{"id":18903,"date":"2018-04-20T13:34:41","date_gmt":"2018-04-20T08:04:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=18903"},"modified":"2018-04-20T12:35:11","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T07:05:11","slug":"answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-april-19-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-april-19-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 April 19, 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/mains-marathon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Archives<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.1) \u201cConsidering climate change, in the coming times, internal migration<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">might be a forced decision to move rather than a choice.\u201d Elaborate the statement and suggest some suitable measures to be adopted to strategically plan internal migration due to climate change. (GS \u2013 3) \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In \u201cGroundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration\u201d, a recent report by the World Bank, it is estimated that in Latin America, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa over 143 million people would be forced to move within borders by 2050 as a result of slow onset climate events alone<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the worst-case scenario, about 40 million of these migrants would be in South Asia, which is the most populous of the regions studied, with a number of climate change effects anticipated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Impact:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With variability in the monsoons and warmer temperatures, crop failures will lead to migration from the Gangetic plains and from the rice-growing northeast of Bangladesh and the inundated coasts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The poor would be the worst affected by these slow onset events and most of them would migrate out of rural areas to nearby urban settlements, which would be cities and the peri-urban surroundings.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Such \u201chotspots\u201d of in and out migration would be stressed for natural resources, public services and livelihoods.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Measures to be adopted to strategically plan internal migration due to climate change<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Reducing GHG emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is of utmost urgency, although that seems to be taking place at a pace determined by geopolitical as well as local initiatives<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Integrating<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> internal <\/span><b>migration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with ongoing <\/span><b>development planning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is vital<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Ecosystems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, part of the natural resources in peri-urban areas, ought <\/span><b>to be protected<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as \u201c<\/span><b>special ecological zones<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d, so that as urban settlements expand, they don\u2019t eat into ecosystem services<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Skill building, job training and other opportunities for education and jobs for locals and migrants would also have to become a focal point<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Rights for those who are forced to migrate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would be fundamental in these preparations, as studies and experience have shown that ignoring issues of social justice and equity in adaptation can lead to serious governance failure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.2) Critically discuss the role of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in the cold-war era. How far NAM is relevant in the present multi-polar era? (GS &#8211; 2) <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-Aligned Movement(NAM) was formed in the <\/span><b>backdrop of the end of Second World War<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when the<\/span><b>world was bipolar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with countries allying either with the USA or the USSR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>newly Independent countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> including India felt that alliance with either of the two blocs would<\/span><b>impede the individual growth and development of the nation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the <\/span><b>disintegration of USSR <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and the end of bipolarity the very reason for the existence of NAM came to be questioned.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the rise of many regional and multilateral groupings, a section of the academia believe that NAM has been sidelined.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>India and NAM:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Being the <\/span><b>largest member-state of NAM<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, India has been one of the <\/span><b>leaders of the movement <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">since the time of Jawaharlal Nehru, one of the founding fathers of this movement.(Sukarno, Josip Broz Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Kwame Nkrumah were the other founding fathers).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>NAM in the cold war era:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Positive Role<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NAM played an important role during the Cold War years in furthering many of the causes that India advocated like:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Decolonisation<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">End to <\/span><b>apartheid<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global <\/span><b>nuclear disarmament<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ushering in of <\/span><b>new international economic and information orders<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Negative Role<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Could not prevent <\/span><b>India-Pakistan and Indo-China wars.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the wars, NAM members invariably <\/span><b>adopted diplomatic positions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that were not favourable towards or supportive of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Taking a broader perspective:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-alignment stood for <\/span><b>policy autonomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the erstwhile newly independent countries. 2)These countries banded together because of their <\/span><b>shared traditions and histories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which included <\/span><b>anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism and anti-racism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea behind non-alignment thus conceived was to<\/span><b> promote peace and security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a global arena where superpowers were constantly posturing to achieve their hegemonic ambitions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Relevance of NAM in the present day context:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can be used as a platform to bring about<\/span><b> disarmament.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voice of the <\/span><b>South Bloc<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Third World Countries)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stability in the rising <\/span><b>multipolar world order<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can help to contain the<\/span><b> rise of China<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by raising a collective voice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A platform where <\/span><b>India\u2019s Leadership is recognized<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A unique platform of <\/span><b>countries with dissimilar backgrounds and interests<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can be used to gather support for India\u2019s quest to become a <\/span><b>permanent member of the UNSC.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Way Ahead:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non alignment as well as Non Aligned movement will <\/span><b>always be relevant.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has a<\/span><b> responsibility as the leader of the South Bloc<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> hence should make use of NAM to protect the interest of smaller nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.3) Write short notes on:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>a) \u00a0Genetic Drift in Science and Technology (GS \u2013 3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetic Drift refers to the process by which the frequency of a particular gene in an environment may be affected due to chance events.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, a particular genetic trait may be annihilated by, say, a catastrophe that wipes out a species.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, other genes may be favoured by such random events.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is in contrast to natural selection wherein genes are gradually favoured or discarded by the natural environment in which they exist.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genetic drift is generally attributed to American geneticist Sewall Wright although it can be traced to earlier works of other scientists like Charles Darwin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>b) \u00a0Place premium in Economics (GS \u2013 3)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Place premium refers to the additional income that a person can earn by moving from a place where wages paid for his labour are low to another place where they are higher.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So people with similar skills can earn vastly different incomes over their lifetimes depending on their location. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a world that allows for free movement of people across borders, the place premium will gradually narrow down as a result of migration in search of better wages. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The place premium explains the mass movement of people from less developed regions to more developed ones where real wages are much higher.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Archives Q.1) \u201cConsidering climate change, in the coming times, internal migration might be a forced decision to move rather than a choice.\u201d Elaborate the statement and suggest some suitable measures to be adopted to strategically plan internal migration due to climate change. (GS \u2013 3) \u00a0\u00a0 Introduction: In \u201cGroundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration\u201d, a&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-april-19-2018\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 April 19, 2018<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":2292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mains-marathon-answers","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pen-paper-laptop.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704596897},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18903","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18903"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18903\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18903"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18903"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18903"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}