{"id":127731,"date":"2021-08-21T20:03:08","date_gmt":"2021-08-21T14:33:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=127731"},"modified":"2022-02-03T18:55:39","modified_gmt":"2022-02-03T13:25:39","slug":"history-over-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/history-over-geography\/","title":{"rendered":"History over geography"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Source<\/strong>:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GP88T8JPQ.1&amp;imageview=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hindu<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/the-american-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-and-the-sins-of-empire-7463541\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indian Express<\/a> and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/opinion\/history-over-geography-121082001387_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Business Standard\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Relevance<\/strong>: This article explains the recent developments in Afghanistan.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Synopsis<\/strong>:<\/h5>\n<p>The geopolitics that happened in Afghanistan provided a new strategic boost. This is the best chance for India to focus on maritime power and opportunity rather than overland threats<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Background<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Please read the following two articles for a better understanding.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-script-of-the-new-endgame-in-afghanistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The script of the new endgame in Afghanistan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/return-of-taliban-has-implications-for-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Return of Taliban has implications for India<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/new-delhis-af-pak-old-friends-versus-old-foes-should-india-accept-taliban-betray-afghans-or-support-resistance-movements-like-salehs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Delhi\u2019s Af-Pak: Old friends versus old foes: Should India accept Taliban, betray Afghans or support resistance movements like Saleh\u2019s?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>About Afghanistan (the global battlefield) and its geopolitics<\/h5>\n<figure id=\"attachment_127783\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-127783\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-127783\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/India-Afghanistan.png?resize=580%2C493&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"India Afghanistan\" width=\"580\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/India-Afghanistan.png?w=769&amp;ssl=1 769w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/India-Afghanistan.png?resize=300%2C255&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-127783\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Maps of India<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Afghanistan has always been the ultra-poor, deeply conservative, tribal, sparsely populated and loosely governed land-locked nation. At present, the nation lying between the warring great powers of the day. That makes it a<strong> battlefield for global powers. With enormous collateral damage and no benefits<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, <strong>Imperial Britain and Czarist Russia in the 19th century<\/strong>, the <strong>Soviet Union and the US in the 20th century<\/strong>, the US and stateless pan-national al Qaeda in the 21st century.<\/p>\n<p>Its location made it the \u201cbali ka bakra\u201d or <strong>sacrificial goat in the Great Game, the Cold War and the War on Terror<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h5>Geopolitics since the entry of Pakistan:<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>Pakistan came into being only in 1947 and <strong>inherited colonial India\u2019s borders to the west<\/strong>. Pakistan\u2019s only utility to the US-led Western Bloc was where it sat on the world\u2019s map. Thus bringing Pak into the western formal military alliances.\n<ul>\n<li>This geography made it the frontline state in the first Cold War because it shared a long border, a religion, tribal ties and access to Afghanistan.<\/li>\n<li>There are instances where the US conducted flying of U-2 spy planes over the Soviet Union from Peshawar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pakistan <span style=\"background-color: var(--global--color-background); color: var(--global--color-primary); font-family: var(--global--font-secondary); font-size: var(--global--font-size-base);\">became doubly important in 1971 as physical and political proximity with China.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pakistan had lost its history-shaping geo-strategic blessing after the disintegration of the USSR. This was also when a US warming up to India and the <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/indias-policy-on-israel-and-palestine-explained-pointwise\/#India8217s_de-hyphenation_policy_on_Israel_and_Palestine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">de-hyphenation of its policy<\/a> on the subcontinent began.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f2e9f1;\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\"><strong>Read more<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/afghan-peace-process-and-india-explained-pointwise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Afghan Peace Process and India \u2013 Explained, Pointwise<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5>Geopolitics of India<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li>India inherited about 15,000 km of land borders. On the day it became independent, about a half of it was abutting Pakistan (East and West Pakistan). The next major boundary sharing between China. So, China emerged as a threat in less than a decade.<\/li>\n<li>Even after the creation of Bangladesh, India&#8217;s strategic thought became land border-oriented. India constantly thought of Pakistan, terrorism, China and became reactive and defensive.<\/li>\n<li>This took away India&#8217;s attention from the vast 7,500 km-plus coastlines.\u00a0 India&#8217;s coast constitutes some of the world\u2019s most important sea lanes, with enormous exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and island assets on the east and the west, a region of incredible opportunity.<\/li>\n<li>For 75 years, India\u2019s <strong>strategic thinking has been so distracted<\/strong> by a land threat.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>Geopolitics and the stability in Afghanistan<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Russia<\/strong> wants to ensure that the Talibani virus doesn\u2019t infiltrate the Central Asian republics. As Russia is making cordial relations with them<\/li>\n<li><strong>China <\/strong>also has similar concerns for the following reasons.\n<ol>\n<li>China does not want the Taliban to tie up with the Muslim Uyghurs.<\/li>\n<li>A stable Afghanistan is vital for their mega CPEC investments.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pakistan<\/strong> has<strong> zero capacity to threaten India through Afghanistan<\/strong>. This is because of the following reasons.\n<ol>\n<li>The US did not help Pakistan this time, as they helped the Taliban to defeat the US<\/li>\n<li>China wants peace and stability in Afghanistan, so any attempt to promote terror will negatively impact the development of Pakistan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5>About the return of the Taliban and Geopolitics of India<\/h5>\n<p>The fall of Kabul and the consequent knock-on effects in the region will have several potential implications for India\u2019s foreign policy and its strategic choices and behaviour.<\/p>\n<p>The return of the Taliban to Kabul has effectively brought <strong>India\u2019s \u2018mission Central Asia\u2019 to rest<\/strong>. This is because,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There is <strong>little physical access<\/strong> to India with the north-western landmass. Further, India&#8217;s interest also shifted towards Indo-Pacific<\/li>\n<li>The developments in Afghanistan could <strong>nudge India to seek stability<\/strong>, if not peace, with Pakistan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So India needs to set aside Pakistan and Afghanistan and <strong>start focusing on our maritime power and opportunity<\/strong>. This is India\u2019s greatest opportunity in 75 years to shift its strategic gaze from the north to the south.<\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-green\">\n<p><strong>Terms to know:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/who-are-taliban-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taliban<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Source:\u00a0The Hindu,\u00a0Indian Express and\u00a0Business Standard\u00a0 Relevance: This article explains the recent developments in Afghanistan. Synopsis: The geopolitics that happened in Afghanistan provided a new strategic boost. This is the best chance for India to focus on maritime power and opportunity rather than overland threats Background Please read the following two articles for a better understanding.&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/history-over-geography\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">History over geography<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10311,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1230,9],"tags":[8842,212,8751,8785],"class_list":["post-127731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-9-pm-daily-articles","category-public","tag-afghan-policy-of-india","tag-gs-paper-2","tag-india-and-its-neighborhood","tag-india-afghanistan-relations","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1701508322},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/127731","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10311"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=127731"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/127731\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=127731"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=127731"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=127731"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}