{"id":322985,"date":"2025-01-10T17:03:54","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T11:33:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=322985"},"modified":"2025-01-10T17:03:54","modified_gmt":"2025-01-10T11:33:54","slug":"section-152-of-the-bns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/section-152-of-the-bns\/","title":{"rendered":"Section 152 of the BNS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Source:<\/strong> This post on<strong> Section 152 of the BNS <\/strong>has been created based on article <strong>\u201cSection 152 of BNS should not become a proxy for sedition\u201d<\/strong> published in The Hindu on 10th January 2025.<\/p>\n<p>UPSC Syllabus- GS-2 -Polity<\/p>\n<p>Context: The article addresses concerns over the potential misuse of <strong>Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)<\/strong>, enacted as part of India\u2019s new criminal law framework. Although the government proclaimed the repeal of <strong>Section 124A (sedition)<\/strong> of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the author argues that Section 152 of the BNS serves as a <strong>proxy for sedition<\/strong>, raising similar threats to freedom of speech and dissent.<\/p>\n<h2>What was the context of the Rajasthan High Court\u2019s warning in Tejender Pal Singh v. State of Rajasthan (2024)?<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>The Rajasthan High Court cautioned against using Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) to stifle legitimate dissent.<\/li>\n<li>This follows the Supreme Court\u2019s 2022 decision to suspend pending criminal trials under Section 124A (sedition) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) until the government reconsidered the law.<\/li>\n<li>The Union Home Minister had earlier proclaimed that \u2018sedition\u2019 would be repealed.<\/li>\n<li>Section 152 of the BNS criminalises acts exciting secession, armed rebellion, and subversive activities, as well as those encouraging separatism or endangering India\u2019s sovereignty, unity, and integrity.<\/li>\n<li>Although the term &#8220;sedition&#8221; is not used, concerns arise that Section 152 replicates the essence of the repealed provision.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>\u00a0What are the problems with Section 152 of the BNS?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Lack of Definition and Vague Terms<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Section 152 criminalises acts &#8220;endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India&#8221; but does not define what constitutes such endangerment.<\/li>\n<li>This vagueness leaves room for expansive interpretation by authorities, potentially stifling dissent.<\/li>\n<li>For example, criticism of historical or political figures could be construed as threatening unity or integrity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Low Threshold for Offence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>The term &#8220;knowingly&#8221; lowers the threshold for liability.<\/li>\n<li>Sharing a post on social media, even without malicious intent, could lead to prosecution if it reaches a larger audience and provokes prohibited activities or feelings.<\/li>\n<li>Section 152 does not require prima facie evidence of a causal link between speech and its consequences, risking misuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Chilling Effect on Free Speech<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Section 152 is cognisable and non-bailable, making it prone to abuse like Section 124A IPC.<\/li>\n<li>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data shows that from 2015 to 2020, 548 persons were arrested for sedition under Section 124A IPC, but only 12 were convicted.<\/li>\n<li>Section 152, being broader, poses an even greater risk of misuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>What are judicial precedents on balancing free speech and national interest?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Consequentialist Approach:<\/strong> The judiciary has emphasized considering the actual impact of speech rather than the speech itself.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>Balwant Singh v. State of Punjab (1995):<\/em> Distinguished casual sloganeering from its consequences, requiring a direct causal nexus to determine an offence.<\/li>\n<li><em>Javed Ahmad Hazam v. State of Maharashtra (2024):<\/em> Judged speech by the standards of &#8220;reasonable, strong-minded&#8221; individuals, not &#8220;weak and vacillating&#8221; minds.<\/li>\n<li><em>Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962):<\/em> Differentiated &#8220;disloyalty towards the government&#8221; from strong criticism of its policies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>\u00a0What is the way forward for Section 152 BNS?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Judicial Guidelines: <\/strong>The Supreme Court should establish guidelines for enforcing Section 152, similar to the guidelines on arrests in <em>K. Basu v. State of West Bengal<\/em>. Clear boundaries for terms like &#8220;endangering sovereignty&#8221; or &#8220;unity&#8221; are needed to prevent misuse.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Marketplace of Ideas: <\/strong>Drawing from Justice Holmes\u2019 vision in <em>Abrams v. United States<\/em>, society should allow a free flow of ideas and criticism to foster democratic growth. The focus should be on creating a space where ideas are tested and accepted based on their merit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>\u00a0Why is this important?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Free expression is vital in a democratic society, especially in the age of social media.<\/li>\n<li>Without safeguards, Section 152 risks becoming a tool for suppressing dissent, much like its predecessor, Section 124A IPC.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Source: This post on Section 152 of the BNS has been created based on article \u201cSection 152 of BNS should not become a proxy for sedition\u201d published in The Hindu on 10th January 2025. UPSC Syllabus- GS-2 -Polity Context: The article addresses concerns over the potential misuse of Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/section-152-of-the-bns\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Section 152 of the BNS<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10320,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1230,1234],"tags":[212,225,10498],"class_list":["post-322985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-9-pm-daily-articles","category-polity-current-affairs","tag-gs-paper-2","tag-polity","tag-the-hindu","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322985","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=322985"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322985\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=322985"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=322985"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=322985"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}