{"id":15984,"date":"2018-02-20T12:54:41","date_gmt":"2018-02-20T07:24:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=15984"},"modified":"2018-02-17T17:55:53","modified_gmt":"2018-02-17T12:25:53","slug":"answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-february-19-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-february-19-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 February 19, 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/mains-marathon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Archives<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.1)<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In most societies, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is often practised as a part of cultural tradition. In this context discuss the impact of this practice on the health of women. Why FGM is considered as a violation of fundamental and human rights by international organsations like WHO?(GS-1)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In most societies, where <\/span><b>Female Genital Mutilation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (FGM) is practised, it is considered <\/span><b>a cultural tradition, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which is often used as an argument for its continuation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Female genital mutilation (FGM):<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The practice is found in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, and within communities from countries in which FGM is common. UNICEF estimated in 2016 that More than 200 million girls and women alive today have been cut in 30 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia where FGM is concentrated.FGM is mostly carried out on young girls between infancy and age 15.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Impacts of female genital mutilation on the health of women:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FGM harms girls and women in many ways:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that intentionally alter or <\/span><b>cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procedures can <\/span><b>cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and later cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FGM is a violation of the human rights of girls and women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves removing and damaging healthy and normal female genital tissue, and interferes with the natural functions of girls&#8217; and women&#8217;s bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Immediate complications can include:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">severe pain<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0excessive bleeding (haemorrhage)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> genital tissue swelling<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0fever<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> infections e.g., tetanus<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urinary problems<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0wound healing problems<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">injury to surrounding genital tissue<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">shock<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0death<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Long-term consequences can include:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urinary problems (painful urination, urinary tract infections);<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vaginal problems (discharge, itching, bacterial vaginosis and other infections);<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Menstrual problems (painful menstruations, difficulty in passing menstrual blood, etc.);<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> scar tissue and keloid;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sexual problems (pain during intercourse, decreased satisfaction, etc.);<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> increased risk of childbirth complications (difficult delivery, excessive bleeding, caesarean section, need to resuscitate the baby, etc.) and newborn deaths;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Psychological problems (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem, etc.).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Why this practice consider as violation of fundamental and human rights:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International organizations like WHO strongly urges health professionals not to perform such procedures.In 1997, WHO issued a joint statement against the practice of FGM together with the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). This practice is considered a violation of \u00a0basic fundamental and human rights due to the following reasons:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> FGM is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The practice also violates a person&#8217;s rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.2) Since the time of Kautilya\u2019s Arthashastra, judges delivered judgments in an open court. From then until now , the \u00a0visual setting of the justice delivery mechanism hasn&#8217;t changed much. In this context critically analyze the recent decision of the Supreme court on live-streaming of court proceedings.(GS-2)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As Kautilya said in the Arthashastra, and during that time, when judges delivered a judgment, they did so in an open court. From then until now, the visual setting of the justice delivery mechanism hasn\u2019t changed much. The Indian legal system is built on the concept of open courts, which means that the proceedings are open to all members of the public.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court recently agreed to hear a petition filed by a senior lawyer seeking live streaming of judicial proceedings in the top court on matters of constitutional and national importance. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Arguments in favour:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will enable the legal system to deliver on its promise of empowering the masses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is important to make those matters that are of great public importance available for all to see. Example: public interest issues such as entry of women to the Sabarimala temple, or the constitutionality of the Aadhaar scheme, and similar other cases should be available for all to watch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To bring transparency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Strong reasons in favour of allowing live-streaming of court proceedings include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The right to information<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Access to justice<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The need to build the right perception,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The need to educate common people on how the judiciary functions<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To avoid multiple versions or wrong projections of facts<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Arguments against:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judges are accountable neither to the general public nor to the sovereign. They are accountable only to the rule of law and to the Constitution, as established by law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The individuality of judges is more likely to become a subject of public debate through live-streaming, creating problems of its own<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Live-streaming may also create practical problems. With live-streaming, there is a strong possibility that lawyers will tend to address not only the judges but also the public watching them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The normalcy of the proceedings may also get hampered<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022Uniqueness of the Indian Supreme Court, its structure and processes, and the underlying problems that impede its effectiveness must be kept in kind<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>More fundamental reforms need to be implemented. These include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greater reliance on written briefs and the significance accorded to them,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Page limits for briefs,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time limits for oral arguments<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greater emphasis on preparation in advance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The judiciary must also employ a press officer to liaise with the media, and issue simultaneously one or two page summaries of its judgments to facilitate greater public understanding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead of live-streaming, audio and video recordings of court proceedings would reform the administration of justice<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.3)<\/span>Write a short note on the following:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Cauvery water dispute (GS-2):<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is CCTNS project? <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How will citizens benefit from CCTNS?(GS 2)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Cauvery water dispute (GS 2):<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dispute began with Karnataka\u2019s demand of \u2018equitable sharing of the waters\u2019 after it expanded farming activities in the Cauvery basin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It claimed that the previous agreements, which happened between erstwhile Madras Presidency and Kingdom of Mysore in 1924, were highly skewed to what is present day Tamil Nadu. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tamil Nadu used to get about 602 TMC of the total water, leaving only about 138 TMC for Karnataka.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Demand by Karnataka:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CWDT had directed Karnataka to release 192 TMC of Cauvery water in normal monsoon year. Karnataka government wasn\u2019t satisfied with the Tribunal\u2019s order. It moved to the Supreme Court claiming for 312 TMC of water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karnataka had recently moved a review petition in the apex court against its three orders on the issue. It said grave miscarriage of justice was caused to it following the three apex court orders of September 20, 27 and 30, 2016. In all these orders, Karnataka was directed to release Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>SC \u00a0recent verdict:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court verdict on Cauvery water dispute is out, and it has come as a big relief for Karnataka. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have been at loggerhead for their \u2018due share\u2019 of Cauvery river.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The apex court directed the Karnataka government to release 177.25 TMC of water to Tamil Nadu, 14.75 TMC lesser than what was allotted by the tribunal in 2007. Karnataka will now get 284.75 TMC and Tamil Nadu will get 404.25 TMC of Cauvery water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The top court also made it clear that increase in the share of Cauvery water for Karnataka has been done keeping in view the fact that there is an increased demand of drinking water by Bengaluru and also for many industrial activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is CCTNS project? <\/b><b>How will citizens benefit from CCTNS?(GS 2)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) is a project initiated in June 2009 which aims at creating a comprehensive and integrated system for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of policing at the Police Station level.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This will be done through adoption of principles of e-Governance, and creation of a nationwide networked infrastructure for evolution of IT-enabled state-of-the-art tracking system around \u201cinvestigation of crime and detection of criminals\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CCTNS is a Mission Mode Project (MMP) under the National e-Governance Plan of Govt. of India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Project will interconnect about 15000 Police Stations and additional 5000 offices of supervisory police officers across the country and digitize data related to FIR registration, investigation and charge sheets in all Police Stations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Benefits to citizens:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Full implementation of the project will lead to the creation of a central citizen portal with links to state-level citizen portals. This will take several citizen-friendly services online \u2014 such as police verification for purposes including passports, reporting a crime, tracking the progress of a case, reporting of grievances against police officials, access to victim compensation fund, and legal services. A list of proclaimed offenders, sex offenders and most wanted criminals will also be published on the citizen portal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investigating officers across the country will be able to access the crime and criminals database, and the police will get alerts, dashboards and other CCTNS features through mobile applications. National-level crime analytics will be published at an increased frequency, and police station staff will be able to directly search for information in other national databases such as UIDAI, NPR and the Transport database.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Archives Q.1) In most societies, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is often practised as a part of cultural tradition. In this context discuss the impact of this practice on the health of women. Why FGM is considered as a violation of fundamental and human rights by international organsations like WHO?(GS-1) In most societies, where Female Genital&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-february-19-2018\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 February 19, 2018<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":2292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mains-marathon-answers","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pen-paper-laptop.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704592873},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15984","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15984"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15984\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15984"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15984"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15984"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}