{"id":115185,"date":"2021-06-28T21:10:47","date_gmt":"2021-06-28T15:40:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=115185"},"modified":"2022-09-08T16:27:23","modified_gmt":"2022-09-08T10:57:23","slug":"9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-june-28-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-june-28-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief \u2013 June 28, 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Dear Friends,<\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-red\">\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We have initiated some changes in the 9 PM Brief and other postings related to current affairs.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What we sought to do:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ensure that all relevant facts, data, and arguments from today\u2019s newspaper is readily available to you. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We have widened the sources in order to provide you with content that is more than enough and adds value not just for GS but also for essay writing. Hence, the 9PM brief now covers the following newspapers: <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>The Hindu\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Indian Express\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Livemint\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Business Standard\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Times of India\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We have also introduced the relevance part in every article. Now you know why an article has been covered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Since the changes are new so number of articles will be heavy initially but can be expected to go down once we have done a good number of articles. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1)\" data-font=\"Consolas\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is our endeavor to provide you with the best content and your feedback is essential for the same. We will be anticipating your feedback and ensure the blog serves as an optimal medium of learning for all the aspirants. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>For previous editions of 9 PM Brief <\/strong>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-brief\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>For individual articles of 9 PM Brief<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/daily-current-affairs-summaries-for-upsc-exam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; background-color: powderblue;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;469777462&quot;:[418],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">Mains Oriented Articles\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>GS Paper 1<\/strong><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The power of an apology<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>GS Paper 2\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><a href=\"#Note2\">On the margins with full equality still out of reach <\/a>\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note3\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pakistan on FATF grey list- What does it mean for India?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note4\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Police reforms are not enough<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note5\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Fear, myths and lack of awareness<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">leads to Vaccine hesitancy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>GS Paper 3\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note6\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India\u2019s debt-to-GDP ratio at a 14-year high<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note7\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Linkage between food inflation and rise in fuel prices<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note8\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Let\u2019s step back from the NPA Scare<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note9\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Inadequate planning on PLI Schemes<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note10\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">Shaping India&#8217;s green future <\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center; background-color: powderblue;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW98137723\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW98137723\">Prelims Oriented Articles (Factly<\/span><\/span>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note11\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Focused on Pakistan rather than China, India in Tier 3 as\u00a0cyberpower: Report\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note12\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What are DMCA notices for protection of intellectual property online?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note13\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Quality focus to help in \u2018setting humane fiscal policy\u2019: RBI study\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note14\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Record forex reserves must be seen in the right perspective<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note15\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Govt to contest SC order on great Indian bustard<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note16\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">E-commerce norms on global lines: Government<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note17\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Indian scientists develop nanogenerator for use in self powering devices<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"#Note18\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">INS Tabar deployed for naval exercises in Africa, Europe till September<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt; color: #ff0000;\">Mains Oriented Articles<\/span><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW1318038 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1318038 BCX0\">GS Paper 1<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW1318038 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-power-of-an-apology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The power of an apology<\/a><\/h3>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source: <\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GA48N9EVV.1&amp;imageview=0\">The Hindu<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>GS 1- World History<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Content in this article can be most useful in your essay on international relations. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis: <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Apologies from governments for past mistakes can help individuals reconcile with the past and enhance bilateral relations.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u202f<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In May, Germany apologised to Namibia for the slaughter of the Herero and Nama people in1904-1908, for the first time calling it a genocide. Around the same day, in Rwanda, French President Emmanuel Macron acknowledged his country&#8217;s part in the Rwandan genocide and expressed hope for forgiveness.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the effects of these gestures?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is impossible to exaggerate the significance of these gestures. They have a variety of beneficial effects. Apart from improving relations between the countries involved, leaders&#8217; apologies assist people in reconciling with the past, and countries and communities in learning from history and avoiding similar catastrophes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The conclusion\u202f<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In today&#8217;s geopolitics, a feeling of humility is arguably a rare occurrence. From Nicaragua to Myanmar, we are seeing a resurgence of political leaders who are willing to go to any length to maintain power. In this climate, apologetic voices become even more valuable, as they aid us in reconciling with unfortunate occurrences in the past and removing historical stains.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">To be a pillar of the multipolar world in this sense, one must be more than a military power, an industrial and\/or financial powerhouse, and\/or a global investor. Countries that aspire to global leadership should also be capable of moral leadership. This comprises critical self-reflection, humility, compassion, and caring not only for themselves, but also for the world&#8217;s most vulnerable groups.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to Know:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/herero-and-nama-people\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Herero and Nama People<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/komagata-maru-incident\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Komagata Maru Incident<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7382990 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7382990 BCX0\">GS Paper 2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW7382990 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a id=\"Note2\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/on-the-margins-with-full-equality-still-out-of-reach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">On the margins with full equality still out of reach <\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GU08N8EGQ.1&amp;imageview=0\">The Hindu<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0<\/span><\/b>LGBTQ+,\u00a0Navtej\u00a0Singh\u00a0Johar\u00a0case,\u00a0Naz Foundation case, GS paper 2<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The LGBTQ+ community is one of the\u00a0most\u00a0vulnerable\u00a0sections in India and mainstreaming them is a great challenge.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">The global LGBTQ+ community marched ahead after the 1970s. But in India, it was not the case.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Despite the Constitution focus on liberation, the marginalised segments such as LGBTQ+ did not receive enough attention so far.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p aria-level=\"5\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is section 377?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559738&quot;:40,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code criminalized homosexuality. This Section was introduced in 1861 during the British rule in India,\u00a0modeled\u00a0on the Buggery Act of 1533.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Navtej\u00a0Singh\u00a0Johar\u00a0&amp;\u00a0Ors. vs Union of India (2018) case<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0The Supreme Court ruled that the criminalization of consensual homosexual sex, under Section 377 between adults was\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">unconstitutional,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">irrational, indefensible, and manifestly arbitrary.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, Section 377 remains in force for sex with minors, non-consensual sexual acts, and bestiality.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Other significant judgements on Section 377<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi [2009]\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is a landmark Indian case of the Delhi High Court. It held that treating consensual homosexual sex between adults as a crime is a violation of fundamental rights.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">As a result of the ruling, homosexual acts between consenting adults are no longer illegal in India.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The court also held that\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Section 377 offended the guarantee of equality enshrined in Article 14<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0of the Constitution, because it creates an unreasonable classification and targets homosexuals as a class<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Suresh Kumar\u00a0Koushal\u00a0vs. Naz Foundation [2013]:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In this case, the SC overturned the previous judgment by Delhi HC 2009 and reinstated Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Outcomes after these Judgement:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">These judgments have provided a launch pad for the LGBTQ+ jurisprudence and queer liberation movement in India.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Despite the judgments of the Supreme Court, full equality is still not provided to the LGBTQ+ community.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Union of India has recently\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">opposed any move to accord legal sanction to same-sex marriages<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. The government states that,\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">decriminalisation\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">of Section 377\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">does not automatically translate into a fundamental right<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0for same sex couples to marry.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why India needs to allow Same Sex marriages?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">As of 2021, same-sex marriage is legally performed and recognised in 29 countries. Indian society and the state should synchronise themselves with changing trends. For example, the United Kingdom passed the \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/need-to-enact-siras-act-on-the-lines-of-alan-turing-law\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Alan Turing law<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u201d\u00a0in\u00a02017 to outlaw homosexual acts.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Suggestions<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"17\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Eliminating the stigma associated with LGBTQ+ community through the mass media and the official channels. Further, School and university students too should be sensitised about the diversity of sexuality.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"18\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Amending Article 15<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Article 15 secures the citizens from every sort of discrimination by the state, on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth or any of them. India should amend the article to include\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">discrimination based on sexual orientation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"3\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In May 1996, South Africa became the first country to constitutionally prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Read more:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"19\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/marriage-rights-of-the-lgbtqia-community\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Marriage Rights of the LGBTQIA+ community<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"20\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/madras-high-court-guidelines-for-mainstreaming-lgbtiqa-community\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Madras High Court guidelines for mainstreaming LGBTIQA+ community<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"21\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/need-to-ban-the-conversion-therapy-of-the-lgbtqia-community\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Need to ban the Conversion therapy of the LGBTQIA+ community<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/pakistan-on-fatf-grey-list-what-does-it-mean-for-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Another Shade of Grey<\/a><\/h3>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source &#8211; <\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GU08N8EGO.1&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>GS2- International Institutions<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">FATF, Pakistan, grey list, blacklist, terror financing, money laundering<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Significance of FATF\u2019s latest action for India<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> Pakistan has been retained on Financial\u00a0Action\u00a0Task\u00a0Force (FATF)\u00a0grey list.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pakistan will stay on the FATF grey list for now. Pakistan missed the mark by one crucial action point out of 27 &#8211; being judged deficient in prosecuting the senior leadership of UN-proscribed terror groups.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Read more\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/pakistan-to-remain-on-fatf-greylist\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pakistan to remain on FATF\u00a0greylist\u00a0-ForumIAS Blog<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">FATF and Pakistan\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Many in the Pakistan are protesting this decision. They are of the view that their reforms to terror financing laws have enabled the prosecution of more than 30 UN-proscribed leaders and their associates, for terror financing.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">However,\u00a0it\u00a0is unclear that how many leaders are\u00a0serving\u00a0jail time, the convictions and prison terms. It has previously happened that Pakistani authorities arrest leaders on charges under international pressure, and subsequently release them.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thus, FATF has cleared that Pakistan must complete the prosecution of all proscribed leaders of groups including the\u00a0LeT,\u00a0JeM,\u00a0Al-Qaeda, and the Taliban.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Furthermore, FATF has included six more items to the list.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What does it mean for India?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pakistan\u2019s continuance on this list is a news of relief for India. It is because India is still awaiting true justice delivered to leaders of groups such as the\u00a0LeT\u00a0and\u00a0JeM\u00a0for attacks, including Mumbai 26\/11, Parliament (2001) Pathankot and Pulwama, and not just terror financing.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">However, the processes of FATF must be checked for overreach also. It is because India\u2019s Mutual Evaluation Report is also pending due to the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">FATF has announced a new focus on \u201cextreme right-wing terrorism (ERW)\u201d. With this factor along with Pakistan\u2019s lobby will result in technical scrutiny of India\u2019s political aspects.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to Know<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"23\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/financial-action-task-force-fatf\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">FATF<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"24\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/un-blacklists-pakistan-taliban-terror-groups-leader\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">UNSC 1267 Committee<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"25\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/ethnically-or-racially-motivated-terrorism-financing\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ethnically or Racially Motivated Terrorism Financing<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a id=\"Note4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/police-reforms-are-not-enough\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Police reforms are not enough<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/blogs\/toi-edit-page\/forgetting-our-floyds-police-brutality-victims-rarely-find-justice-here-because-theres-little-systemic-acknowledgment\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">TOI<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/opinion\/online-views\/police-reforms-might-not-suffice-for-cops-to-shore-up-public-trust-11624809801251.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Livemint<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: GS2 &#8211; Governance<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW159348224\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW159348224\">Tags<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW159348224\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW159348224\"><strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0police reform,\u00a0police violence, human\u00a0rights,\u00a0justice, custodial deaths, custodial violence<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW159348224\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Police reforms in India are pending for a long time.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Police reforms are much needed in India. In this respect, India can learn a lot from the George Floyd trial.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"26\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Killing of George Floyd was in news a few months back. In the USA it sparked mass protests culminating in the conviction of the police officer involved in the case.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why an erosion of public trust in the police is not unusual?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">As per The Status of Policing in India Report for 2018, police personnel has inherent biases.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"27\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Bias against minorities<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Police personnel has an inherent bias against minorities and marginalized sections of the society in the sense that it is believed that these sections are prone to violence. More so than other sections of the society.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"28\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Bias\u00a0towards\u00a0violent\u00a0justice<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: A section of police personnel felt that it was better to put dangerous criminals to death than on trial.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thus, an erosion of trust in the police is, thus, highly probable in the country.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What can India learn from the George Floyd trial?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"29\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Demanding accountability<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: The first must be in demanding accountability. Police brutality in India isn\u2019t rare. An analysis of NCRB data reveals that about 7 in 10 custodial deaths in the past decade were attributed to illness or suicide, which underscores the possibility of custodial torture<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"30\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Eradicating systemic biases<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Second, we need to acknowledge and eradicate systemic bias within the police force.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">In India, acknowledgments of racial bias have never been forthcoming. NCRB data on incarcerated populations in India shows that minorities are disproportionately jailed, indicating the existence of bias against these communities within the criminal justice system<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"31\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Realistic cinematic portrayal of cops<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: The role played by popular cinema in glamourizing the no-nonsense, tough-on-crime cop has certainly played a role in normalizing police violence. it encourages\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">lynch-mob vigilantism as justice.<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"32\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Improving judicial sensitivity<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Judicial response to custodial violence has also been erratic, and despite the Supreme Court\u2019s guidelines in\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">DK\u00a0Basu\u2019s\u00a0case<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, the rate of conviction in custodial violence or death claims continues to be low.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"33\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Parliamentary discussions and debates<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Law-making organ of the state needs to have a consistent and meaningful discussion on the issue of police atrocities within civil society. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"34\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Public outrage<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Equally important is the public outrage over police brutality or deaths which has been largely missing from India. It is in sharp contrast with the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States. Citizen\u2019s participation can galvanize different societal elements coming together to correct injustices.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"35\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Police Complaint authorities<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Supreme Court, in the\u00a0<\/span><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Prakash Singh\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">&amp;\u00a0Ors\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">versus Union of India\u00a0&amp;\u00a0Ors\u00a0case<\/span><\/i><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">,\u00a0had\u00a0directed\u00a0each State and Union Territory to constitute Police Complaints Authorities (PCAs) at the State and district levels with immediate effect.\u00a0This needs to be followed in letter and spirit.\u00a0Many states have yet to establish these bodies while those that have been established are without any penal powers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/fear-myths-and-lack-of-awareness-leads-to-vaccine-hesitancy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fear, myths, and lack of awareness leads to Vaccine hesitancy<\/a><\/h3>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/current-affairs\/covid-19-vaccination-fear-myths-rumours-inject-vaccine-hesitancy-121062700903_1.html\">The Business Standard<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>GS 2 \u2013\u00a0<span data-contrast=\"none\">Issues related to health.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: vaccine hesitancy, vaccine access, vaccination<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0elimination of vaccine hesitancy is critical for COVID vaccination\u00a0success\u00a0in India<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis \u2013\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the cause of vaccine hesitancy in India and what needs to be done to address this issue.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">According to community survey across 299 Indian districts, 17-18 % of eligible people are reluctant to take the vaccine. Furthermore, 11% are concerned about the effectiveness of currently existing vaccines.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Causes of vaccine hesitancy<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"46\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lack of credible information about vaccines and their after effects<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">-Many people are afraid to take vaccines due to concerns over safety, efficacy, and possible side effects of the vaccine.\u00a0 People are not aware of common and temporary side effect of the vaccine-like fever and body ache after the injection.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"47\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Religious propaganda<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202fthat the vaccine may contain animal-derived, microbes, chemicals, and products, which is forbidden by religious laws.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"48\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lack of access to vaccine<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0long\u00a0gap between the doses also injects vaccine hesitancy, while some forgetting to get the second shot.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"49\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Inconvenience factor\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211; people hesitate to participate in the vaccination drive due to the difficulties that they\u00a0must\u00a0face in accessing the vaccine.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"50\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Disinformation, especially on\u00a0social\u00a0media<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0Social-media\u00a0has seen a rising number of self-proclaimed experts who have been making unsubstantiated claims.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"33\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">For example-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Some social media posts advise people to avoid alcohol for 60 days following vaccination, which adds to their reluctance.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What needs to be done to address vaccine hesitancy?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"51\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Make public aware-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Government need to run awareness workshops for community leaders and social mobilisers at the block levels to dispel any doubts about vaccine.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"52\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Use\u202fSocial Media Platforms<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202fto counter any disinformation regarding vaccines and spread awareness.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"34\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Social media platform should make sure that users only get to see the credible, science-based information about the vaccines.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"53\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">There is\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">need to identify vaccine hesitant areas\/group\/community<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0based on prior experience of vaccine\u00a0programmes\u00a0like polio.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"54\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Engage local influencers to persuade people<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211; The\u202finfluential person or celebrities\u202fshould come forward to dispel doubts leading to Vaccine hesitancy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"55\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Ensure credible information-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Vaccine producers must provide scientific and trustworthy information in addition to declaring figures related to efficacy, which only fey understand.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"35\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"56\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Make vaccination a compulsory<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0condition to join office.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:150,&quot;335559739&quot;:150,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Way forward-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In the fight against the pandemic, complete vaccination is one of the most important weapons in the arsenal. Therefore, the issue of vaccine hesitancy must be addressed immediately. The Government must take aggressive steps to address the cause behind vaccine hesitancy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW251996494\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW251996494\">GS Paper 3<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW251996494\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a id=\"Note6\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/indias-debt-to-gdp-ratio-at-a-14-year-high\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">India\u2019s debt-to-GDP ratio at a 14-year high<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0Livemint\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/food-subsidy-bill-hits-record-high-of-5-trillion-in-202021-11624820503902.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 1<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/economy\/debt-at-58-8-of-gdp-as-economy-shrinks-11624818421328.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 2<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/numbers-in-focus-this-week-external-debt-capex-growth-euro-area-inflation-11624801357536.html\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Article 3<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: GS3 \u2013 Indian Economy<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Fiscal Deficit, Debt-to-GDP ratio, Debt burden, Credit rating, Debt repayment, NSSF<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Present situation of India\u2019s economy, dealing with a high debt burden and an increased Fiscal Deficit.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: High Fiscal Deficit, a very high Debt-to-GDP ratio and a high amount of external debt have raised concerns over debt sustainability.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"42\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"57\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Few concerns and possible solutions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Rise in Fiscal Deficit &amp; Debt-to-GDP ratio\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"58\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fiscal Deficit =\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">9.3% of GDP from 4.6% (2020)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"43\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"59\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Debt-to-GDP ratio\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">= Risen to 58.73% from 51.6%<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why Fiscal Deficit (FD) is high?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">This was mainly due to the following reasons:\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"44\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"60\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Shortfall in revenue collection<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Firstly, there has been a shortfall in revenue collection due to disruption in economic activities caused by the first wave of the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"44\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"61\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Accounting FCI\u2019s borrowing in calculation of FD<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Secondly, government has made a slight change in its accounting practices. It is now including full borrowings of Food Corporation of India (FCI) in calculation of Fiscal Deficit.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Food subsidy to FCI<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Earlier situation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Till last year, FCI\u2019s massive loans\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(to finance distribution of subsidized ration)<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0were sourced from the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">National Small Savings Fund (NSSF)<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. These borrowings were part of \u201cextra budgetary resources&#8221;, literally outside the budget. Hence, they did not reflect in the fiscal deficit.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"45\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">This extra-budgetary borrowing was slammed by Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in 2019. Hence, government<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"45\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Extra Budgetary resources refers to allocations made from money outside of revenue or borrowings, through means such as the National Small Savings Fund (NSSF), and recapitalization bonds etc.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why FCI requires food subsidy?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The difference between the cost of procurement of food-grains and the cost of providing them to fair price shops is what FCI demands from the government as a subsidy.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"46\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Subsidy Arrears<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: When the budget allocation for a financial year is not sufficient to clear all the dues of the food\u00a0subsidies\u00a0bill raised by FCI, the dues of such subsidies are carried over to the next financial year. Hence, to cover these arrears FCI used various methods like bonds, unsecured short-term loans and NSSF loans etc.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Present situation:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Now, government will make budgetary provisions for the repayment of entire FCI loans. Hence, these repayments shall be counted to calculate FD.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Impact of the change<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Although, in both cases ultimately the burden of repayment shall lie with the government, but this change in accounting indicates transparency.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why Debt-to-GDP ratio is at an all-time high?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Union government&#8217;s debt has risen from 51.6% to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">58.8%\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">of the gross domestic product in the fiscal year due to the following reasons:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"47\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"62\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">High amount of borrowing<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Economic contraction forced the government to borrow a record amount to meet a revenue shortfall.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Why India\u2019s external debt increased?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in debt not only for India but for most countries around the world.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"48\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"63\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Most of the emerging economies have government debt that is around 40% to 50% of their GDP. Compared to that India\u2019s debt is around 75% to 80% of our GDP<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"48\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"64\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Advanced countries like the US and Japan may have even higher debt levels. But India should not compare itself to these economies because their repayment capacity is also much higher than India.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"48\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"65\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Constituents of external debt (in decreasing order)<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Commercial borrowings (37%), Non-Resident Deposits (25%), Government borrowings (19%)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the problem with a large Fiscal Deficit, a high Debt-to-GDP ratio and a high external debt?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0It means the government is saddled with a higher debt burden. This has the following impact:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"49\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"66\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Credit rating<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: This influences\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">sovereign creditworthiness ratings<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> assigned by global rating agencies which tend to increase the government\u2019s borrowing costs<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"49\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"67\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Repayment issues under unforeseen circumstances<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Borrowing more money means that you\u2019ll have to pay it back at some point in time. COVID has already led to a <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">high fiscal uncertainty<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> as per the 15<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> Finance Commission. Future unforeseen circumstances like another pandemic or a war in the near term, can lead to subdued growth, and then this debt will become a problem.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the targets for FD and Debt-to-GDP ratio as per FRBM Act?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, as amended in 2008, mandated the following:\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"50\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"68\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fiscal Deficit target<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Centre needs to limit the fiscal deficit to 3% of the country&#8217;s gross domestic product (GDP) by March 31, 2021. <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Note<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: FRBM Act includes has an option of an\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">escape clause\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in situations of calamity and national security. In such situations, the government can deviate from its annual fiscal deficit target.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"50\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">In light of COVID-induced uncertainty, government is now eyeing a Fiscal Deficit target of\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">6.8%\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in 2021-22 and a gradual reduction to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">4.6%\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in 2025-26.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"50\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"69\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Debt-to-GDP ratio:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Bringing down<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the debt-to-GDP ratio of the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Centre<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">40%\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">and that of\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">states to 20%\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">by\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">2024-25<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Note<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Fifteenth Finance Commission (FFC) has recommended setting up an\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">FRBM review panel\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">to draft a new fiscal consolidation framework because the current challenges have made the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">earlier targets impossible\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">to achieve.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Is there a way out of this entire\u00a0situation? \/How can India tackle this problem of rising debt burden?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"51\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"70\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The FFC has recommended a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">slow and gradual decline\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">in central government and general government debt to 56.6% and 85.7% (of GDP), respectively, by FY26.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"51\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"71\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Improved tax revenue<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0via increased compliance\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"51\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"72\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Increased receipts from monetization of assets, including public sector enterprises and land.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"51\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"73\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Increase in capital expenditure via private investments\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"51\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"74\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Higher fiscal stimulus to revive businesses, increase in employment\u00a0etc<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Terms to know<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"52\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"75\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/what-is-fiscal-deficit\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fiscal Deficit<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"52\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"76\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/what-is-debt-to-gdp-ratio\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Debt to GDP Ratio<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"52\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"77\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/what-does-the-union-government-debt-include\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">What does the Union Government debt include?<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note7\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/explained-will-food-become-costlier\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explained: Will food become costlier?<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source: <\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-will-food-become-costlier-7378629\/\">Indian Express<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>GS3 &#8211; Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags<\/strong>: agricultural commodities, food inflation, food prices in India, international food prices.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Relevance<\/strong>: Global prices of major agricultural commodities in India and the reason behind the divergence in prices, way forward<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Synopsis:\u00a0 <\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Factors affecting food inflation in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Background<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Brent Crude prices ($76.18) had reached the highest since October 2018. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Since\u00a0the increase\u00a0in international oil\u00a0prices is\u00a0being fully passed on to Indian\u00a0consumers,\u00a0there is a concern that prices of Food will also increase.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s Scenario is different from Global Scenario<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559738&quot;:40,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Global prices of major agricultural commodities have increased compared to their levels a year ago.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similarly, The UN Food and Agriculture Organization\u2019s (FAO) world food price index (FPI) touched 127.1 points, which is the highest value since September 2011.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Whereas in\u00a0India the\u00a0increase in global food prices is not getting reflected in what consumers in India are paying.\u00a0For instance,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Annual consumer food price index (CFPI) inflation in India, at 5% in May,\u00a0is\u00a0way lower\u00a0than the 39.7% year-on-year rise in the FAO-FPI for the same month.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Interestingly,\u00a0Global food inflation crashed after March 2020\u00a0after the\u00a0impact\u00a0of the\u00a0Pandemic.\u00a0Whereas in India,\u00a0Retail food inflation\u00a0was\u00a0around double-digits till November.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Reasons for the divergence<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Understanding the drivers of both global and domestic inflation will help us understand the reason for the divergence<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:1,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:420}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The drivers of\u00a0Global\u00a0food inflation are mainly due to,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Increase in demand due\u00a0to unlocking of economies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Chinese stockpiling for building strategic reserves, as well as in anticipation of fresh corona outbreaks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Production shortfalls in Brazil, Argentina, Ukraine, Thailand and even the US.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">In India, by contrast, the reduction in food inflation is mainly due to two reasons.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">One, good\u00a0monsoons in 2019 and 2020 that led to bumper kharif crop harvest.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Two, the collapse of demand from successive Covid-triggered lockdowns.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s food index has seen a rise in edible oils and pulses mainly. These are the Agri-commodities that India significantly imports.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Edible oil import<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:\u00a0India imports\u00a013-15 million\u00a0tonnes every\u00a0year and produces just 7.5-8.5 mt.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pulses Import<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: India produces 22-23 Mt\u00a0and imports\u00a0h 2.5-3 Mt.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In the future, what are the possible factors that can impact Food Inflation in India?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Food inflation in India in the coming months is likely to be influenced by four determinants.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The first one is\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">international prices<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, which matters for edible oil and pulses as discussed above.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0second, determinant\u00a0is the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">monsoon\u2019s progress<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. With 18% above-average precipitation\u00a0during\u00a0the southwest\u00a0monsoon\u00a0the Production is set to\u00a0increase. This\u00a0will help in controlling Food inflation at permitted levels.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The third determinant is the\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">extent of fuel cost increases being pass-through to consumers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. In the event of an increase in fuel prices, there is a likelihood that processors, transporters, and even farmers may pass the increase in fuel costs to consumers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The final determinant is\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">political<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Governments&#8217; decision on minimum support policy, procurement of buffer stocks of wheat and paddy, regulation of Sugar price will all impact Food inflation.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note8\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/lets-step-back-from-the-npa-scare\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Let\u2019s step back from the NPA Scare<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source: <\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/opinion\/let-s-step-back-from-the-npa-scare-121062800012_1.html\">Business Standard<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202fSyllabus: <\/span><\/b>GS 3 \u2013 Indian Economy- Banking and associated issues<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">NPA, NPA Scare, Banking, Indian Economy, GS Paper 3<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">NPA crisis is a\u00a0critical problem for Indian economy. But, are we worried a bit too much?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Lenders must be less afraid of regulators and agencies so that they can aggressively restructure debts.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u202f<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In India, there is\u00a0a\u00a0&#8220;NPA Scare&#8221;: An inflated fear of NPAs and lender losses. Failure of a business and credit losses are unavoidable in lending. We will hinder economic growth if we avoid all NPAs or demonise default. The emphasis on human interest tales and failed transactions tends to hide the large amount of successful lending that occurs.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"57\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The three things that are wrong with the Indian credit market<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Banking regulation, the lack of a capable bond market, and bankruptcy reform.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"58\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Default-free lending<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: buy AAA-rated 90-day government bonds from the United States or Germany. These produce a yield of about 0%. Purchasing an Indian government bond demonstrates a willingness to take risks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"59\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">If policymakers or board members seek exceptionally low nonperforming assets (NPAs), sensible financial plans and loan access are hampered. It&#8217;s similar to selling life insurance and expecting clients to not die.\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Business failure is a part of life, so credit defaults will always happen.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"60\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Currently, financial authorities and agencies are vigilant in preventing future defaults<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0and pursuing past defaulters. As a result of the NPA scare, businesses are reducing their borrowing. They are using more equity capital and are investing less, which is hurting GDP growth.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"61\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Deaths faced by life insurance companies surge in a pandemic<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Business failures rise when growth declines<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. When Indian growth slowed in the last decade, defaults increased. This is the normal working of the market economy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"26\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"62\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A huge volume of debt transactions goes through successfully all the time.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0As financial economist Harsh Vardhan told that about 12 trillion of new credit takes place every year. But a few big defaults are highlighted which fuels the NPA Scare.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the problems in the Indian credit market that require solving?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are three problems in the Indian credit market that require solving: Banking regulation, bond market, and bankruptcy process.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"63\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Firstly, the weaknesses of banking regulation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">. In India, banks have provided loans, had defaults, and then gone bankrupt after the defaults were paid. The NPA scare should not be fuelled by bank fragility; rather, it should serve as a catalyst for improvements in banking regulation that would fix the problem.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"64\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Secondly, non-implementation of market-based accounting.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The job of banking regulation is to force market-based accounting upon lenders, this has not been implemented. Banks have overvalued their portfolios and regulators have supported this. Regulators must force banks to assess the market value of loans and mark their portfolios to market every quarter.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"27\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"65\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Thirdly, the problem is the bond market.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Banks have short-dated deposits and are structurally unable to do long-term lending. There are structural failures in financial regulation which have held back the emergence of the bond market.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"28\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The losses should not add to the NPA Fear; instead, they should prompt the necessary bond market changes. This is a work programme that was started in the 2015 Finance Bill but was\u202fcancelled.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"28\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"66\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fourthly, the bankruptcy code<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0is about reducing the losses suffered by lenders when default takes place.\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The bankruptcy process must begin, with the committee of creditors<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0taking over and finding a value-maximizing agreement for lenders. The bankruptcy code should make it more difficult for promoters to hide their theft, resulting in retaliatory actions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The way forward<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"29\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"67\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Regulators and agencies need to instil less fear in lenders<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, so that they are able to restructure debts when faced with early signs of distress. A small loss in restructuring is generally better than a large loss in bankruptcy.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"30\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Indian bankruptcy reform has been in play since 2016, but the elements described here have not fallen into place through the combination of regulators, courts, departments, and agencies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202fThe problems of the bankruptcy process should not fuel the NPA Scare<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">; they should generate the energy to come back into the bankruptcy reform with fresh energy and intellectual capacity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note9\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/inadequate-planning-on-pli-schemes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inadequate planning on PLI Schemes<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/opinion\/columns\/our-record-forex-reserves-must-be-seen-in-the-right-perspective-11624808903147.html\">Livemint<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>GS Paper\u00a03- Industries and\u00a0associated issues, GS2 \u2013 Govt Schemes<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">PLI scheme,\u00a0General Studies 2, Export, industry schemes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Relevance:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Important points regarding PLI Scheme of the government<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Production-linked incentive (PLI) schemes are gathering momentum.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">25 companies, including Nokia and Dixon Technologies, have registered for the telecom hardware PLI scheme. It is worth over Rs 12,000 crore.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">PLI schemes for telecom hardware, steel sector, advanced chemistry cell batteries etc. Have been notified. However, sufficient thought or a strategic planning is missing in this expansion of PLI schemes.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What are the issues with PLI Schemes?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"68\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It is just like an old-style industrial policy. Incentives will be provided to uncompetitive units in order to ramp up production for the domestic market.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"69\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It will create institutional links between industrialists and the bureaucracy. These links will be very difficult to manage in the long run.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"70\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Implementing the scheme across multiple sectors is useless. It will not be able to overcome the existing barriers to exports and will put additional burden on taxpayers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"31\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"71\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">These schemes will only be useful for sector, where a foreign and domestic market exists and hurdles like the cost of purchasing intellectual property and other start-up costs exists. lithium-ion batteries sector is one such sector.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Suggestions\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"72\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u201cInstitutional mechanism\u201d to manage obstacles in PLI scheme implementation.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"73\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Providing \u201chand-holding\u201d support for firms.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"74\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">PLI scheme should be a sector or industry specific scheme. For example,\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">if it aims at generating factory jobs, it should be concentrated in labor-intensive sectors.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"32\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">If it aims to reduce strategic independence on China, then it should focus on diversifying specific China-focused supply chains alongside a China-focused trade policy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a id=\"Note10\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-problem-of-carbon-neutrality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shaping India&#8217;s green future<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\n<p><strong>Syllabus<\/strong>: GS3 &#8211; Environment<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tags<\/strong>: Global warming, pandemic, zero emission, climate change.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Relevance<\/strong>: Achieving net zero emissions to achieve carbon neutrality<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Synopsis: <\/strong>Pandemic and global warming are giving clear warning that India must move to a more sustainable and greener future.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Background<\/strong>:<\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Frequency of extreme weather events, heat waves, and deadly droughts have increased.\n<ul>\n<li>Recent Cyclones Tauktae and Yaas have caused death and destruction on India\u2019s western and eastern coasts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The zoonotic (such as SARS, MERS, and AIDS) viruses are spreading because of destruction of natural habitats.<\/li>\n<li>As per Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global carbon emission must reach net-zero by 2050 to keep warming within 1.5 degrees centigrade by 2100.\n<ul>\n<li>However, world with current emissions will warm up the planet by 3 degrees.<\/li>\n<li>India being one of the largest emitters has immense pressure to bring carbon emission down to net-zero by mid-century.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Climate change is a <strong>slow-motion global disaster.<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>It destroys planet\u2019s temperate climate and diminishes the lives of children.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Benefits of net Zero emission approach:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Firstly, net-zero technologies, such as solar power and electric vehicles, are likely to be much <strong>more efficient. <\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>it will drive <strong>economic growth and create high-quality jobs.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>It will also end the <strong>trade-off between development and emission reductions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Secondly, the rest of the world might <strong>impose high carbon taxes<\/strong> on exports from carbon-emitting countries.\n<ul>\n<li>Therefore, India may <strong>be disadvantaged relative to our peer economies<\/strong> and face significant export challenges.<\/li>\n<li>A legally binding net-zero target will be beneficial diplomatically and lead to much more <strong>supportive technology transfer<\/strong> and global trade agreements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Thirdly, it will help in building the necessary state capacity.\n<ul>\n<li>it will promote a stable government framework and policy predictability.<\/li>\n<li>India can promote entrepreneurship and build a more competitive, sustainable future.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lastly, the net-zero target would force the Central and state governments to quickly <strong>build the necessary state capacity<\/strong> for monitoring and compliance.\n<ul>\n<li>It could lead to <strong>massive investments in green technologies<\/strong> and equipment.<\/li>\n<li>India requires at least $100 billion per year in green investments to reach a net-zero target by mid-century.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Challenges in path of carbon neutrality:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Firstly, India need to <strong>transform<\/strong> electricity generation, transportation, construction, real estate, agriculture, cement, steel, and many other industries.<\/li>\n<li>Secondly, due to financial constraints faced by Central and state governments it requires involvement of <strong>private sector capital.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Thirdly, India will need competitive, advanced technologies and business models. For long-term, sustainable prosperity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><strong>Benefits of low carbon approach:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Net zero approach is impractical for India considering high transition cost.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Firstly, India is not obliged to follow net zero approach under <strong>Common but differentiated responsibility.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Secondly, India can adopt longer phase out period such as by 2080 or even later.<\/li>\n<li>Thirdly, clear sectoral targets are needed for both private and public sector. such as the current 450-Gw target for solar energy.\n<ul>\n<li>It would also provide a clear sectoral road map for the private sector for its investment plans.<\/li>\n<li>it would allow slow decommission and investment requirements would be reduced.<\/li>\n<li>It will help in moving people out of high-carbon industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>India needs coordinated policies and actions to ensure rapid peaking in carbon emission and a steeper decline thereafter.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/opinion\/shaping-india-s-green-future-121062800019_1.html\"><strong>Business Standard<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Prelims Oriented Articles<\/span><\/h2>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note11\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/focused-on-pakistan-rather-than-china-india-in-tier-3-as-cyber-power-report\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Focused on Pakistan rather than China, India in Tier 3 as\u00a0cyberpower: Report<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/focused-on-pakistan-rather-than-china-india-in-tier-3-as-cyberpower-report-7378610\/\">Indian Express\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), a think tank, has released\u00a0a report titled \u201cCyber Capabilities and National Power: A Net Assessment\u201d.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About the Report:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"50\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The report\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">assesses the cyber capabilities of 15 countries and how they contribute to national power.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"51\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Parameters:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The report measured each country\u2019s capabilities\u00a0in seven categories;\u00a0Strategy and doctrine,\u00a0Governance, command and control,\u00a0Core cyber-intelligence\u00a0capability\u00a0,\u00a0Cyber empowerment and dependence,\u00a0Cyber security and resilience,\u00a0Global leadership in cyberspace affairs,\u00a0Offensive cyber capability.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Findings of the Report:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The report has ranked the countries by dividing them into three Tiers:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"52\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tier-1<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: US is the only country in the first tier for its world-leading strengths across all the seven categories.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"53\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tier-2:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The countries in this category\u00a0are:\u00a0Australia, Canada, China, France, Israel, Russia and the United Kingdom. These\u00a0countries have world-leading strengths in some of the seven categories.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"54\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tier-3:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India has been put in the third tier meant for countries that have strengths or potential strengths in some of\u00a0these categories but significant weaknesses in others.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"14\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"55\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The other countries<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in this category\u00a0are:\u00a0Japan, Iran, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia and North Korea.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Other Key Findings:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"56\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s offensive cyber capability<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0is Pakistan-focused and regionally effective and not tuned towards China.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"57\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India has made only modest progress<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0in developing its policy and doctrine for cyberspace security despite the geo-strategic instability of its region and a keen awareness of the cyber threat it faces.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"58\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, China\u2019s cyber power is clearly inferior to that of the US and substantially below the combined cyber power of the Five Eyes alliance.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"&quot;Courier New&quot;\" data-listid=\"15\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"59\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Five Eyes<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries are parties to the multilateral UK-USA Agreement, a treaty for\u00a0joint cooperation\u00a0in signals intelligence.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note12\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/what-are-dmca-notices-for-protection-of-intellectual-property-online\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What are DMCA notices for protection of intellectual property online?<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/digital-millennium-copyright-act-notices-twitter-ravi-shankar-prasad-7377932\/\">Indian Express<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0union minister\u00a0for Electronics and Information Technology was locked out of his Twitter account for an hour allegedly over a notice received for violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act or DMCA?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"17\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"60\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Digital Millennium Copyright Act or DMCA\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is a 1998 law passed in the US and is among the world\u2019s first laws\u00a0recognising\u00a0intellectual property on the internet.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"17\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"61\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Purpose:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">law oversees the implementation of the two treaties signed and agreed upon by member nations of the World Intellectual Property\u00a0Organisation(WIPO) in 1996.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Which are those two treaties of WIPO?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"62\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In 1996, WIPO member countries\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">agreed upon two treaties namely the WIPO Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"63\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Both the treaties\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">require member nations and signatories to provide in their respective jurisdictions, protection to intellectual property that may have been created by citizens of different nations who are also co-signatories to the treaty.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"64\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The said protection\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">accorded by each member state must not be any less in any way than the one being given to a domestic copyright holder.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"18\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"65\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Further,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the signatory countries should ensure ways to prevent circumvention of the technical measures used to protect copyrighted\u00a0work.It\u00a0also provides the necessary international legal protection to digital content.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About WIPO:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"66\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/world-intellectual-property-indicators-2019\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">World Intellectual Property\u00a0Organization(WIPO)<\/span><\/b><\/a><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"67\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Purpose:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It was created to promote and protect intellectual property (IP) across the world by cooperating with countries as well as international organizations.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"68\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">WIPO Convention:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">It\u2019s mandate of governing bodies and procedures are set out in the WIPO Convention which had established WIPO in 1967.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Arial, Arial_MSFontService, san\" data-listid=\"19\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"69\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Headquarters:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Geneva, Switzerland.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note13\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/quality-focus-to-help-in-setting-humane-fiscal-policy-rbi-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quality focus to help in \u2018setting humane fiscal policy\u2019: RBI study<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/business\/quality-focus-to-help-in-setting-humane-fiscal-policy-rbi-study-7378679\/\">Indian Express\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">A Reserve Bank of India study has said that the formal weaving of quality targets into the fiscal consolidation paths would result in setting fiscal policy with a &#8220;human face&#8221;.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Facts mentioned in the Article:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About Cyclical Fiscal Policy:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"78\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cyclicality of the fiscal policy\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">simply refers to a change in direction of government expenditure and taxes based on economic conditions.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"79\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are two types\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">of cyclical fiscal policies &#8211; counter-cyclical and procyclical.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is Counter Cyclical Fiscal Policy?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"80\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Counter-cyclical Fiscal Policy\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">refers to the steps taken by the government that go against the direction of the economic or business cycle.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"81\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">This means that<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0during a recession or slowdown, the government increases expenditure and reduces taxes to create a demand that can drive an economic boom.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"82\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">On the other hand,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0during a boom in the economy, the policy aims at raising taxes and cutting public expenditure to control inflation and debt.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is pro-cyclical fiscal policy?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"22\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"83\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">In a pro-cyclical fiscal policy,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the government reinforces the business cycle by being expansionary during good times and contractionary during recessions.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"22\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"84\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Pursuing a pro-cyclical fiscal policy\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is generally regarded as\u00a0dangerous.It\u00a0could raise macroeconomic volatility, depress investment in real and human capital, hamper growth and harm the poor.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is Fiscal Deficit?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"85\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fiscal deficit\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is the gap between total expenditure and total income of the government.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"86\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The fiscal deficit\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">can arise either due to revenue expenses overshooting income or increase in capital expenditure.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"87\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The fiscal deficit\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">matters because it indicates the extent by which government spending exceeds its income and the total borrowings needed by it to fill this gap.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"23\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"88\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A fiscal deficit\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is usually calculated and expressed as a percentage of a country\u2019s Gross\u00a0Domestic Product (GDP).<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is Gross Fiscal Deficit?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"24\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"89\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The gross fiscal\u00a0deficit(GFD)\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is the excess of total expenditure including loans net of recovery over revenue receipts (including external grants) and non-debt capital receipts.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is Revenue Deficit?<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u00b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"25\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"90\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Revenue Deficit\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">denotes the difference between revenue receipts and revenue expenditure.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note14\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/our-record-forex-reserves-must-be-seen-in-the-right-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Record forex reserves must be seen in the right perspective<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source: <\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/opinion\/columns\/our-record-forex-reserves-must-be-seen-in-the-right-perspective-11624808903147.html\">Livemint<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0India\u2019s Foreign exchange reserves have registered a record increase. However, analyzing factors and impacts of this increase are important.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s foreign exchange reserves crossed $600 billion for the first time. On July 11, the reserve stood at $608.1 billion. Out of that foreign currency reserves account for $563.5 billion and gold reserves accounts for $38.1 billion.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Now India has 5<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0largest foreign exchange reserves in the world.\u00a0Whereas\u00a0Gold reserves 695.3\u00a0tonnes\u00a0are largest.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How useful is this increase in foreign exchange reserves?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Cover for imports:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Firstly, if we consider the projected imports for 2021-22, the current level of reserves provides cover for less than 15 months. It is lower than for other major reserve holders\u2014Switzerland (39 months); Japan (22 months); Russia (20 months); and China (16 months).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">External debt:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Secondly, as of December 2020, total external debt of India is $563.5 billion. It was 104% of our foreign currency assets of $541.6 billion on 1 January 2021.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Net International Investment (NII)<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: Between December 2019 and 2020, NII position of India has improved. Foreign exchange reserves get counted as assets in counting net international investment position.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">NII is the difference between a country\u2019s stock of foreign assets vis-a-vis foreigners\u2019 stock of the country\u2019s asset.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Reasons behind an increase in foreign exchange reserves<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Due to fall in consumer demand for oil and other products, imports of India reduced. Other activities like personal and business foreign travel, foreign education, etc. where foreign exchange is required also came down.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s incoming foreign currency pace from exports and remittances also reduced. However, it was still higher than the demand for it.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Foreign Portfolio Investments to India was at all-time high of $37 billion.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Suggestions<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Covid has impacted the private consumption badly. Thus, this increased foreign exchange reserves should be spent to give a stimulus to the economy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW15289391\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW15289391\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"heading 1\"><a id=\"Note15\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/govt-plans-to-contest-supreme-court-order-on-great-indian-bustard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Govt to contest SC order on great Indian bustard<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW15289391\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Source<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/current-affairs\/govt-plans-to-contest-supreme-court-order-on-great-indian-bustard-121062700911_1.html\">Business Standard<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Synopsis:\u00a0 <\/strong>Govt plans to contest Supreme Court order on great Indian bustard<\/p>\n<p><strong>Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recently, a public interest litigation was filed by a few wildlife activists to protect the \u201ccritically endangered\u201d the great Indian bustard<\/li>\n<li>The petitioners urged that the overhead electric lines that are causing mortality to the birds should be avoided.<\/li>\n<li>In response, the Supreme Court directed the governments of Gujarat and Rajasthan to lay the power transmission lines underground.<\/li>\n<li>The court observed that all the low-voltage lines, that is 66 kV and below, should be buried underground and that doing the same with high-voltage lines (130 kV and above) is \u201cdifficult but not impossible\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>The court gave a time period of one year for the same. However, the judgment has adversely affected the potential of renewable energy in Rajasthan.<\/li>\n<li>Currently, the government is planning to move the Supreme Court to seeking a review of its order.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Impact of the judgement<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Close to 60 Gw of solar power capacity stands to be impacted by this judgment, according to the MNRE.<\/li>\n<li>At stake, according to the Rajasthan government, is 95 Gw \u2014 which is the total solar potential of the state.<\/li>\n<li>Further, The MNRE has estimated that it would cost the project developers an additional Rs 1.5 trillion for underground transmission.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What are the arguments from the government side?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>One, the ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE) argues that the bird\u2019s population was declining even before solar power plants came to the region.\n<ul>\n<li>According to a study by the MNRE, that there were 1,000 great Indian bustards in 1966. Their population shrank to 200 in 2014 and they now number 300.<\/li>\n<li>According to MNRE records, only six birds have died as a result of collisions with solar panels or lines since the projects came up<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Two, the other argument is that the judgment should cover its priority area and not potential area.\n<ul>\n<li>The great Indian bustard is present mainly in the two states. Its priority area is 13,000 sq. km in Rajasthan and 477 sq. km in Gujarat, while the potential area is 78,500 sq. km in Rajasthan and 2,108 sq. km in Gujarat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Three, the government is ready to consider several options besides underground cabling.\n<ul>\n<li>For example, The National Solar Energy Federation of India (NSEFI), is drafting options that could be explored to protect the bird while constructing the plants. it includes bird diverters, aerial bunch cables and line markers.<\/li>\n<li>Further, it has reviewed 52 case studies across 30 countries to learn best practices to mitigate bird collisions.<\/li>\n<li>The study, reviewed by this paper, observed that solutions such as bird diverters, route planning and dedicated infrastructure related to the birds on transmission lines result in \u201cmore than 90 per cent decrease in bird mortality rate\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\"><a id=\"Note16\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/e-commerce-norms-on-global-lines-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E-commerce norms on global lines: Government<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:2,&quot;335551620&quot;:2,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/india-business\/e-commerce-norms-on-global-lines-govt\/articleshow\/83908764.cms\">Times of India<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus: <\/span><\/b>Changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Tags: <\/span><\/b>Draft e-commerce rules, GS Paper 3, E-Commerce<span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">The EU and countries like the US, Australia, Japan and Singapore, have strict e-commerce regulations. The proposed Draft e-commerce rules are aimed at fulfilling the evolving global architecture.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How\u00a0are the e-commerce companies\u00a0governed globally?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"107\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The European Union<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: In December 2020, the European Commission proposed a digital regulation package consisting of the Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act. The Acts seek to put curbs on large platforms or \u201cgatekeepers\u201d.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"36\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"108\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The US<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: There are federal antitrust laws that discourage anti-competitive\u00a0behaviour\u00a0by companies. Apart from that, a new bill was proposed to rein in alleged monopolistic\u00a0behaviour\u00a0of big tech companies.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-115291\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-hsdak.png?resize=616%2C626&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"616\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-hsdak.png?resize=295%2C300&amp;ssl=1 295w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-hsdak.png?w=382&amp;ssl=1 382w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 616px) 100vw, 616px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Challenges:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276,&quot;469777462&quot;:[1183],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"37\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"109\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">India\u2019s Manufacturing capacity is limited<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">: In several cases, goods have to be imported because India does not have the manufacturing capability of such products at low cost. So, pushing made-in-India products will not provide cost effective products to consumers.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"37\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"110\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Inventory model for e-commerce is allowed in other countries, while it is forbidden in India. Flash sales are not banned elsewhere in the world<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Read more:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"111\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/draft-e-commerce-rules-and-their-challenges\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Draft e-commerce rules and their challenges \u2013 Explained, pointwise<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"38\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"112\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/share-info-with-govt-ban-on-specific-flash-sales-move-to-tighten-e-commerce-norms\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Draft Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note17\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/indian-scientists-develop-nanogenerator-for-use-in-self-powering-devices\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indian scientists develop nanogenerator for use in self powering devices<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1730432\">PIB<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">A team of Indian scientists have developed a transparent triboelectric nanogenerator device.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About Triboelectric Nanogenerator(TENG)?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"114\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0is a self-powered device. It\u00a0makes use of mechanical energy in the form of vibrations, which is\u00a0present everywhere in different forms to generate electricity.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"115\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Working:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It works on the principle of creation of electrostatic charges via instantaneous physical contact of two dissimilar materials.\u00a0It\u00a0is\u00a0followed by generation of potential difference when a mismatch is introduced between the two contacted surfaces through a mechanical force.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">This mechanism drives the electrons to move back and forth between the conducting films coated on the back of the\u00a0tribo\u00a0layers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"116\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Technique used:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The device was developed using the simpler doctor\u2019s blade technique along with polyethylene terephthalate(PET) as\u00a0tribo\u00a0layers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"12\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Doctor&#8217;s blade technique\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is one of the widely used techniques for producing thin films on large area surfaces.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"117\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Significance:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The device could light up 11 LEDs by gentle hand tapping and could be a potential candidate for use in optoelectronics, self-powered devices and other biomedical applications.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"39\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"13\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Optoelectronics<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0is the field of technology concerned with electronic device application to the sourcing, detection and control of light.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a id=\"Note18\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/ins-tabar-deployed-for-naval-exercises-in-africa-europe-till-september\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">INS Tabar deployed for naval exercises in\u00a0Africa, Europe till September<\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1730562\">PIB<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the News?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Naval Ship(INS) Tabar started its prolonged deployment on June 13. It will now visit a number of ports in Africa and Europe till September end, 2021.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What will INS Tabar do?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"118\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">INS Tabar\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">will transit across the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/aden-yemens-port-city\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gulf of Aden<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">, Red Sea,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/traffic-in-suez-canal-suspended\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Suez Canal,\u00a0<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">Mediterranean Sea, North Sea and\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/places-in-news-part-2-prelims-capsules-2021\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Baltic Sea.<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"119\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The ship will also make port visits<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0at Djibouti, Egypt, Italy, France, UK, Russia, Netherlands, Morocco and Arctic Council countries like Sweden and Norway.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"120\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">During port visits,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">the ship is scheduled to participate in bilateral exercises\u00a0like\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"14\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/exercise-ajeya-warrior-2020\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Exercise Konkan<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0with the UK Royal Navy\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"15\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/exercise-varuna-2021-indian-and-french-navy-conducted-the-19th-edition\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Exercise Varuna<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0with French Navy and\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cb\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"16\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/curtain-raiserexercise-indra-2019\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Exercise Indra<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0with Russian Federation Navy.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"121\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">These engagements\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">are aimed to further strengthen maritime security in the region and to consolidate combined operations against maritime threats.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"40\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"122\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">, the deployment will also see participation by the ship in the Russian Navy Day celebrations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">About INS Tabar:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"123\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">INS Tabar\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is a Talwar-class stealth Frigate built for Indian Navy in Russia.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"124\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The ship is\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">equipped\u00a0with a versatile range of weapons and sensors and is among the earliest stealth frigates of the Indian Navy.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\u25cf\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"41\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"125\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The ship\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">is part of the<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Navy\u2019s Western Fleet which is based at Mumbai under Western Naval Command.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dear Friends, We have initiated some changes in the 9 PM Brief and other postings related to current affairs.\u00a0\u00a0What we sought to do:\u00a0 Ensure that all relevant facts, data, and arguments from today\u2019s newspaper is readily available to you. \u00a0 We have widened the sources in order to provide you with content that is more&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-june-28-2021\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief \u2013 June 28, 2021<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"9pm-brief-template.php","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,9],"tags":[8032,1542,8033],"class_list":["post-115185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-9-pm-brief","category-public","tag-current-affairs-for-upsc","tag-daily-current-affairs-for-upsc","tag-upsc-current-affairs","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115185","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=115185"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/115185\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=115185"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=115185"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=115185"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}