{"id":19874,"date":"2018-05-11T18:03:11","date_gmt":"2018-05-11T12:33:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=19874"},"modified":"2018-05-11T18:10:14","modified_gmt":"2018-05-11T12:40:14","slug":"india-nuclear-regime-after-pokhran-ii-nuclear-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/india-nuclear-regime-after-pokhran-ii-nuclear-test\/","title":{"rendered":"India nuclear regime after Pokhran-II Nuclear test"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>Context<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On 11th may India marked 20 years of the Pokhran-II Nuclear test.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Background<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On 11<sup>th<\/sup> May 1998 India conducted a series of nuclear bomb test explosion at Pokhran, Rajasthan which was popularly known as Pokhran II.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokhran-II was India&#8217;s <strong>second <\/strong>nuclear test popularly known as <strong>Operation Shakti. ( <\/strong>Watch upcoming John\u2019s Movie \u2013 PARMANU)<\/li>\n<li>Pokhran-II consisted of five detonations, of which the first was a <strong>fusion bomb<\/strong> and the remaining four were <strong>fission bombs<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>first\u2019s nuclear test<\/strong> named <strong>Smiling Buddha<\/strong> was conducted in <strong>May 1974.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>11th May<\/strong> is officially recognized as <strong>National Technology Day <\/strong>in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests carried out on 11 May 1998.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Why India did Pokhran-II?<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The primary reason for the Pokhran tests of 1998 was right time for India to emerge as a <strong>self-declared nuclear power<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The Pokhran-II nuclear tests established India\u2019s capacity to foster nuclear power in the world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Consequences post Pokhran II<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokhran-II nuclear tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states, including <strong>Japan<\/strong> and the <strong>United States.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The challenge to mitigate international opposition with US and eventually bridge the trust gap was a great concern.<\/li>\n<li>The test opened floodgates of trouble for India which include: economic and military and interactional isolation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokhran II has brought India to the <strong>nuclear mainstream<\/strong> and opened up the <strong>global nuclear market<\/strong> for development of nuclear power without signing the Treaty on the <strong>Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons<\/strong> (NPT) or the <strong>Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) <\/strong>which further lead to The <strong>U.S.-India Nuclear Deal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>The U.S.-India Nuclear Deal<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The India-US civil nuclear deal was signed in 2008, after nearly 30 years of US-imposed sanctions since India tested its first nuclear weapon (1974).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The agreement saw an implicit recognition for the first time \u2013 of India as a nuclear weapons power.<\/li>\n<li>The core of this agreement was the emphasis on <strong>non-proliferation<\/strong> of <strong>Weapons of Mass Destruction<\/strong> (WMD). Even though India <strong>did not<\/strong> officially join the <strong>Non-Proliferation Treaty<\/strong> (NPT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Advantages of the <\/u><\/strong><strong><u>U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Deal<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The deal lifts a three-decade U.S. moratorium on nuclear trade with India.<\/li>\n<li>It provides U.S. assistance to India\u2019s civilian nuclear energy program<\/li>\n<li>The deal calls for expanding U.S.-India cooperation in energy and satellite technology.<\/li>\n<li>The U.S. companies will be allowed to build nuclear reactors in India and provide nuclear fuel for its civilian energy program.<\/li>\n<li>The deal does not require India to restrict the number of nuclear weapons it plans to produce.<\/li>\n<li>It makes the provision that US would pressurize NSG to give a unique waiver to India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>NSG waiver<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The NSG waiver means India now has the legal right, under the world nuclear regulatory regime, to trade for civilian nuclear fuel and technology.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The exceptional waiver provided by the NSG in 2008 was an acknowledgement of India\u2019s non-proliferation record.<\/li>\n<li>NSG waiver has opened the floodgates for the international companies to have a share in the vast nuclear market of India. India came up with nuclear agreement with various countries such as France, Australia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Canada and many more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In order to attract the US companies involved in nuclear commerce such as General Electric and Westinghouse, it is necessary to introduce a liability bill.<\/li>\n<li>The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act created a mechanism for compensating victims of nuclear damage arising from a nuclear incident.<\/li>\n<li>The act ensure to take insurance or provide financial security to cover their liability<\/li>\n<li>The Act specifies who can claim compensation and the authorities who will assess and award compensation for nuclear damage.<\/li>\n<li>Those not complying with the provisions of the act will be penalized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>A Multilateral Export Control Regime (MECR) :<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A Multilateral Export Control Regime (MECR) is an international body that states use to organize their national export control systems.<\/li>\n<li>It includes four groups Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group, Missile Technology Control Regime, and Nuclear Suppliers Group<\/li>\n<li>Recently India became a member of three out of four multilateral export control regime i.e Wassenaar arrangement, Australia group and Missile technology control regime.<\/li>\n<li>India is putting its effort to get into Nuclear Supplier Group. This shows India is no longer a nuclear pariah state.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Context On 11th may India marked 20 years of the Pokhran-II Nuclear test. Background On 11th May 1998 India conducted a series of nuclear bomb test explosion at Pokhran, Rajasthan which was popularly known as Pokhran II. Pokhran-II was India&#8217;s second nuclear test popularly known as Operation Shakti. ( Watch upcoming John\u2019s Movie \u2013 PARMANU)&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/india-nuclear-regime-after-pokhran-ii-nuclear-test\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">India nuclear regime after Pokhran-II Nuclear test<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":19875,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-editorials","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/23june2006-picture-vajpayee-nuclear-pokhran-anniversary-package_daac9d28-3580-11e7-9993-2f2d999294f7.jpg?fit=1008%2C567&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1699939236},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19874","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19874"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19874\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19875"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19874"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19874"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19874"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}