{"id":126229,"date":"2021-08-14T19:13:00","date_gmt":"2021-08-14T13:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=126229"},"modified":"2021-08-14T19:08:53","modified_gmt":"2021-08-14T13:38:53","slug":"the-state-of-urban-wetlands-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-state-of-urban-wetlands-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"The State of Urban Wetlands in India &#8211; Explained, pointwise"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h5><b>Introduction<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four more wetlands have been recognized as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, taking the number to 46. The inclusion will provide better protection and conservation of the wetlands, especially the urban wetlands.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the estimates of Wetlands International South Asia shows that <strong>nearly 30% of the natural wetlands in India have been lost<\/strong> in the last three decades. This should raise an alarming bell for the nation, as wetlands provide multiple services and play a critical role in sustaining the ecological balance of the region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the country should take proactive steps towards their rejuvenation and augmenting their resilience.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b>About Wetlands<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, and it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nearly 4.6% of India\u2019s land is designated as wetlands. They cover an area of 15.26 million hectares.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/media.tehrantimes.com\/d\/t\/2020\/11\/09\/4\/3598013.jpg?w=750&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Wetlands: world&amp;#39;s most dynamic ecosystems - Tehran Times\" \/><\/p>\n<h5><b>State of Urban Wetlands<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to estimates by<\/span><b> Wetlands International South Asia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, nearly 30% of the natural wetlands in India have been lost in the last three decades.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vadodara lost 30.5% of its wetlands between 2005 and 2018. Hyderabad lost 55% of its wetlands<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mumbai lost 71%, Ahmedabad 57%, Bengaluru 56%, Pune 37% and Delhi-National Capital Region lost 38% wetlands<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Reasons behind loss of Urban wetlands<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The loss is attributed to the following reasons:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Illegal construction, unsustainable urbanization<\/strong>, agricultural expansion and pollution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inefficient waste management,<\/strong> rising pollution and unchecked urban development.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Construction and eutrophication<\/strong> from pollution<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lack of knowledge<\/strong>: In addition to urbanization needs, lack of awareness and knowledge on wetlands and their ecosystem services can also be blamed for this widespread loss.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Damming and water abstraction<\/strong>: Similarly, wetlands are impacted profoundly by damming and water abstraction. Keoladeo Ghana Sanctuary, Loktak Lake, Chilika Lake, Vembanad Kole are among those severely impacted by dams that affect water and silt flows.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Importance of Wetlands<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Firstly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands help in <\/span><b>flood control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by acting as natural sponges. They temporarily store and gradually release stormwater. Also, roots of wetland vegetation hold soils in place, thus stabilizing the banks of rivers and streams.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Secondly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands play an important role in <\/span><b>maintaining the quality of water<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in deep-water ecosystems. Wetlands trap the sediments suspended in water- a process called sediment trapping. They also remove phosphorus and nitrogen and help prevent eutrophication of lakes and ponds. For this function, wetlands are often referred to as <\/span><b>\u201cKidneys of the Earth\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Thirdly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands host a large number of species of microbes, plants, insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish and mammals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Fourthly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands help in <\/span><b>carbon sequestration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They act as carbon sinks and wetland soil contains a high amount of carbon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Fifthly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands help in <\/span><b>natural groundwater recharge and discharge<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 They store water that replenishes the groundwater. Further, they discharge groundwater into lakes, rivers, and streams during dry periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Sixthly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands help in <\/span><b>regulating local climatic conditions,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> particularly temperature and climate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Seventhly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wetlands provide numerous<\/span><b> economic benefits.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These include-<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water supply; fisheries; timber and other building materials;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy resources, such as peat and plant matter; medicinal plants; recreational and tourism opportunities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Conservation measures<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Wetlands Conservation and Management Rules, 2017: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It prohibits conversion for non-wetland uses, setting up or expansion of industries in wetland areas.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further, under this, each state and Union Territory will have to set up a wetland authority that will define strategies for wetlands conservation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>National Wetland Inventory and Assessment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Indian Space Research Organization carried out it using remote sensing satellites from 2006 to 2011. It mapped around two lakh wetlands in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>The National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It is a single conservation programme for both wetlands and lakes. It seeks to promote better synergy and avoid overlap of administrative functions.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was formulated in 2015 by merging of the National Lake Conservation Plan and the National Wetlands Conservation Programme.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Centre for Wetland Conservation and Management (CWCM): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its establishment was announced in February 2021. It aims to address specific research needs and knowledge gaps in the conservation and management of wetlands.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Ramsar Convention:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Currently, <\/span><b>46 sites in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are designated as Ramsar sites. <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/sultanpur-bhindawas-wetlands-near-delhi-get-ramsar-tag\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sultanpur National Park and Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary from Haryana<\/a> have been recently added.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Montreux Record<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: It is a register of wetland sites on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance. It shows such sites where there has been or likely to be adverse ecological changes due to anthropogenic activities. Indian sites in the Montreux Record are Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan), Loktak Lake (Manipur).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Issues\/concerns<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Poor Identification<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Besides ISRO&#8217;s National Wetland Inventory and Assessment,<strong> little effort has been made by the states<\/strong> in identifying wetlands.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Narrow Focus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Conservation efforts are mostly centred on the notified Ramsar sites and ignore several other urban wetlands that are equally important.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Half-Hearted Implementation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The steps haven\u2019t been duly implemented as regulatory bodies like the <\/span><b>Central Wetland Regulatory Authority<\/b> <b>only have advisory powers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Lack of Community Participation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Existing laws ignore the participation of local communities in governing and monitoring wetlands. This limits their success.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Suggestions\u00a0<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>First<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Mega urban schemes like <\/span><b>Smart Cities Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">need to add the aspects of sustainable management of wetlands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Second<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, there is also a need <\/span><b>for more scientific data, imagery, maps and other relevant tools<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to provide knowledge on the status of wetlands. Further focus needs to be placed on innovative and sustainable ideas.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, The National Mission for Clean Ganga in January 2021 <\/span><b>formulated a toolkit for the management of wetlands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and water bodies in urban areas, as well as studying the concerns of rapid urbanization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, the Ministry of Jal Shakti (water resources) has launched a massive scientific and community-based programme.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to <\/span><b>manage and develop health cards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of 10 wetlands in each of 50-plus Ganga districts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Third<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the <\/span><b>ecosystem services <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of wetlands need to be highlighted in our development policies, urban planning and climate change mitigation.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, <\/span><b>the <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/delhi-development-authority-dda-releases-draft-master-plan-for-delhi-2041\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delhi Master Plan 2041<\/a> is referred to as a \u2018Green-Blue policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019. Under this, water bodies and land are interdependent, growing with the help of each other, while offering environmental and social benefits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Fourth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, there is a need to<\/span><b> enhance the role of the community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in wetland conservation. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, a public-spirited individual named <\/span><b>Ramveer Tanwar resurrected around 20 ponds and lakes in and around Noida<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with community support.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They used a <strong>five-point wetland revival process<\/strong>. First, hyacinth and garbage are cleaned off the water. Then, the water body is divided depending on its size and water is drained from each section. The bottom is left to dry completely and if required, they excavate the bottom.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A path is created around the area for plants and finally, water is flown back in it and the water body is rejuvenated.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A climate-resilient future for India demands smart and innovative ideas along with increasing space for people\u2019s participation in management and decision-making for their wetlands as envisaged by <\/span><b>the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/blog\/environment\/the-state-of-india-s-urban-wetlands-and-why-they-need-to-be-protected-urgently-78456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Down to Earth<\/a>, <a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/centre-notifies-new-wetland-conservation-rules\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ForumIAS Article 1<\/a>, <a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/centre-for-wetland-conservation-and-management\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ForumIAS Article 2<\/a>, <a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/4-more-indian-sites-added-to-ramsar-list-as-wetlands-of-international-importance-7453467\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indian Express<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Four more wetlands have been recognized as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, taking the number to 46. The inclusion will provide better protection and conservation of the wetlands, especially the urban wetlands.\u00a0 However, the estimates of Wetlands International South Asia shows that nearly 30% of the natural wetlands in India have&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-state-of-urban-wetlands-in-india\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The State of Urban Wetlands in India &#8211; Explained, pointwise<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10322,"featured_media":126295,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-126229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7-pm","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/The-state-of-urban-wetlands-in-India.png?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1","views":{"total":14,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1698422061},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10322"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=126229"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/126229\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/126295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=126229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=126229"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=126229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}