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">six pygmy hogs \u2014 two males and four females \u2014 were captured from the\u00a0Bansbari\u00a0range of the Manas National Park in 1996 for starting the breeding\u00a0programme.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The reintroduction\u00a0programme\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">began in 2008 with the Sonai-Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary (35 hogs), Orang National Park (59) and\u00a0Bornadi\u00a0Wildlife Sanctuary (22).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">As part of the\u00a0programme,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">around 142 pygmy hogs were reintroduced into the\u00a0wild.\u00a0This\u00a0is much more than their current original global wild\u00a0population. By\u00a02025, the PHCP plans to release 60 pygmy hogs in Manas National Park.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About Manas National Park:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"30\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Manas National Park is a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site, Project tiger reserve and a biosphere reserve.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"31\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It\u00a0shares a common border with the Royal Manas National Park of Bhutan.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"32\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Park\u00a0is home to many endangered species like Assam\u00a0roofed\u00a0turtle, golden Langur, hispid\u00a0hare,\u00a0and pygmy\u00a0hog.\u00a0It\u00a0is also famous for its wild water\u00a0buffaloes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"33\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lastly,\u00a0The Park\u00a0is\u00a0located\u00a0on the Manas river which is a major tributary of Brahmaputra.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;469777462&quot;:[1310],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"Note25\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/worlds-first-gm-rubber-sapling-planted-in-assam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World\u2019s first\u00a0GM rubber\u00a0sapling\u00a0planted in\u00a0Assam.<\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/MShareArticle?OrgId=GUI8MQU4A.1&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus:\u00a0Awareness in the field of Bio-technology<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tag: GS Paper 3, Agriculture, Science and technology, S&amp;T,\u00a0<\/span><\/b> <span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rubber Board has planted the world\u2019s first genetically\u00a0modified\u00a0(GM) rubber at its\u00a0Sarutari\u00a0research farm in Guwahati, Assam.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About\u00a0GM Rubber\u00a0Crop:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">GM Rubber\u00a0Crop\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">has been developed at the Rubber Research Institute of\u00a0India\u00a0(RRII) in Kerala.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How was\u00a0GM Rubber\u00a0developed?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">GM rubber\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">was developed by inserting the\u00a0MnSOD\u00a0(manganese containing superoxide dismutase) gene which was taken from the rubber plant itself.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What was the need for GM Rubber?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Natural rubber\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is a native of warm humid Amazon forests and is not naturally suited for the colder conditions in the Northeast which is one of the largest producers of rubber in India.\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Due to this,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the growth of young rubber plants\u00a0remains\u00a0suspended during the winter\u00a0months. This\u00a0leads to progressive drying of the soil.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">However,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the\u00a0GM rubber\u00a0plants are expected to overcome the severe\u00a0cold conditions\u00a0during winter which is a major factor affecting the growth of young rubber\u00a0plants. Hence, this is the reason\u00a0GM Rubber\u00a0crop has been developed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Significance of\u00a0GM Rubber:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, the\u00a0GM Rubber\u00a0is the first GM crop developed exclusively for the North-East.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">,\u00a0GM Rubber\u00a0has the ability to protect itself from the adverse effects of severe environmental stresses such as cold, drought among others.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, there are no plant species in India that can breed with natural\u00a0rubber.\u00a0Therefore, there is no risk of genes flowing from\u00a0GM rubber\u00a0into any native species, a concern often raised by environmental groups.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"Note26\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/ownership-rights-to-unauthorised-colonies-located-on-yamuna-flood-plain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ownership rights to\u00a0unauthorised\u00a0colonies located on\u00a0Yamuna Flood Plain<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: <a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/city\/delhi\/split-wide-open-growth-shadow-on-floodplain\/articleshow\/83762148.cms\">Times of India<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Government Policies and Interventions for Development in various sectors and Issues arising out of their Design and Implementation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0Yamuna Flood plain, Zone\u00a0O,\u00a0\u00a0GS\u00a0Paper 3, Protected Areas<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0The new master plan of Delhi 2041 would provide ownership rights to residents of at least 71\u00a0unauthorized\u00a0colonies located along the\u00a0Yamuna flood plain.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Background<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Zone O-I is the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u201criver zone\u201d with the active floodplain<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, spread over 6,295\u00a0hectares, and no construction would be allowed here.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Zone O-II, covering 3,638.4 hectare, has been rezoned as<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0\u201criverfront\u201d with regulated development<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rationale behind demarcation of Zone O:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The demarcation is\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in compliance with 2015 NGT order<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. The tribunal had directed that the floodplain be identified for a flood in 25 years in the interest of ecology, biodiversity and river flow.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The demarcation is<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0based on a scientific study conducted by IIT\u00a0delhi<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Based on this, only 5\u00a0unauthorised\u00a0colonies fell in the active flood plain area while 71 were outside it. Thus,\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">enabling the latter to apply for ownership rights<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0if the delineation is allowed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"Note27\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/google-hit-with-european-union-antitrust-probe-on-ad-tech-dominance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google hit with European Union\u00a0antitrust probe\u00a0on ad-tech dominance<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/international\/google-hit-with-european-union-antitrust-probe-on-ad-tech-dominance-121062300053_1.html\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Click here<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: GS 3,\u00a0Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tag: &#8211; google, EU\u00a0Antitrust policy,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0Google faces a European Union enquiry into its advertising technology.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is\u00a0Anti-Trust\u00a0Policy?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">EU\u00a0developed its\u00a0Antitrust policy\u00a0based on\u00a0Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 101 prohibits anti-competitive agreements between two or more independent market operators.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 102 prohibits abusive\u00a0behaviour\u00a0by companies holding a dominant position on any given market.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The goal of EU\u2019s anti-trust policy is to create a level playing field in the free market and prevent businesses from having too much power.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">If companies found violative of any of the provisions, EU will initiate an Anti-trust probe on them.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusion\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">We are concerned that Google has made it more difficult for competitors to compete in internet advertising. Google and publishers\u00a0monetise\u00a0their internet services with the help of online advertising services.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mains Oriented Articles GS Paper 2\u00a0\u00a0 What the law says on compensation for Covid deaths\u00a0 What can we do to avoid the third wave of Covid?\u00a0 Countering a political act that has a legal garb\u00a0 Why does China consistently beat India on soft power?\u00a0 Need to rethink discriminatory policy\u00a0 The farmers\u2019 protest began a year&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-june-23-2021\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief \u2013 June 23, 2021<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":80068,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"9pm-brief-template.php","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,9],"tags":[8032,1542,8033],"class_list":["post-114486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-pm-brief","category-public","tag-current-affairs-for-upsc","tag-daily-current-affairs-for-upsc","tag-upsc-current-affairs","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/9-PM-Brief-1-e1615452440806.png?fit=600%2C335&ssl=1","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/114486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=114486"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/114486\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/80068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=114486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=114486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}