{"id":335955,"date":"2025-05-09T09:00:12","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T03:30:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=335955"},"modified":"2025-05-11T19:14:16","modified_gmt":"2025-05-11T13:44:16","slug":"day-1-prelims-20-environmental-laws-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/day-1-prelims-20-environmental-laws-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Day 1 Prelims 20+: Environmental Laws in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full\" dir=\"auto\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-2\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto py-5 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @[37rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @[72rem]:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:32rem] @[34rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @[64rem]:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto flex max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 text-base gap-4 md:gap-5 lg:gap-6 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden\">\n<div class=\"group\/conversation-turn relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\n<div class=\"relative flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"67a06a9a-0b18-4000-b308-51c0bed98706\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-4o-mini\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light\">\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-336071 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.png?resize=606%2C404&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Environmental Laws in India\" width=\"606\" height=\"404\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.png?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.png?resize=1024%2C682&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.png?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full break-words light\">In today&#8217;s Prelims 20+, we will focus on <strong>Environmental Laws in India<\/strong>, an important segment for the <strong>UPSC Civil Services Examination<\/strong>. Environmental protection and sustainable management of resources are at the forefront of India&#8217;s policy-making, and understanding these laws is crucial for the examination.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 155px;width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center;height: 30px\"><strong>Table of Content<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 125px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;height: 125px\"><a href=\"#h1\"> Indian Forest Act, 1927<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h2\">Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h3\">National Forest Policy, 1988<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h4\">The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h5\">The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h6\">Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers&#8217; Rights (PPV&amp;FR) Act, 2001<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h7\">Biological Diversity Act, 2002<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h8\">Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h9\">Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act (CAMPA Act), 2016<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h10\">Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2018<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h11\">The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h12\">The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h13\">The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h14\">The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h15\">The Ozone-Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h16\">National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h17\">E-waste Rules, 2022<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h18\">Click here to download the PDF of Environmental Laws in India<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-start=\"1039\" data-end=\"1066\"><a id=\"h1\"><\/a>Indian Forest Act, 1927<\/h2>\n<p><b>Objective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: To protect and conserve forests and regulate forest-related activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Key Features:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Categorizes forests into:<\/span><b> Reserved Forests, Protected Forests, Village Forests<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Defines forest offenses and prescribes penalties.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Specifies prohibited activities in Reserved Forests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aims to ensure environmental preservation through regulation and enforcement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1105\"><a id=\"h2\"><\/a>Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980<\/h2>\n<p><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> To prevent deforestation and degradation of forests, thereby ensuring <\/span><b>environmental preservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Key Provisions:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mandatory prior approval<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the Central Government for:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Diversion of forest land<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for non-forestry purposes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even for <\/span><b>sustainable agro-forestry<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> practices within forest areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Violation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or lack of permit is treated as a <\/span><b>criminal offence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Aims to:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limit <\/span><b>deforestation<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conserve <\/span><b>biodiversity<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Protect <\/span><b>wildlife<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Limitations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although the Act brought <\/span><b>hope for forest conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, it <\/span><b>did not fully achieve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> its intended targets due to challenges in implementation and enforcement.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1141\"><a id=\"h3\"><\/a><strong>National Forest Policy, 1988<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><b>Objective: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>environmental stability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and maintain <\/span><b>ecological balance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by conserving forests as a part of India\u2019s <\/span><b>natural heritage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Key Shifts &amp; Features:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marked a <\/span><b>significant shift<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Commercial exploitation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2192 <\/span><b>Ecological sustainability<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emphasized:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Participatory forest management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (community involvement, especially local and tribal communities)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conservation of <\/span><b>flora and fauna<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arresting <\/span><b>soil erosion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>land degradation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>desertification<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promotion of <\/span><b>afforestation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>social forestry<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enhancing <\/span><b>forest productivity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for sustainable needs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Efficient and <\/span><b>optimum use of forest produce<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1248\"><a id=\"h4\"><\/a>The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was enacted to <\/span><b>correct historical injustices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> done to <\/span><b>Scheduled Tribes (STs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by legally recognizing their rights over forest land and resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Act operates under the <\/span><b>Ministry of Tribal Affairs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Objective:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To <\/span><b>restore forest rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to STs and OTFDs who have lived in and depended on forests for generations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To promote <\/span><b>environmental conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>biodiversity protection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>ecological balance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> through community participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>livelihood<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>food security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of forest-dwelling communities while strengthening forest conservation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Scope and Coverage:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Applicable to <\/span><b>National Parks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Wildlife Sanctuaries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Reserved Forests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>Protected Forests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recognizes rights even in <\/span><b>Critical Wildlife Habitats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (CWH) \u2014 these are areas within parks and sanctuaries specifically earmarked for wildlife conservation and kept free from human intervention under strict conditions.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Critical Tiger Habitats come under the purview of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Types of Forest Rights:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Title Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Legal ownership of forest land (up to <\/span><b>4 hectares<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) that is already being cultivated by the family.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">No new land allotment is permitted under this right.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Use Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Access and use of <\/span><b>Minor Forest Produce (MFP)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (excluding timber), <\/span><b>grazing areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>traditional seasonal resources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Relief and Development Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Includes <\/span><b>rehabilitation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in case of illegal eviction or forced displacement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Entitlement to <\/span><b>basic amenities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, subject to forest conservation safeguards.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Forest Management Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Community rights to <\/span><b>protect, regenerate, conserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or <\/span><b>manage forest resources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for sustainable use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Empowers community-based forest governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Eligibility Criteria for Forest Right:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To claim rights under the FRA, the claimant must:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Belong to a <\/span><b>Scheduled Tribe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the area where rights are being claimed (or be an OTFD).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have <\/span><b>primarily resided in forest areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for at least <\/span><b>three generations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (75 years) <\/span><b>before December 13, 2005<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Be <\/span><b>dependent on forests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or forest land for <\/span><b>livelihood needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 data-start=\"1252\" data-end=\"1291\"><a id=\"h5\"><\/a>The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/h2>\n<p><strong data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"130\">The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (WPA, 1972)<\/strong> is an environmental legislation enacted by the Government of India to protect the country\u2019s wildlife and their habitats.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"253\" data-end=\"542\">It provides a legal framework for the conservation of various species of flora and fauna and regulates activities that could harm them.<br data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"391\" \/><strong data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"407\">Application:<\/strong> It extends to the whole of India.<br data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"444\" \/><strong data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"459\">Objectives:<\/strong> The primary objectives of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 include the following:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"777\">\n<li data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"595\">\n<p data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"595\">To ensure the protection of endangered species,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"636\">\n<p data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"636\">To regulate the hunting of wildlife,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"687\">\n<p data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"687\">To control the trade of wildlife products, and<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"688\" data-end=\"777\">\n<p data-start=\"690\" data-end=\"777\">To establish protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and reserves.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"800\"><strong data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"800\">Key Features of <b>Natural Forest Policy<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<li data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"1003\">\n<p data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"1003\"><strong data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"831\">Definition of Wildlife:<\/strong> As per the Act\u2019s definition, wildlife includes any animal, bees, butterflies, crustaceans, fish and moths; and land or aquatic vegetation that forms part of any habitat.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1004\" data-end=\"1101\">\n<p data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1101\"><strong data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1038\">Establishes protected areas:<\/strong> wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, conservation reserves.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1102\" data-end=\"1175\">\n<p data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1175\"><strong data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1173\">Regulates trade and possession of wildlife and their derivatives.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<p data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1244\"><strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1244\">It has four schedules that give varying degrees of protection:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1248\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<li data-start=\"1248\" data-end=\"1311\">\n<p data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1311\"><strong data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1265\">Schedule I:<\/strong> Highest-level protected species of animals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1384\">\n<p data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1384\"><strong data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1332\">Schedule II:<\/strong> Animal species with a lesser level of protection.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1433\">\n<p data-start=\"1389\" data-end=\"1433\"><strong data-start=\"1389\" data-end=\"1406\">Schedule III:<\/strong> Protected plant species.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<p data-start=\"1438\" data-end=\"1482\"><strong data-start=\"1438\" data-end=\"1454\">Schedule IV:<\/strong> Species listed under CITES.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1623\"><strong data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1492\">Note<\/strong> \u2013 Earlier, WPA, 1972, included six schedules but rationalized to four schedules through Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2021.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"2043\">\n<li data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"1831\">\n<p data-start=\"1627\" data-end=\"1831\"><strong data-start=\"1627\" data-end=\"1637\">CITES:<\/strong> The Amendment Act aims to implement the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora along with expanding the number of species protected by the convention.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"2043\">\n<p data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1865\"><strong data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1865\">Statutory bodies under WPA:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1869\" data-end=\"2043\">\n<li data-start=\"1869\" data-end=\"1935\">\n<p data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1935\">National Board for Wildlife and state wildlife advisory boards<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"1963\">\n<p data-start=\"1940\" data-end=\"1963\">Central Zoo Authority<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1966\" data-end=\"1999\">\n<p data-start=\"1968\" data-end=\"1999\">Wildlife Crime Control Bureau<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2002\" data-end=\"2043\">\n<p data-start=\"2004\" data-end=\"2043\">National Tiger Conservation Authority<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1295\" data-end=\"1367\"><a id=\"h6\"><\/a>Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers&#8217; Rights (PPV&amp;FR) Act, 2001<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This Act aims to <\/span><b>conserve plant varieties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and promote the development of <\/span><b>new ones<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It provides a legal framework to protect the rights of <\/span><b>plant breeders<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>farmers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>researchers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the <\/span><b>only IPR law in the world<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that grants <\/span><b>intellectual property rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to both <\/span><b>plant breeders and farmers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also supports the <\/span><b>growth of the seed industry<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, ensuring farmers get access to <\/span><b>high-quality seeds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Eligibility for<\/b> <strong>Registration<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A plant variety can be registered if it meets the <\/span><b>DUS criteria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distinctiveness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Clearly distinguishable from other varieties<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Uniformity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Consistent traits in all plants<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Stability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Traits remain unchanged over generations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varieties eligible for registration:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>New variety<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Extant variety<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (already in use)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Farmers\u2019 variety<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Essentially derived variety<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Institutional Mechanism<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>1. PPV&amp;FR Authority (PPVFRA)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the Ministry of Agriculture, it is responsible for implementing the Act. Its functions include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Registering plant varieties<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developing <\/span><b>DUS test guidelines<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Supporting development &amp; commercialisation via linkages with <\/span><b>research bodies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>KVKs<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Recognizing and rewarding farmers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and rural communities for conserving traditional varieties<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Maintaining the National Gene Bank<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conserving <\/span><b>plant genetic resources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and their wild relatives<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>2. Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal (PVPAT)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Handles appeals related to plant variety registration decisions<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Appeals can be further challenged in the <\/span><b>High Court<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Must dispose of appeals within <\/span><b>one year<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1371\" data-end=\"1405\"><a id=\"h7\"><\/a>Biological Diversity Act, 2002<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was enacted to fulfill India\u2019s international obligations under the <\/span><b>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It aims to<\/span><b> conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable use, and ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> arising from the use of biological resources and traditional knowledge.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Salient Features of the Biological Diversity Act<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><b> Definitions of Key Terms:<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Biodiversity <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">refers to the variety among all living organisms from different sources, encompassing diversity within species, between species, and across ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Biological resources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> include plants, animals, microorganisms, their genetic material, and by-products (excluding human genetic material and value-added products) that have actual or potential value or use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><b> Institutional Framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> established in 2003 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is a statutory autonomous body tasked with implementing the Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> have been set up in 28 states. Additionally, 31,574 <\/span><b>Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> have been formed at the local body level across India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Both the NBA and SBBs are mandated to consult the BMCs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> before making decisions related to the use of biological resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ABS mechanism ensures that local communities are fairly compensated for the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge they have conserved.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b> Penal Provisions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Violations under the Act are cognisable and non-bailable. Offenders may face <\/span><b>imprisonment for up to five years or a fine up to \u20b910 lakh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Key Changes Introduced:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exemptions from ABS<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <\/span><b>AYUSH practitioners and traditional knowledge holders<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are now exempted from paying Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) fees.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Decriminalisation of Offences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The amendment removes criminal penalties and replaces them with monetary fines for violations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Encourage foreign investment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in biological resources, research, patenting, and commercial use\u2014without compromising national interests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1463\"><a id=\"h8\"><\/a>Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017<\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules were framed under the <\/span><b>Environment Protection Act, 1986<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to protect and sustainably manage India\u2019s diverse wetlands. These rules\u00a0 mark the Government of India\u2019s commitment to fulfilling its obligations under the<\/span><b> Ramsar Convention<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to which India has been a party since 1982.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2017 wetland rules replaced the<\/span><b> Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to address their limitations and improve wetland governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Key Provisions of Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wetlands are defined as areas transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems, where the water table is at or near the surface, or the land is covered by shallow water.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Institutional Mechanism<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>State Wetlands Authority (SWA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to be constituted in each <\/span><b>State and Union Territory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, chaired by the <\/span><b>State Environment Minister<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SWA must include experts in: <\/span><b>Wetland ecology, Hydrology, Fisheries, Landscape planning, Socioeconomics<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The authority is mandated to:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prepare a <\/span><b>comprehensive list of activities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that are <\/span><b>permitted<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>regulated<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or <\/span><b>prohibited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> within notified wetlands and their <\/span><b>zone of influence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recommend <\/span><b>additional prohibited activities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for specific wetlands as needed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>National oversight<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The earlier <\/span><b>Central Wetlands Regulatory Authority (CWRA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is replaced by a <\/span><b>National Wetland Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This national body advises the <\/span><b>Central Government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conservation and wise use of wetlands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designation of <\/span><b>Ramsar Sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (wetlands of international importance).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Collaboration with <\/span><b>international agencies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on wetland-related matters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enhancing <\/span><b>awareness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> among stakeholders and local communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Digital Inventory- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A <\/span><b>digital inventory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of all wetlands is to be prepared <\/span><b>within one year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and updated <\/span><b>every 10 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Prohibited Activities- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Rules prohibit the following in wetlands:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Conversion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of wetlands for non-wetland use<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Encroachment<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Establishment or expansion of <\/span><b>industries<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Handling, storage or disposal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of <\/span><b>hazardous substances<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Dumping of construction &amp; demolition waste<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Solid waste disposal<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Discharge of <\/span><b>untreated wastewater<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from industries, cities, towns, and villages<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>\u00a0Division of Powers<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>State Governments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Empowered to manage, conserve, and regulate wetlands at the local level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Central Government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Retains <\/span><b>monitoring and advisory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> functions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1467\" data-end=\"1524\"><a id=\"h9\"><\/a>Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act (CAMPA Act), 2016<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>CAF Act, 2016<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, also known as the <\/span><b>CAMPA Act<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, was enacted to regulate and manage the <\/span><b>funds collected for compensatory afforestation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in India. It institutionalizes the process that was earlier handled by an ad hoc authority.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Compensatory Afforestation<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When forest land is diverted for non-forest purposes like <\/span><b>mining<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>infrastructure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or <\/span><b>industry<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the project developer (user agency) must:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plant trees on <\/span><b>an equivalent area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of <\/span><b>non-forest land<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, or<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If that is not available, afforest <\/span><b>twice the area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of <\/span><b>degraded forest land<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Objective:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To give a <\/span><b>legal framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for managing compensatory afforestation funds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>transparent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>efficient<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>scientific use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of these funds for ecological restoration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Key Provisions:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Set up at both <\/span><b>Central<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>State<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> levels to monitor and implement fund use.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Creation of Funds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>National CAF<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the <\/span><b>Public Account of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>State CAFs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the <\/span><b>Public Account of respective states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Fund Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>90%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the funds go to <\/span><b>State Governments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>10%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is retained by the <\/span><b>Central Government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Permitted Uses of CAF Funds:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Afforestation and forest regeneration<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Catchment area treatment<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Assisted natural regeneration<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forest and wildlife management<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Relocation of villages from protected areas<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Managing human-wildlife conflict<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Training, awareness generation, and wood-saving devices<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infrastructure and allied forest conservation activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1581\"><a id=\"h10\"><\/a>Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2018<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"197\"><strong data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"132\">The CRZ Notification 2018<\/strong> is based on the recommendations of <strong data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"196\">Shailesh Nayak Committee<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"219\"><strong data-start=\"203\" data-end=\"219\">Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"221\" data-end=\"336\">The <strong data-start=\"225\" data-end=\"271\">Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification<\/strong> has categorised the coastal areas into the following four zones:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"338\" data-end=\"398\"><strong data-start=\"338\" data-end=\"351\">a) CRZ-I:<\/strong> CRZ-I includes the following types of areas:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"1036\">\n<li data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"625\">\n<p data-start=\"401\" data-end=\"625\">Areas that are ecologically important and sensitive, such as national parks\/marine parks, wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats, mangroves, corals\/coral reefs, and areas close to breeding of marine life.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"692\">\n<p data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"692\">Areas of outstanding natural beauty\/historical\/heritage areas.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"729\">\n<p data-start=\"695\" data-end=\"729\">Areas rich in genetic diversity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"819\">\n<p data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"819\">Areas likely to be inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"965\">\n<p data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"965\">Such other areas may be declared by the Central Government or the concerned authorities at the State\/Union Territory level from time to time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"966\" data-end=\"1036\">\n<p data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1036\">Area between the Low Tide Line (LTL) and the High Tide Line (HTL).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1100\"><strong data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1052\">b) CRZ-II:<\/strong> CRZ-II includes the following types of areas:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1470\">\n<li data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1274\">\n<p data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1274\">The areas that have already been developed up to or close to the shoreline. For this purpose, the developed area is referred to as that area within the municipal limits.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1275\" data-end=\"1470\">\n<p data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1470\">Other legally designated urban areas that are already significantly developed and equipped with drainage, access roads, and essential infrastructure such as water supply and sewerage systems.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1536\"><strong data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1487\">c) CRZ-III:<\/strong> CRZ-III includes the following types of areas:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1830\">\n<li data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1716\">\n<p data-start=\"1539\" data-end=\"1716\">Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those that do not belong to either Category I or II. These will include coastal zones in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1830\">\n<p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1830\">Areas within Municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas that are not substantially built up.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"1992\"><strong data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"1846\">d) CRZ-IV:<\/strong> CRZ-IV includes \u2013 Coastal stretches in the Andaman &amp; Nicobar, Lakshadweep and small islands, except those designated as CRZ-I, CRZ-II or CRZ-III.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2056\"><strong data-start=\"2003\" data-end=\"2054\">Allowing FSI as per current norms in CRZ areas:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2057\" data-end=\"2242\">As per CRZ, 2011 Notification, for CRZ-II (Urban) areas, Floor Space Index (FSI) or the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) had been frozen as per 1991 Development Control Regulation (DCR) levels.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2244\" data-end=\"2485\">\n<li data-start=\"2244\" data-end=\"2485\">\n<p data-start=\"2246\" data-end=\"2485\">In the CRZ, 2018 Notification, it has been decided to de-freeze the same and permit FSI for construction projects, as prevailing on the date of the new Notification. This will enable redevelopment of these areas to meet the emerging needs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2492\" data-end=\"2583\"><strong data-start=\"2496\" data-end=\"2581\">Densely populated rural areas to be afforded greater opportunity for development:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2584\" data-end=\"2669\">For CRZ-III (Rural) areas, two separate categories have now been stipulated as below:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2671\" data-end=\"3040\"><strong data-start=\"2671\" data-end=\"2688\">(a) CRZ-III A<\/strong> \u2013 These are densely populated rural areas with a population density of <strong data-start=\"2760\" data-end=\"2789\">2161 per square kilometre<\/strong> as per 2011 Census. Such areas shall have a <strong data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"2876\">No Development Zone (NDZ) of 50 meters<\/strong> from the HTL as against 200 meters from the High Tide Line stipulated in the CRZ Notification, 2011 since such areas have similar characteristics as urban areas.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3042\" data-end=\"3229\"><strong data-start=\"3042\" data-end=\"3059\">(b) CRZ-III B<\/strong> \u2013 Rural areas with population density of <strong data-start=\"3101\" data-end=\"3136\">below 2161 per square kilometre<\/strong> as per 2011 Census. Such areas shall continue to have an <strong data-start=\"3194\" data-end=\"3215\">NDZ of 200 meters<\/strong> from the HTL.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3236\" data-end=\"3302\"><strong data-start=\"3240\" data-end=\"3302\">Tourism infrastructure for basic amenities to be promoted:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3304\" data-end=\"3444\">Temporary tourism facilities such as shacks, toilet blocks, change rooms, drinking water facilities etc. have now been permitted in Beaches.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3700\">\n<li data-start=\"3446\" data-end=\"3593\">\n<p data-start=\"3448\" data-end=\"3593\">Such temporary tourism facilities are also now permissible in the <strong data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3545\">&#8220;No Development Zone&#8221; (NDZ)<\/strong> of the CRZ-III areas as per the Notification.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3700\">\n<p data-start=\"3596\" data-end=\"3700\">However, a <strong data-start=\"3607\" data-end=\"3635\">minimum distance of 10 m<\/strong> from HTL should be maintained for setting up of such facilities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3707\" data-end=\"3742\"><strong data-start=\"3711\" data-end=\"3742\">CRZ Clearances streamlined:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3744\" data-end=\"3798\">The procedure for CRZ clearances has been streamlined.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3800\" data-end=\"4170\">\n<li data-start=\"3800\" data-end=\"4039\">\n<p data-start=\"3802\" data-end=\"4039\">Only such projects\/activities, which are located in the <strong data-start=\"3858\" data-end=\"3898\">CRZ-I (Ecologically Sensitive Areas)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3903\" data-end=\"3980\">CRZ IV (area covered between Low Tide Line and 12 Nautical Miles seaward)<\/strong> shall be dealt with for CRZ clearance by the <strong data-start=\"4026\" data-end=\"4036\">MoEFCC<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4040\" data-end=\"4170\">\n<p data-start=\"4042\" data-end=\"4170\">The powers for clearances with respect to <strong data-start=\"4084\" data-end=\"4102\">CRZ-II and III<\/strong> have been delegated at the <strong data-start=\"4130\" data-end=\"4169\">State level with necessary guidance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4177\" data-end=\"4501\">\n<p data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4501\">A <strong data-start=\"4181\" data-end=\"4223\">No Development Zone (NDZ) of 20 meters<\/strong> has been stipulated for <strong data-start=\"4248\" data-end=\"4263\">all Islands<\/strong>: For islands close to the mainland coast and for all Backwater Islands in the mainland, in wake of space limitations and unique geography of such regions, bringing uniformity in treatment of such regions, NDZ of 20 m has been stipulated.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4503\" data-end=\"4705\">\n<p data-start=\"4505\" data-end=\"4705\"><strong data-start=\"4505\" data-end=\"4541\">All Ecologically Sensitive Areas<\/strong> have been accorded special importance: Specific guidelines related to their conservation and management plans have been drawn up as a part of the CRZ Notification.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4707\" data-end=\"4928\">\n<p data-start=\"4709\" data-end=\"4928\"><strong data-start=\"4709\" data-end=\"4732\">Pollution abatement<\/strong> has been accorded special focus: In order to address pollution in Coastal areas <strong data-start=\"4813\" data-end=\"4837\">treatment facilities<\/strong> have been made permissible activities in <strong data-start=\"4879\" data-end=\"4890\">CRZ-I B<\/strong> area subject to necessary safeguards.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4930\" data-end=\"5013\">\n<p data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"5013\"><strong data-start=\"4932\" data-end=\"4966\">Defence and strategic projects<\/strong> have been accorded necessary <strong data-start=\"4996\" data-end=\"5012\">dispensation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1647\"><a id=\"h11\"><\/a>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"349\">This Act was enacted in <strong data-start=\"192\" data-end=\"200\">1974<\/strong> to provide for the <strong data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"265\">prevention and control of water pollution<\/strong>, and for the <strong data-start=\"279\" data-end=\"333\">maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water<\/strong> in the country.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"538\">\n<li data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"488\">\n<p data-start=\"353\" data-end=\"488\"><strong data-start=\"353\" data-end=\"375\">Regulatory bodies:<\/strong> It establishes the <strong data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"438\">Central Pollution Control Boards (CPCB)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"485\">State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"489\" data-end=\"538\">\n<p data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"538\">The Act was <strong data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"537\">amended in 1988, 2003 and 2024<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"565\"><strong data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"565\">Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"1822\">\n<li data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"769\">\n<p data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"769\"><strong data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"585\">Application:<\/strong> It applies initially to <strong data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"664\">Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and union territories<\/strong>, with provisions for other states to adopt it through state resolutions. (<em data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"768\">As Water is a state subject<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"918\">\n<p data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"918\"><strong data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"794\">Chairman of SPCB:<\/strong> The <strong data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"821\">central government<\/strong> will prescribe the manner of nomination and the terms and conditions of service of the chairman.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"1264\">\n<p data-start=\"922\" data-end=\"1110\"><strong data-start=\"922\" data-end=\"936\">Penalties:<\/strong> It <strong data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"958\">decriminalizes<\/strong> various violations, removing imprisonment for several offences and replacing it with <strong data-start=\"1044\" data-end=\"1066\">monetary penalties<\/strong> ranging from <strong data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1107\">Rs 10,000 to Rs 15 lakh<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1264\">\n<li data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1264\">\n<p data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1264\">However, <strong data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1152\">failure to pay penalties<\/strong> can still result in <strong data-start=\"1173\" data-end=\"1210\">imprisonment of up to three years<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"1214\" data-end=\"1263\">fines up to twice the original penalty amount<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1474\">\n<p data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1474\"><strong data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1288\">Power to exempt:<\/strong> It specifies that the <strong data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1333\">central government<\/strong>, in consultation with the <strong data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1368\">CPCB<\/strong>, may exempt certain categories of industrial plants from obtaining consent on new outlets and discharges.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1476\" data-end=\"1635\">\n<p data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1635\"><strong data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1498\">Consent by SPCB:<\/strong> It adds that the <strong data-start=\"1516\" data-end=\"1559\">central government may issue guidelines<\/strong> for the grant, refusal, or cancellation of <strong data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1634\">consent granted by the SPCB<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1822\">\n<p data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1822\"><strong data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1658\">Dedicated Fund:<\/strong> Penalties imposed by the adjudicating officer will be <strong data-start=\"1713\" data-end=\"1760\">credited to the Environment Protection Fund<\/strong> established under the <strong data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"1821\">Environment (Protection) Act, 1986<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1718\"><a id=\"h12\"><\/a>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>The <strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"172\">Water Cess Act<\/strong> was enacted in <strong data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"196\">1977<\/strong>, to provide for the <strong data-start=\"217\" data-end=\"250\">levy and collection of a cess<\/strong> on water consumed by persons operating and carrying on certain types of <strong data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"348\">industrial activities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"376\"><strong data-start=\"360\" data-end=\"376\">Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"953\">\n<li data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"563\">\n<p data-start=\"380\" data-end=\"563\"><strong data-start=\"380\" data-end=\"406\">Resource Augmentation:<\/strong> This cess is collected with a view to <strong data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"512\">augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards<\/strong> for the prevention and control of water pollution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"751\">\n<p data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"751\">The Act creates <strong data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"628\">economic incentives for pollution control<\/strong> and requires <strong data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"697\">local authorities and certain designated industries<\/strong> to pay a <strong data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"721\">cess (tax)<\/strong> for water effluent discharge.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"953\">\n<p data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"953\"><strong data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"780\">Rebates to polluters:<\/strong> To encourage <strong data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"837\">capital investment in pollution control<\/strong>, the Act gives a polluter a <strong data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"880\">70% rebate<\/strong> of the applicable cess upon <strong data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"952\">installing effluent treatment equipment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1723\" data-end=\"1782\"><a id=\"h13\"><\/a>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"298\">The <strong data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"173\">Air Act<\/strong> was passed under <strong data-start=\"191\" data-end=\"235\">Article 253 of the Constitution of India<\/strong> and in <strong data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"297\">pursuance of decisions of the Stockholm Conference<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"300\" data-end=\"661\">\n<li data-start=\"300\" data-end=\"522\">\n<p data-start=\"302\" data-end=\"376\">The Air Act\u2019s framework is <strong data-start=\"329\" data-end=\"373\">similar to that of the Water Act of 1974<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"522\">\n<li data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"522\">\n<p data-start=\"381\" data-end=\"522\">The Air Act expanded the authority of the <strong data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"451\">central and state boards<\/strong> established under the Water Act, to include <strong data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"521\">air pollution control<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"661\">\n<p data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"661\"><strong data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"540\">Objective:<\/strong> To provide means for the <strong data-start=\"566\" data-end=\"620\">prevention, control and abatement of air pollution<\/strong> in order to preserve the quality of air.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"688\"><strong data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"688\">Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"690\" data-end=\"2062\">\n<li data-start=\"690\" data-end=\"843\">\n<p data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"843\"><strong data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"709\">Define terms:<\/strong> Terms such as <strong data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"741\">air pollution<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"761\">air pollutants<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"785\">vehicular exhausts<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"811\">industrial plants<\/strong> etc. are defined under the Act.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"1113\">\n<p data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"1113\"><strong data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"882\">Demarcate high pollution areas:<\/strong> The Act provides the <strong data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"953\">declaration of certain heavily polluted areas<\/strong> as <strong data-start=\"957\" data-end=\"987\">Air Pollution Control Area<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1034\">no industrial plant shall be operated<\/strong> in these areas without <strong data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1112\">prior consent of the State Pollution Control Board<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1383\">\n<p data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1270\"><strong data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1146\">Role of Pollution Boards:<\/strong> The <strong data-start=\"1151\" data-end=\"1185\">Central and State Water Boards<\/strong> have been entrusted with the task of <strong data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1267\">controlling and preventing air pollution<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1383\">\n<li data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1383\">\n<p data-start=\"1275\" data-end=\"1383\">The <strong data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1295\">State Boards<\/strong> have to <strong data-start=\"1304\" data-end=\"1338\">lay down and enforce standards<\/strong> for prevention and control of air pollution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1768\">\n<p data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1648\"><strong data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1418\">Vehicular emission control:<\/strong> The <strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1443\">State Government<\/strong> and the respective <strong data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1475\">Board(s)<\/strong> may give instructions to the concerned <strong data-start=\"1515\" data-end=\"1556\">Authority in-charge for Registrations<\/strong> under the <strong data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1595\">Motor Vehicles Act, 1939<\/strong>, to ensure <strong data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1645\">emission standards for automobiles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1768\">\n<li data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1768\">\n<p data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1768\"><strong data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1674\">Failure to comply<\/strong> with the conditions prescribed for this purpose is <strong data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1767\">punishable with fine and imprisonment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1770\" data-end=\"1953\">\n<p data-start=\"1772\" data-end=\"1953\"><strong data-start=\"1772\" data-end=\"1796\">Penalty on polluter:<\/strong> The <strong data-start=\"1801\" data-end=\"1817\">State Boards<\/strong> have powers to <strong data-start=\"1833\" data-end=\"1869\">sue a polluter in a court of law<\/strong> and the <strong data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"1912\">expenses incurred by the Board<\/strong> will be <strong data-start=\"1921\" data-end=\"1952\">recovered from the polluter<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1955\" data-end=\"2062\">\n<p data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"2062\"><strong data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"1980\">Noise as pollution:<\/strong> The Act also <strong data-start=\"1994\" data-end=\"2049\">includes noise under the category of air pollutants<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2061\">1987<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1787\" data-end=\"1829\"><a id=\"h14\"><\/a>The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"134\" data-end=\"361\">The <strong data-start=\"138\" data-end=\"182\">Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"226\">comprehensive umbrella legislation<\/strong> enacted in response to the <strong data-start=\"254\" data-end=\"283\">Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)<\/strong> and to fulfill India\u2019s commitments made at the <strong data-start=\"331\" data-end=\"360\">1972 Stockholm Conference<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"363\" data-end=\"480\">It provides a framework for the <strong data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"444\">protection and improvement of the environment<\/strong>, covering <strong data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"479\">air, water, and land<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"487\" data-end=\"507\"><strong data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"507\">Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"2285\">\n<li data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"1014\">\n<p data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"654\">The Act empowers the <strong data-start=\"532\" data-end=\"554\">Central Government<\/strong> with all the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of:<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"658\" data-end=\"1014\">o Protecting and improving the quality of the environment<br data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"718\" \/>o Preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution<br data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"784\" \/>o Regulating industrial locations<br data-start=\"819\" data-end=\"822\" \/>o Prescribing procedures for managing hazardous substances<br data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"885\" \/>o Establishing safeguards to prevent accidents<br data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"936\" \/>o Collecting and dismantling information regarding environmental pollution<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1216\">\n<p data-start=\"1018\" data-end=\"1216\">The <strong data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1059\">responsibility for implementation<\/strong> of provisions of the Act has been entrusted to the same <strong data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1139\">regulatory agencies<\/strong> created under the <strong data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1215\">Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1449\">\n<p data-start=\"1220\" data-end=\"1449\">The <strong data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1246\">Central Government<\/strong> is also empowered including the <strong data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1297\">power of entry<\/strong> for examination, testing of equipment and other purposes and power to <strong data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1390\">analyze the sample<\/strong> of air, water, soil or any other substance from any place.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1451\" data-end=\"1599\">\n<p data-start=\"1453\" data-end=\"1599\">There is also a specific <strong data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1526\">prohibition on handling hazardous substances<\/strong> except those in compliance with <strong data-start=\"1559\" data-end=\"1598\">regulatory standards and procedures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1601\" data-end=\"1823\">\n<p data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1823\">The Act also provides for <strong data-start=\"1629\" data-end=\"1642\">penalties<\/strong> for violating the provisions of the Act. Any person who fails to comply with the Act shall be <strong data-start=\"1737\" data-end=\"1822\">punished with a prison term of up to five years or fine up to Rs. 1 lakh, or both<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1825\" data-end=\"2124\">\n<p data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"1969\">The Act also has <strong data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"1889\">innovative provisions for its enforcement<\/strong>, which was not present in any other pollution control legislation at that time.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1973\" data-end=\"2124\">o It provides that in addition to authorised Government officials, <strong data-start=\"2040\" data-end=\"2088\">any person may file a complaint with a court<\/strong>, alleging an offence under the Act.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2126\" data-end=\"2285\">\n<p data-start=\"2128\" data-end=\"2285\">The Act provides the framework for regulating <strong data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2215\">genetically modified organisms (GMOs)<\/strong>, including the use of <strong data-start=\"2238\" data-end=\"2284\">genetically engineered organisms and cells<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1905\"><a id=\"h15\"><\/a>The Ozone-Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"323\">Also called <strong data-start=\"148\" data-end=\"189\">Ozone Depleting Substances Rules 2000<\/strong>, are a set of rules in India that aim to combat the threat of <strong data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"277\">Ozone layer depletion<\/strong> due to <strong data-start=\"285\" data-end=\"322\">Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"573\">\n<li data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"468\">\n<p data-start=\"327\" data-end=\"468\">These Rules were established under the <strong data-start=\"366\" data-end=\"404\">Environment (Protection) Act, 1986<\/strong>, to meet India\u2019s obligations under the <strong data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"465\">Montreal Protocol<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"573\">\n<p data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"573\">The Rules were revised in <strong data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"532\">2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2019<\/strong> to make the <strong data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"572\">phase-out of ODS easier<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"600\"><strong data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"600\">Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"1545\">\n<li data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"1545\">\n<p data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"753\"><strong data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"619\">Regulations<\/strong>: These rules regulate the <strong data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"687\">production, trade, import, and export<\/strong> of ODSs as well as the <strong data-start=\"711\" data-end=\"752\">production of products containing ODS<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"852\">o The Rules provide that <strong data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"851\">no person should engage in the production and consumption of ODSs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"1018\">The rules also <strong data-start=\"871\" data-end=\"934\">prohibit all persons from engaging in the export and import<\/strong> of these ODSs to and from the countries that are not specified in the notification.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1201\">o <strong data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1065\">Export and import of these substances<\/strong>, even from those countries which are mentioned in the notification, <strong data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1171\">require prior approval of license<\/strong> from the concerned authority.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1205\" data-end=\"1320\">o The Rules also <strong data-start=\"1222\" data-end=\"1256\">regulate the sale and purchase<\/strong>, as well as the <strong data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1319\">use of these substances within the country<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1324\" data-end=\"1545\">o The rules mandate that the <strong data-start=\"1353\" data-end=\"1415\">production and usage of ODSs must not exceed set standards<\/strong>, and it is <strong data-start=\"1427\" data-end=\"1494\">not allowed to sell, trade, circulate or store those substances<\/strong> as per the annexed list without a special license.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1579\"><strong data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1579\">Phasing out of ODSs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1583\" data-end=\"1651\">o They also set the <strong data-start=\"1603\" data-end=\"1634\">deadlines for the phase-out<\/strong> of various ODSs.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"1844\">o These regulations <strong data-start=\"1675\" data-end=\"1701\">forbid the use of CFCs<\/strong> in the production of various goods <strong data-start=\"1737\" data-end=\"1762\">after January 1, 2003<\/strong> (with the exception of <strong data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1842\">metered dose inhalers and other medical applications<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"1961\">Since <strong data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1908\">HCFCs are used as a temporary replacement for CFCs<\/strong>, their use is permitted until <strong data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"1960\">1st January, 2040<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1968\" data-end=\"2049\"><strong data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"2049\">Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules, 2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2051\" data-end=\"2323\">\n<li data-start=\"2051\" data-end=\"2323\">\n<p data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2146\">The <strong data-start=\"2057\" data-end=\"2145\">issuance of import licenses for HCFC-141b is prohibited beginning on January 1, 2020<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2150\" data-end=\"2323\">o This action is <strong data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2212\">one of the first of its kind at this size<\/strong> in parties to the Montreal Protocol who are covered by <strong data-start=\"2268\" data-end=\"2322\">Article 5 (special status of developing countries)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"1953\"><a id=\"h16\"><\/a>National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>National Green Tribunal Act, 2010<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was enacted to provide a <\/span><b>specialized forum for quick and effective disposal of environmental cases<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It is in line with India\u2019s commitment under the <\/span><b>Rio Summit of 1992<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the <\/span><b>Right to a Healthy Environment under Article 21<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the Constitution.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>National Green Tribunal (NGT)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was established on October 18, 2010, under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, to expedite environmental justice in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Objective:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>speedy justice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (within <\/span><b>6 months<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of filing an appeal) in environmental matters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To <\/span><b>reduce the burden<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of environmental litigation on higher courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To <\/span><b>enforce legal rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, provide <\/span><b>relief and compensation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to victims of environmental damage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Jurisdiction:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NGT has <\/span><b>original jurisdiction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> over <\/span><b>civil cases<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> involving <\/span><b>substantial environmental questions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is empowered to handle disputes under <\/span><b>seven key environmental laws<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Cess Act, 1977<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environment (Protection) Act, 1986<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biological Diversity Act, 2002<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Acts outside NGT\u2019s Jurisdiction:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (FRA)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Legal status and powers:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NGT is guided by <\/span><b>principles of natural justice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its orders are <\/span><b>binding<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>enforceable as civil court decrees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Appeals against NGT\u2019s decisions can be made to the <\/span><b>Supreme Court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> within <\/span><b>90 days<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>High Courts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> can also be approached under specific circumstances.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Constitutional backing:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Draws inspiration from <\/span><b>Article 48A<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (Directive Principles of State Policy), promoting environmental protection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Upholds <\/span><b>Article 21<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, ensuring the citizen\u2019s right to a healthy environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"1981\"><a id=\"h17\"><\/a>E-waste Rules, 2022<\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Parameter<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>2016 rules<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>2022 rules<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Scope<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dealer, consumer, bulk consumer and collection centres were covered.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been restricted to manufacturers, producers, refurbishers, dismantlers and recyclers of e-waste (\u2018MPRDR\u2019)\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Definition of the term \u2018e-waste\u2019\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Restricted definition<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The definition of term \u2018e-waste\u2019 has been widened to include solar photo\u2013voltaic modules or panels or cells.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Schedule 1\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only 21 EEE have been under the EPR regime.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">106 EEE have been included.\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>EPR mechanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It focused more on the producer\u2019s responsibility to collect back the e-waste and provided collection targets.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It provides annual e-waste recycling targets to the producers.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Registration requirement<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It mandates \u2018MPRR\u2019 to obtain authorization from the concerned State Pollution Control Board,\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">MPRR of e-waste has to obtain registration on the portal (\u2018Portal\u2019) to be developed by Central Pollution Control Board (\u2018CPCB\u2019).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>New additions to the 2022 e-waste rules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>EPR recycling certificate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Producers can purchase online EPR recycling certificates from registered recyclers to fulfilling their recycling target. Such a recycling certificate issued by CPCB will be valid for two years.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Refurbishing certificate and deferred liability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The concept of deferred liability has also been incorporated. Producers can purchase refurbishing certificates from refurbishers to defer their EPR vis-\u00e0-vis the corresponding quantity of e-waste in a particular year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Incorporation of penal provisions and widened scope<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The rules expressly introduced provisions related to environmental compensation and prosecution under section 15 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (\u2018EPA\u2019).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Further, environmental compensation can also be imposed on an entity which aids or abets the violation of the 2022 Rules.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h18\"><\/a><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to<\/a> download the PDF of Environmental Laws in India.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><em>To Read more about Prelims 20+ initiative<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/prelims20-a-free-initative-for-cse-prelims-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In today&#8217;s Prelims 20+, we will focus on Environmental Laws in India, an important segment for the UPSC Civil Services Examination. Environmental protection and sustainable management of resources are at the forefront of India&#8217;s policy-making, and understanding these laws is crucial for the examination. Table of Content Indian Forest Act, 1927 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/day-1-prelims-20-environmental-laws-in-india\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Day 1 Prelims 20+: Environmental Laws in India<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10367,"featured_media":336071,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-335955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-prelims-20","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Environmental-Laws-in-India.png?fit=1280%2C853&ssl=1","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10367"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=335955"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/335955\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/336071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=335955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=335955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}