{"id":13898,"date":"2018-01-02T12:07:24","date_gmt":"2018-01-02T06:37:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=13898"},"modified":"2017-12-30T18:10:06","modified_gmt":"2017-12-30T12:40:06","slug":"answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-january-1-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-january-1-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 January 1, 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.1) India recently became a party to a group called \u2018Quadrilateral grouping\u2019. Are there any possible negative effects that India could face in future after becoming a member?(GS-2)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has recently become a party to a group called \u201cQuad or Quadrilateral\u201d, composing <\/span><b>Australia, India, Japan and U.S.A<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) is the strategic dialogue between four countries viz. India, United States, Japan and Australia. It was originally initiated in 2007 but later disbanded with withdrawal of Australia. It has been recently revived and is being viewed as response to increased Chinese economic and military power. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The recent meeting between Quad countries held in <\/span><b>Philippine <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">on the Sidelines of the ASEAN Summit. The purpose of the meeting was to achieve prosperity, peace keeping and promotion of stability in South Asia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Impact on India and its neighbours:<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The initiative has some negative implications like<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It further hampers the bilateral relations between India and China.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It went against Non-Alignment movement which is India\u2019s initiative<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quad may affect India-Russia relations and gave further impetus to improve China-Russia relations, which will impact India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will not be able to realize trade potential for long term economic development especially for North East region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Domestic strategic requirements will be sidelined.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The grouping will surely strengthen India\u2019s global image but negligence of neighbours in its wake can be hazardous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will develop clash of interest with developing neighbours.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.2) Discuss the current issues persisting in police system in India. \u00a0Why the police reforms must be implemented urgently? (GS-2)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Current issues persisting<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Illegitimate political interference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police is an exclusive subject under the State List (List II, Schedule 7 of the Indian Constitution).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States can legislate any law on the issue of police. However, most of the states follow the archaic Indian Police Act 1861 with a few alterations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police have become the \u2018subjects\u2019 of Parliamentarians and legislators \u2013 with a high degree of politicization and allegiance towards ruling party.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Police Act, 1861 vests the superintendence of the police directly in the hands of the state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Lowest police-to-population ratio:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The global average ratio of police-population is 270 to 100,000, where it\u2019s 120 in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With far less police \u2013ill-equipped and most of them posted to protect the political representatives, people of India are the least secured people on the globe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Corruption:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2016, the vigilance department had conducted <\/span><b>55%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> more inquires against its men. A Delhi Police survey found <\/span><b>34% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the cops to be corrupt in 2015, down from <\/span><b>66%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 2014. (reported TOI)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Lack of effective accountability mechanisms:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every act of police misbehavior may not essentially be termed as criminal offence and be tried by the courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, registering a criminal case against a police officer is a long and unwieldy process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Sections 132 and 197<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the <\/span><b>Code of Criminal Procedure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (CRPC) prevent courts from taking cases of alleged offences in the expulsion of official duty<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Concerns due to unproductive police system<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Police misconduct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The lack of effective accountability mechanisms and periodic review of performance has misplaced the public\u2019s confidence in the police.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Lack of proper justice:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to corruption in the police system, the investigation process goes on for decades. This lets the culprits roam free and even perform more crimes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Lack of faith and trust on the government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The police are the first place of contact for grievance redressal. But when the system fails, the public loses faith in the lawandorder of the state.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Why is that urgency in implementing Police Reforms?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As India makes rapid advances towards becoming an economic and political superpower, our police cannot continue to remain frozen in the frame of a past era.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">avalanche of social and technological changes<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fuelled by the internet<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">new social media are fast changing the nature<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, intensity and the reach of crime leading\u00a0<\/span>to <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unprecedented lawlessness<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">frightening dimensions of global terrorism<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is an urgent need to strengthen our Criminal Justice System and our grassroots level policing institutions;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To prepare our p<\/span>olice to deal with the present and emerging challenges and<\/li>\n<li>Strengthen its investigative capabilities and emergency response infrastructure.<\/li>\n<li>Traditional and linear devices used in the past towards police reform may not be sufficient.<\/li>\n<li>Considering the multiple causes and their complex interdependencies associated with today\u2019s policing issues, there is a realization that these challenges require broader, more collaborative and innovative approaches and would involve a range of coordinated and interrelated responses.<\/li>\n<li>It was in this context that the Indian Police Foundation and Institute was established, bringing together the multiple stakeholders to collectively work for reform and modernization of the police. However this could form only part of the solution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.3)What does nuclear proliferation mean? What mechanisms are available to prevent nuclear \u00a0Proliferation ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Meaning of nuclear proliferation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term nuclear proliferation means <\/span><b>spread of nuclear weapons, weapons applicable nuclear technology and information to countries which do not already possess them<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0Proliferation is of two types: <\/span><b>Horizontal Proliferation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Vertical Proliferation<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Horizontal proliferation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> means nation-states or non-state entities do not have nuclear weapons but are acquiring, nuclear weapons or developing the capability and materials for producing them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vertical proliferation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> means nation-states that possess nuclear weapons are increasing their stockpiles of these weapons, improving the technical sophistication or reliability of their weapons, or developing new weapons.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Steps taken to prevent nuclear proliferation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 1968:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Put forward by USA, UK and USSR, the treaty was signed in 1968 and came into force in 1970.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>The main objectives of the treaty are:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0To prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0To promote co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0To further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b><i>The NPT classified its state-parties into <\/i><\/b><b><i>2 groups:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01.\u00a0<\/span><b>Nuclear Weapon States (NWS):<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It consists of United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These five states had tested nuclear weapons before the treaty was negotiated in 1968.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three other nuclear armed states\u2014India, Israel, and Pakistan have not joined the NPT<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><b>Non Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS):<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treaty prohibits the NNWS from developing nuclear weapons<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>The three pillars of NPT:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NPT rests on three interrelated and mutually reinforcing pillars. These are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Non-proliferation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPT prohibits NWS to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices to any NNWS. It also prohibits the NWS to assist or encourage the NNWS in developing nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peaceful Uses:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> NPT acknowledges the right of all Parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and to benefit from international cooperation in this area<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disarmament:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> One of the legal obligations of the treaty for the NWS is to eventually disarm.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b><i>Assessment:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NPT has successfully restricted the Non-Nuclear weapon States from acquiring weapons of their own and has also reduced both the American and Russian nuclear weaponries<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, few countries have not yet signed the NPT and do not adhere by the norms and process of inspection. This proves to be a major drawback of the treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CTBT is a multilateral treaty that prohibits all nuclear explosive tests, above and below the Earth\u2019s surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was adopted in 1996 however did not come into force till date<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India, Pakistan and North Korea are non-signatories to this treaty<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With 183 signatories, CTBT is one of the most widely accepted arms control treaty. This is because its non-discriminatory nature- everyone has a same obligation of never conducting a nuclear explosion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CTBT is the world largest multilateral verification system. It has more than 300 stations across the globe to monitor signs of nuclear explosions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CTBT has also made major contributions in the field of nuclear safety.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Nuclear Weapon Prohibition Treaty, 2017:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NWPT prohibits and makes it illegal to possess, use, produce, transfer, acquire, stockpile or deploy nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States are also prohibited from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of October 2017, 53 countries have signed the treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Nuclear Weapon Free Zones:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a regional approach to strengthen global nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament norms<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many non- nuclear weapon states are party to NWFZs. Nuclear weapon-free zones are in force in South America and the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Africa, and Central Asia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Q.1) India recently became a party to a group called \u2018Quadrilateral grouping\u2019. Are there any possible negative effects that India could face in future after becoming a member?(GS-2) India has recently become a party to a group called \u201cQuad or Quadrilateral\u201d, composing Australia, India, Japan and U.S.A. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) is the strategic dialogue&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-january-1-2018\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 January 1, 2018<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":2292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mains-marathon-answers","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pen-paper-laptop.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704763072},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13898"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13898\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}