{"id":20373,"date":"2018-05-22T18:04:27","date_gmt":"2018-05-22T12:34:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=20373"},"modified":"2018-05-22T18:04:27","modified_gmt":"2018-05-22T12:34:27","slug":"higher-education-in-india-an-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/higher-education-in-india-an-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Higher Education in India: An Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><u>Context:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The recent American investor Steve Woziniak\u2019s opinion has highlighted the issues affecting Indian higher education system<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Structure of Higher Education System in India<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20375 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.forumias.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/universal.jpg?resize=692%2C499\" alt=\"\" width=\"692\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/universal.jpg?w=692&amp;ssl=1 692w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/universal.jpg?resize=150%2C108&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/universal.jpg?resize=300%2C216&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Fast Facts: Higher Education in India<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>According to AIHES 2016-17,<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Total no of universities: 864 as compared to 799 in 2015-16<\/li>\n<li>Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER): 25.2 as compared to 24.5% in 2015-16. (Calculated for 18-23 years of age group)<\/li>\n<li>State with Highest GER: Tamil Nadu (46.9%)<\/li>\n<li>State with Lowest GER: Bihar (14.9%)<\/li>\n<li>Pupil Teacher Ratio: 21<\/li>\n<li>College Density (No. Of colleges per lakh population): 28<\/li>\n<li>Only 1.7% Colleges run Ph.D. programme and 33% Colleges run Post Graduate Level programmes<\/li>\n<li>277 universities are privately managed<\/li>\n<li>NIRF Rankings: IISc Bangalore ranked first, IIT Madras best engineering college<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><u>Critical Issues in Indian Higher Education<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enrolment:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>GER of higher education in India is much behind that of USA (85.8%) and China (43.39%)<\/li>\n<li>Lack of capacity to absorb the increasing numbers of students coming out of secondary education into the college system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Issues related to Inclusiveness and Equal Access<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Variation in GER between male -female, between SC, ST, OBC and other, between religious groups, economic groups, rural-urban divide<\/li>\n<li>Inter-caste\/ tribes disparities prominent. For Scheduled Castes, GER is 19.9% and for Scheduled Tribes, it is 14.2% as compared to the national GER of 24.5%<\/li>\n<li>Muslims have the lowest rate of enrolment in higher education. According to AISHE 2015-16, Muslims accounted 4.4% of students enrolled in higher education although they comprise of more than 14% of India\u2019s population<\/li>\n<li>Caste-based discrimination in universities leading to suicides. Example: Rohit Vemula case<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Funds:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inadequate funding in higher education<\/li>\n<li>Budget for both IITs and UGC reduced in budget 2018-19<\/li>\n<li>According to Economic Survey, only 0.6-0.7% of GDP has been spend on research in India in the last two decades. Most of the funding has come from government rather than private sector<\/li>\n<li>This is very low as compared to 2.4% of USA, China-2.1%, Japan-3.58% and South korea-4.29%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Quality:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Only 3 universities feature in to 200 of the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings 2018<\/li>\n<li>Major reasons for poor quality:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><u>Faculty:<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Vacant faculty positions,<\/li>\n<li>Inadequate teacher training<\/li>\n<li>High student teacher ratios<\/li>\n<li>Overload (teaching as well as clerical)<\/li>\n<li>Political interference in selections, appointments of vice chancellors and faculty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><u>Curriculum:<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Outdated, irrelevant curriculum<\/li>\n<li>Theoretical in nature; low scope for creativity<\/li>\n<li>Gap between industry requirements and curriculum- low employability of graduates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><u>Inadequate physical Infrastructure and facilities<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Research:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Poor fund allocation in research<\/li>\n<li>Low levels of PhD enrolment<\/li>\n<li>Few opportunities for interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research<\/li>\n<li>Low levels of industry engagement<\/li>\n<li>Low quality of research work<\/li>\n<li>Trends in quality of publications increasing slowly; India lags much behind USA and China<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Regulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-20376 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.forumias.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/regulation.jpg?resize=646%2C247\" alt=\"\" width=\"646\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/regulation.jpg?w=646&amp;ssl=1 646w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/regulation.jpg?resize=150%2C57&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/regulation.jpg?resize=300%2C115&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>High control and low on support and facilitation<\/li>\n<li>UGC has been accused of biased granting of funds<\/li>\n<li>Undermining independence of autonomous universities<\/li>\n<li>UGC\u2019s flawed method of determining recruitment and career advancement of faculty: Academic Performance Indicator (API).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Private colleges and Deemed Universities:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arbitrary nature of fees; \u201ccapitation fees\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Admissions manipulated- Management quotas<\/li>\n<li>Ill equipped to organize courses<\/li>\n<li>De facto management\u2014the trustees of the sponsoring societies or trusts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Government Initiatives <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Revitalising Infrastructure and Systems in Education (RISE):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Aim: Increase investments in research and related infrastructure in premier educational institutions<\/li>\n<li>The RISE initiative will be funded by a restructured Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA)<\/li>\n<li>Total investment of \u20b91, 00,000 crore in next four years.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Prime Minister\u2019s Research Fellows (PMRF) Scheme:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Aim: to enhance the quality of technical research<\/li>\n<li>Scholarship to 1,000 best BTech students each year from premier institutions to do PhD in IITs and IISc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>IMPRINT India:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Joint initiative of IITs and IISc to address major and science and technology challenges in India<\/li>\n<li>Aims to boost original scientific and technological research in 10 fields: (1) Health care technology, (2) Energy security, (3) Rural urban housing design, (4) Nano technology, (5) Water\/river system, (6) Advanced materials, (7) Computer science and ICT, (8) Manufacturing technology, (9) Advanced security and (10) Environment\/climate change<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Global Initiative for Academics Network (GIAN):<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Aim: To facilitate the partnership between Higher Education Institutions of India and other foreign universities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM): <\/strong>E-education platform<\/li>\n<li><strong>Saksham scholarship scheme: <\/strong>Scholarship provided to disabled by AICTE to pursue technical education<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unnat Bharat Abhiyan:<\/strong> Higher educational institutions to provide solutions for transforming rural India.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ucchtar Aavishkar Abhiyaan: <\/strong>To promote industry-specific need-based research<\/li>\n<li><strong>National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF):<\/strong> Ranking of higher educational institutions: universities, engineering, management and pharmacy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Swayam Prabha:<\/strong> telecasting educational programmes in higher education domain<\/li>\n<li><strong>Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"616\"><strong><u>Best practice:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>China:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00b7 China has been funding nine of its top universities (called C9) to make them climb the global rankings.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7 Tsinghua University, part of the C9, has a global rank of 25 and is placed sixth in Asia.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><u>Way Forward:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Adequate investment in education sector. Gap in investment to be filled by private sector<\/li>\n<li>Setting up\/expansion of existing educational institutions; Full capacity utilization of existing institutions<\/li>\n<li>Providing necessary physical infrastructure; involvement of private sector in providing quality physical infrastructure<\/li>\n<li>Dilutions of selections standards for teachers to be checked; proper training for teachers<\/li>\n<li>According to Educationist P.Balakrishnan, API should be revamped to include only quality research and teaching. UGC should remove experience-related considerations for career advancement as it stagnates the best years of a faculty.<\/li>\n<li>Revamping curriculum- making curriculum industry-oriented, updated and practical<\/li>\n<li>Revamping traditional evaluation system. More focus on critical thinking, analytical reasoning,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>problem-solving rather than memorizing and writing skills. Also, proper feedback to be provided to the examinee<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>Innovations in classroom teaching- use of ICT, introduction of credit based system for classroom participation instead of compulsory attendance<\/li>\n<li>International collaboration to boost research and innovation<\/li>\n<li>UGC should act as a facilitator rather than a regulator. More autonomy to universities to be provided<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Context: The recent American investor Steve Woziniak\u2019s opinion has highlighted the issues affecting Indian higher education system Structure of Higher Education System in India Fast Facts: Higher Education in India According to AIHES 2016-17, Total no of universities: 864 as compared to 799 in 2015-16 Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER): 25.2 as compared to 24.5% in&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/higher-education-in-india-an-analysis\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Higher Education in India: An Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":20377,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-editorials","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/images.jpg?fit=1005%2C666&ssl=1","views":{"total":765,"cached_at":""},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20373"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20373\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20377"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20373"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20373"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}