{"id":199018,"date":"2022-08-06T17:46:59","date_gmt":"2022-08-06T12:16:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=199018"},"modified":"2022-08-06T17:46:59","modified_gmt":"2022-08-06T12:16:59","slug":"towards-a-super-vaccine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/towards-a-super-vaccine\/","title":{"rendered":"Towards a super vaccine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Source<\/strong>: The post is based on an article \u201cTowards a super vaccine\u201d<\/strong> published in The Times of India<\/strong> on 6th<\/sup> August 2022<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Syllabus<\/strong>: GS 3 science and technology – new developments in the field of biology<\/p>\n

Relevance: <\/strong>Biological Disaster; Monkeypox and Covid-Pandemic<\/p>\n

News: <\/strong>On July 23, WHO declared monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC),<\/strong> the highest level of alert. Since Covid in February 2020, this is the second such alert in two years.<\/p>\n

About Monkeypox disease<\/a><\/p>\n

Nature of Monkeypox <\/strong><\/h5>\n

This international monkeypox outbreak is largely restricted to those below 40 years of age, who were born after the smallpox vaccination ended in 1980.<\/p>\n

History of Smallpox Vaccine Development<\/strong><\/h5>\n

(1) Ancient Variolation: <\/strong>It was an ancient method practiced in India, China, and the Orient. This involved introducing a tiny amount of pus from the smallpox pustule<\/strong> into the recipient\u2019s arm. It produced immunity. Later on, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced it to 18th-century Britain.<\/p>\n

(2) In 1763, John Fewster,<\/strong> a local surgeon in Gloucestershire, discovered cross-protection<\/strong> between cowpox and smallpox. In 1801, Edward Jenner<\/strong> understood the implications of this revolutionary medical advance<\/strong> of cross-protection, and he predicted that this vaccination would rid the world of smallpox.<\/p>\n

(3) In the 1930s, the \u2018vaccinia viruses\u2019 <\/strong>were used for the development of a smallpox vaccine to eradicate smallpox.<\/p>\n

(6) The first-generation smallpox vaccine was made by growing the vaccinia virus in the skin of animals \u2013 mostly cows, but also sheep.<\/p>\n

(7) The second-generation vaccine used live vaccinia virus grown in eggs or in cell culture, being introduced in the late 1950s and early 1970s, respectively.<\/p>\n

(8) A freeze-drying method developed in the early 1950s allowed the vaccine to be stored and transported at room temperature.<\/p>\n

(9) Between 1958 and 1977 it was mainly the second-generation vaccine that was used in smallpox eradication programmes.<\/p>\n

(10) Third-generation vaccines introduced in the late 1970s are based on a Turkish strain \u2013 Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) \u2013 which had lost the ability to multiply in humans; it could still be grown well in chicken embryos.<\/p>\n

The smallpox-monkeypox vector:<\/strong> Two smallpox vaccines are approved for use against monkeypox.<\/p>\n

1) ACAM2000 is a second-generation vaccine<\/strong> that includes live vaccinia virus, which replicates in the recipient and has unpleasant side effects.<\/p>\n

2) MVA-BN is a third-generation vaccine<\/strong>, which uses MVA technology developed in the 1990s and has a better safety profile<\/strong>. It is licensed under three brand names<\/strong> \u2013 Jynneos (US), Imvanex (EU)and Imvamune (Canada).<\/p>\n

In 2019 a clinical study showed equivalence between the MVA and ACAM2000 vaccines, with the former showing better post-vaccination safety.<\/p>\n

Several studies have established MVA-based candidates to have good efficacy against monkeypox.<\/p>\n

Thereafter, MVA\/S was developed. As per a study, MVA\/S vaccination produced strong neutralising antibodies and cellular immunity against the Covid virus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The Way Forward<\/strong><\/h5>\n

The monkeypox-Covid vector:<\/strong> There are chances that MVA\/S may provide protection against both Covid<\/strong> and monkeypox<\/strong>. \u00a0Therefore, it can be used to develop a single vaccine that can protect against two diseases that are circulating now and both have been declared as a PHEIC rating.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Source: The post is based on an article \u201cTowards a super vaccine\u201d published in The Times of India on 6th August 2022. Syllabus: GS 3 science and technology – new developments in the field of biology Relevance: Biological Disaster; Monkeypox and Covid-Pandemic News: On July 23, WHO declared monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International… Continue reading Towards a super vaccine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10343,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1230,9],"tags":[216,10496],"class_list":["post-199018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-9-pm-daily-articles","category-public","tag-gs-paper-3","tag-times-of-india","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704894489},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/199018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10343"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=199018"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/199018\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=199018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=199018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=199018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}