{"id":259124,"date":"2023-09-07T20:41:10","date_gmt":"2023-09-07T15:11:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=259124"},"modified":"2023-09-07T20:41:10","modified_gmt":"2023-09-07T15:11:10","slug":"chandrayaan-3-success-indias-role-in-democratising-space","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/chandrayaan-3-success-indias-role-in-democratising-space\/","title":{"rendered":"Chandrayaan 3 success: India\u2019s role in democratising space"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Source<\/strong>– The post is based on the article \u201cChandrayaan 3 success: India\u2019s role in democratising space\u201d <\/strong>published in \u201cThe Indian Express\u201d <\/strong>on 7th September 2023<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Syllabus: <\/strong>GS2- International relations<\/p>\n

Relevance- <\/strong>International law related to outer space<\/p>\n

News<\/strong>– The article explains the the issues related to consideration of space as \u201cglobal common\u201d and explain the international laws related to concept of \u201ccommons\u201d.<\/p>\n

Is outer space considered a “global common”?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Some individuals firmly reject the notion that outer space meets the criteria of a “global common”. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Others contend that it should be classified as “global common” in order to secure the freedom of access and benefits<\/strong> for developing nations.<\/p>\n

The concept of “global commons” can be examined from two perspectives. <\/strong><\/p>\n

First perspective- <\/strong>It is related to geopolitical prespective<\/strong>. From these viewpoints, security institutions worldwide recognize domains beyond national border<\/strong>s as crucial connecting channels for the international order. <\/strong><\/p>\n

These domains include the high seas, airspace outside a nation’s territory, and outer space,<\/strong><\/p>\n

Some nations also acknowledge outer space as a critical for maintaining their security<\/strong> while upholding international law. <\/strong><\/p>\n

In essence, open access is vital for a nation’s security and economic interests.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Second perspective-<\/strong> The term “global common” is sometimes perceived as restrictive, <\/strong>primarily due to the economic and commercial implications<\/strong> associated with shared resources.<\/p>\n

This perspective raises concerns about the potential overuse<\/strong> of these resources by some parties at the expense of others.<\/p>\n

What is the meaning of term \u201cglobal commons\u201d?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The term “global common” is used to refer to areas on Earth that fall outside the jurisdiction of any single nation. <\/strong><\/p>\n

This concept is built upon the legacy of Grotius’s idea of “mare liberum” (free sea)<\/strong>, which aimed to preserve the freedom of access and benefits for all. <\/strong><\/p>\n

The United Nations recognizes four “global commons,” including the high seas, the atmosphere, Antarctica, and outer space. <\/strong><\/p>\n

What the intrenational laws says about the concept of \u201ccommoms\u201d?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

The concept of “commons” is often linked with notions of shared ownership, public governance, or usage limitations.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Additionally, “commons” is occasionally connected with the concept of the “common heritage of mankind” (CHM), as articulated in Article 11(3) of the Moon Agreement of 1979. <\/strong><\/p>\n

CHM introduced a territorial status<\/strong> in which celestial bodies<\/strong> are not subject to national appropriation.<\/strong> Their fruits and resources are considered the property of all humankind.<\/strong> The principle of CHM extends beyond outer space. <\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1970, the UN General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution<\/strong> declaring that “the seabed and ocean floor<\/strong>, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, <\/strong>along with the resources of the area, are the common heritage of mankind.” <\/strong><\/p>\n

This principle was incorporated as Article 136 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982. <\/strong><\/p>\n

In 1957, the United States and the Soviet ensured the adoption of UN General Assembly Resolutions 1721 A&B (XVI)<\/strong> on December 21, 1961.<\/p>\n

Subsequently, they consistently adhered<\/strong> to its provisions. All nations with space capabilities have continued to adhere to this established precedent<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The principles outlined in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967<\/strong> have evolved into customary international law. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Way forward for India-<\/strong><\/p>\n

India is currently at a significant juncture. It presenting an opportunity to actively shape the the future international framework<\/strong> for the management of space resources. <\/strong><\/p>\n

This process would necessitate a thorough examination of the Moon Agreement of 1979 (MA), <\/strong>which entered into force in 1984.<\/p>\n

India has signed the MA but ratification is pending<\/strong>. It is also signatories to the Artemis Accords.<\/strong><\/p>\n

India has a history of robust international cooperation<\/strong> in space programs. It has engaged in both multilateral and bilateral collaborations with advanced spacefaring nations, as well as those aspiring to advance their capabilities.<\/p>\n

India should now play a role in shaping an international framework for managing space resources.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Source– The post is based on the article \u201cChandrayaan 3 success: India\u2019s role in democratising space\u201d published in \u201cThe Indian Express\u201d on 7th September 2023. Syllabus: GS2- International relations Relevance- International law related to outer space News– The article explains the the issues related to consideration of space as \u201cglobal common\u201d and explain the international… Continue reading Chandrayaan 3 success: India\u2019s role in democratising space<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10320,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1230,9],"tags":[212,10500,239],"class_list":["post-259124","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-9-pm-daily-articles","category-public","tag-gs-paper-2","tag-indian-express","tag-international-relations","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259124","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=259124"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259124\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=259124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=259124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=259124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}