{"id":15291,"date":"2018-02-03T12:45:16","date_gmt":"2018-02-03T07:15:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=15291"},"modified":"2018-02-02T19:45:40","modified_gmt":"2018-02-02T14:15:40","slug":"answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-february-2-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-february-2-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 February 2, 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/mains-marathon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Archives<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.1) Describe briefly the doctrine, \u201cres extra commercium\u201d? How will the implementation of the this Roman doctrine affect the tobacco industry of India? (GS\u20132)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government has asked the Supreme Court to classify tobacco as <\/span><b>\u201cres extra commercium\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which means <\/span><b>\u201coutside commerce\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Latin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, the Indian tobacco industry could <\/span><b>lose its legal right to trade<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government is <\/span><b>not discussing \u00a0of banning tobacco<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What will be the positive implication of \u201cres extra commercium\u201d?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The positive implication of \u201cres extra commercium\u201d are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The goal of invoking the Roman law doctrine was only to <\/span><b>curtail the industry\u2019s legal rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would give the authorities more room to <\/span><b>impose restrictions and discourage the industry<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from challenging tough new regulations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government argued that it should have the <\/span><b>power to regulate business and to mitigate evils<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to safeguard public health.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, such a classification will <\/span><b>help protect tobacco control measures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from being challenged.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What will be the adverse effects of \u201cres extra commercium\u201d?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The adverse effects of \u201cres extra commercium\u201d are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Industry\u2019s legal rights would be severely limited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> if the court applies the doctrine to tobacco. For example:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s tobacco labelling rules, which <\/span><b>mandate 85 percent of a cigarette pack\u2019s surface be covered in health warnings,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have been a sticking point between the government and the tobacco industry since they were enforced in 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That year, <\/span><b>the industry briefly shut factories across the country<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in protest and filed dozens of legal cases challenging the rules.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taking away the industry\u2019s right to trade would <\/span><b>imperil millions of Indian farmers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who depend on tobacco for their living.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The industry estimates 45.7 million people in India depend on tobacco for their living.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Conclusion:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is said that no country has applied the \u201cres extra commercium\u201d doctrine to tobacco, but hoped India would set a precedent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.2) NITI Aayog had recently stated that not unemployment but a<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201csevere underemployment\u201d is the main problem facing the country. How is underemployment different from unemployment? What are its major causes and consequences? (GS\u20131)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underemployment is a <\/span><b>measure of employment and labor utilization in the economy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that looks at how well the labor force is being utilized in terms of skills, experience and availability to work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Labor that falls under the underemployment classification includes <\/span><b>those workers who are highly skilled but working in low paying jobs<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These workers are <\/span><b>highly skilled but working in low skill jobs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or as part-time workers who would prefer to work full time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>How is underemployment different from unemployment?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Definition:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unemployment refers to the economic situation in which an individual who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underemployment is a situation where there is a mismatch between the employment opportunities and the skills and education level of the employees.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Intensity of the issue:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Underemployment is a more serious problem than unemployment as a job that needs to be done by one person is often performed by two or more workers<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contrary to some assertions that India\u2019s growth has been \u2018jobless\u2019, the <\/span><b>Employment Unemployment Surveys<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (EUS) of the<\/span><b> National Sample Survey Office<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (NSSO) have consistently reported low and stable rates of unemployment over more than three decades.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What are the major factors and consequences of underemployment in India?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The major factors and consequences of underemployment in India are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Conventional paradigm of the society:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a so-called well established education system of India, we apparently, constrain our self too much into a conventional paradigm of the society, resulting in <\/span><b>detachment, passion and determination.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Societal pressure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also may lead to graduates rushing to get their hands on whatever jobs they get instead of looking for what they may actually be capable of.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This leads to many employees working on <\/span><b>positions they are overqualified for<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Over population:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Underemployment is when there is a <\/span><b>low market-place demand for employees <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as employers are often responded with overwhelming applications leading to hard-hitting competition<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This allows the employers to <\/span><b>raise the bar by raising the academic requirements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of many occupations higher than is really necessary to perform the work<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Technological ch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ange also causes underemployment, as many entry level jobs are replaced by machines and technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This forces many workers to <\/span><b>look for alternatives.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.3) Write a brief note on natural capital and its importance for any nation\u2019s development<\/span>. (<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GS\u20133)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural capital is world\u2019s stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water and all living things.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural capital provide for a wide range of services, often called ecosystem services, which make human life possible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most obvious ecosystem services include the food we eat, the water we drink and the plant materials we use for fuel.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>How crucial is natural capital for any nation\u2019s development?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The importance of natural capital are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Vast economic contribution<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is one of the 17 most ecologically diverse countries, boasting 11% of the world\u2019s flora and fauna<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With increasing economic activity, natural capital assets are on the decline affecting<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The quality of life<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potentially giving rise to future inefficiencies in the economy<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Earth Overshoot Day<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A figurative calendar date when total annual resource consumption exceeds the earth\u2019s capacity to regenerate it<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This year it was observed on August 2<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Limits of natural capital stocks<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nine earth systems have been identified which mark the safe zones, beyond which there is a risk of \u2018irreversible and abrupt environmental change\u2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four of these boundaries have now been crossed<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate change<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">loss of biosphere integrity<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">land system change<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">altered biogeochemical cycles<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Archives\u00a0 Q.1) Describe briefly the doctrine, \u201cres extra commercium\u201d? How will the implementation of the this Roman doctrine affect the tobacco industry of India? (GS\u20132) Introduction: The government has asked the Supreme Court to classify tobacco as \u201cres extra commercium\u201d, which means \u201coutside commerce\u201d in Latin. As a result, the Indian tobacco industry could lose&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-february-2-2018\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 February 2, 2018<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":2292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mains-marathon-answers","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pen-paper-laptop.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1700200199},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15291"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15291\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}