{"id":24031,"date":"2018-08-09T18:22:13","date_gmt":"2018-08-09T12:52:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=24031"},"modified":"2018-08-09T18:22:13","modified_gmt":"2018-08-09T12:52:13","slug":"article-35a-an-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/article-35a-an-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 35A \u2013 An Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Context<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A three-judge Bench is currently hearing whether the petitions challenging Article 35A should be referred to a Constitution Bench for an in-depth examination<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Background<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir became a part of India through instrument of accession signed by its ruler Hari Singh in October 1947.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Jammu and Kashmir&#8217;s accession, Sheikh Abdullah (Sadr-i-Riyasat) negotiated Jammu and Kashmir&#8217;s political relationship with New Delhi, which led to the inclusion of Article 370 in the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 370 guarantees special status to Jammu and Kashmir, restricting Union&#8217;s legislative power<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, under the Delhi Agreement 1952 between sheikh Abdullah and PM Jawahar Lal Nehru, several provisions of the Constitution were extended to Jammu and Kashmir via Presidential Order in 1954 including Article 35A.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 35A was added to the Constitution as a testimony of the special consideration the Indian government accorded to the \u2018permanent residents\u2019 of Jammu and Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is article 35A<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 35-A empowers the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir to<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Define classes of people who shall be called \u2018permanent residents\u2019 of Jammu and Kashmir state;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> conferring on such permanent residents any special rights and privileges or imposing upon other persons any restrictions as <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">employment under the State Government;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acquisition of immovable property in the State;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">settlement in the State; or<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State Government may provide,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further Art 35-A says that no provision contained in this Article shall be challenged for violating the constitution or any other law of the land<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24032\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.forumias.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/is.jpg?resize=640%2C401\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/is.jpg?w=640&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/is.jpg?resize=150%2C94&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/is.jpg?resize=300%2C188&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Permanent Resident<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 1956 Jammu and Kashmir Constitution defines a Permanent Resident as one who<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Must be a citizen of India and a state subject on May 14, 1954, or<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A resident of the state for 10 years, and owns immovable property in the state<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It bars Indian citizens from settling in state, acquiring immovable properties seeking employment or undertaking any trade or business if state makes any law to that effect and it cannot be challenged before any court.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a native woman marries a man not holding a permanent resident certificate of Jammu &amp; Kashmir then she would restrict from her property right<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Issues with article 35A<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SC is hearing few cases over the validity of Article 35A. It has three major issues<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Constitutional validity of Article 35A<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2014, an NGO \u2018We the Citizens\u2019 filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court to declare Article 35A unconstitutional as it was introduced under article 368<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Presidential Order was issued under Article 370(1)(d), which allows the President to make certain \u201cexceptions and modifications\u201d to the Constitution for the benefit of Jammu and Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, A five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in Puranlal Lakhanpal vs. The President of India (1961) court concludes that the President has the power to modify the Constitution under Article 370<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24033\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blog.forumias.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/article.jpg?resize=633%2C341\" alt=\"\" width=\"633\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/article.jpg?w=633&amp;ssl=1 633w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/article.jpg?resize=150%2C81&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/article.jpg?resize=300%2C162&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although, the judgement is silent as to whether the President is empowered to bring about a radical change in the Constitution by introducing a new Article<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Gender Discrimination<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It denies property rights to woman who marries a non-permanent resident and her children<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Undermine the rights of West Pakistan refugee<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Persons who migrated from Pakistan to India in 1947 are denied the permanent resident status despite of repeated assurance from government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, The Resettlement Act of 1982, passed by the Jammu and Kashmir legislature, gave such persons and their children the rights of permanent residents. But permanent resident certificate is still not granted<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Other Issues with Article 35A<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> violates fundamental rights under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Critics argue that 35A has resulted in radicalization and ghettoization. Special status to Kashmir has an impact on the Kashmiriyat i.e. a composite culture<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It impacts economic development of state<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A is against the \u201cvery spirit of oneness of India\u201d as it creates a \u201cclass within a class of Indian citizens\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Arguments against scrapping of Article 35A<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removing 35A would change the demography of Kashmir <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This violates the constitution which grants special status to Kashmir. It also violates terms and conditions laid out in different instruments of accession.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removing Article 35A would also impact the special provision provided to Mizoram, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh under Article 371 <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is fear that it would lead to further erosion of Jammu and Kashmir autonomy <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rights of the state legislature are not unlimited and can be given only in the case of \u2013 Employment, Property, Settlement and Scholarship<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is fear that scrapping of article 35A would be used by separatist and militant elements to spread a feeling of hatred<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Way Ahead<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both center and state must take precautionary measures before the final judgment of supreme court<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Court should consult all the stakeholders including intelligentsia and civil society <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Court must consider the political situation of Kashmir before reaching a conclusion<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decision must ensure that the fragile ecosystem of the Kashmir valley is preserved in its pristine nature. Overcrowding and unregulated buying of lands may result in water and soil pollution, ecological problems, etc. thereby impacting the tourism of Kashmir.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Context A three-judge Bench is currently hearing whether the petitions challenging Article 35A should be referred to a Constitution Bench for an in-depth examination Background Jammu and Kashmir became a part of India through instrument of accession signed by its ruler Hari Singh in October 1947. After Jammu and Kashmir&#8217;s accession, Sheikh Abdullah (Sadr-i-Riyasat) negotiated&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/article-35a-an-analysis\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Article 35A \u2013 An Analysis<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":4046,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-editorials","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/law.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1702517324},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24031"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24031\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4046"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}