{"id":336337,"date":"2025-05-13T09:00:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-13T03:30:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=336337"},"modified":"2025-05-14T10:05:21","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T04:35:21","slug":"day-5-prelims-20-space-tech-defence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/day-5-prelims-20-space-tech-defence\/","title":{"rendered":"Day 5 Prelims 20+: Space Tech + Defence"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In today\u2019s <em>Prelims 20+<\/em>, we focus on Space Technology and Defence\u2014critical pillars of India\u2019s strategic and technological landscape. From cutting-edge satellite missions and indigenous launch capabilities to breakthroughs in missile systems and defence manufacturing, this area reflects India\u2019s growing self-reliance and geopolitical aspirations. It holds immense relevance for the UPSC Civil Services Examination, particularly in understanding national security, innovation, and international collaborations.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;border-style: solid;height: 70px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center;height: 30px\"><strong>Table of Content<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;height: 30px\"><strong>Space Tech<br \/>\n<\/strong><a href=\"#h1\">Rocket Engines<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h2\">Rocket Fuels<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h3\">Cryogenic Engines<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h4\">Satellite<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h5\">Satellite Orbits<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h6\">Types of satellite orbits<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h7\">Satellite Launch vehicle<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h8\">Satellite launch vehicle (SLV) and augmented satellite launch vehicle (ASLV)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h9\">PSLV (polar satellite launch vehicle): third generation<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h10\">Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV): fourth generation<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h11\">Ariane -5<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h12\">Types of Satellite<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h13\">Navigation<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h14\">ISRO\u2019s Third Launch Pad<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h15\">Scramjet Engine<\/a><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Mission in news<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff\" href=\"#h16\">Chandrayaan 3<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff\" href=\"#h17\">NISAR (NASA-ISRO-SAR)<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #3366ff\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff\" href=\"#h18\">Artemis Accords<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #000000\"><a href=\"#h19\">Mission SCOT<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h20\">PUNCH Mission<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h21\">GAIA Mission<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h22\">Moonlight Programme<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h23\">Analog Space Mission<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h24\">RISE Mission<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h25\">ADITYA-L1 MISSION<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h26\">Dragonfly Mission<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h27\">ISRO\u2019S RLV LEX-02 Mission<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h28\">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) Mission<\/a><\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: left;height: 10px\"><strong>Defence<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Weapons\/Systems in News (India)<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h29\">Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch Systems (MRLS)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h30\">Nag Mark-2<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h31\">Vertically Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h32\">Bhargavastra<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h33\">SANJAY System<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h34\">Advanced Ballistic for High Energy Defeat (ABHED) Jackets<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h35\">India\u2019s Fourth Nuclear Submarine<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h36\">INS ARIGHAAT<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h37\">RHUMI-1<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h38\">Zorawar Tank<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h39\">Rudram-1 Missile<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h40\">Astra Mark 1 Missile<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h41\">GAURAV<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h42\">Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM) Flight Tested<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h43\">Agni Prime Successfully Flight-Tested<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h44\">Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h45\">Project 28<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h46\">Nagastra-1<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h47\">RudraM-II Missile<\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Weapon Development in News \u2013 World<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h48\">Dragon Drone<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h49\">THAAD Missile Defence System<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h50\">Crystal Maze 2 (also known as ROCKS)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h51\">C-Dome Defense System<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h52\">Hermes-900<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h53\">Igla-S Air Defense System<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h54\">MQ-9B Drones<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h55\">Exercises in News<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: left\"><a href=\"#h56\">Click here to download pdf of Space tech + Defence<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Space Tech<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h1\"><\/a>Rocket Engines<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rocket engines operate on the principle of Newton&#8217;s third law of motion: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In a rocket engine, a propellant (fuel and oxidizer) is ignited in a combustion chamber.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This combustion produces high-pressure gases that are expelled through a nozzle at high velocity. The force of these gases rushing out of the nozzle creates thrust, propelling the rocket forward.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h2\"><\/a>Rocket Fuels<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><strong>Aspect<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><b>Solid Rocket Fuel<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><b>Liquid Rocket Fuel<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Composition<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fuel and oxidizer mixed and bound in solid form<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Separate liquid fuel and oxidizer<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Storage<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stored as a single solid block<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stored in separate insulated tanks<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Ignition<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simple and immediate upon ignition<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Requires complex ignition systems<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Throttling<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Non-throttleable, burns until exhausted<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Throttleable, can control thrust output<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Complexity<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simple design, easier to manufacture and handle<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Complex design, involves pumps and plumbing<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Efficiency<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Generally less efficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Higher efficiency, better specific impulse<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Usage<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Used for boosters and short-duration missions<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Used for main engines and long-duration missions<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Examples of Use<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, Fireworks<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saturn V, SpaceX Falcon 9, Ariane 5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Advantages<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simple, reliable, lower cost<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Controllable, higher performance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Disadvantages<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cannot be shut down once ignited, less efficient<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Complex, expensive, handling\/storage challenges<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0302%\"><b>Examples of fuels<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.0665%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant (APCP), Black powder, Zinc-sulfur<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.6941%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) with Liquid Oxygen (LOX), RP-1 (refined kerosene) with LOX, Hypergolics like Hydrazine (N2H4) with Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><a id=\"h3\"><\/a>Cryogenic Engines<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Uses propellants that are gases at room temperature but are cooled to cryogenic temperatures to become liquids. Common propellants include liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen mix and burn, creating a high-temperature, high-pressure exhaust gas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The exhaust gases are expelled through a nozzle, converting thermal energy into kinetic energy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Comparison with Conventional Engines<\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Feature<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Conventional Engines (Solid\/Liquid Non-Cryogenic)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Cryogenic Engines<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Specific Impulse<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lower<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Higher<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thrust<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moderate<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Higher<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Combustion Byproducts<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CO2, H2O (if hydrocarbon fuels)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mostly H2O (cleaner)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fuel State<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Solid or liquid at room temperature<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Liquid at cryogenic temperatures<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Efficiency<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lower<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Higher<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Complexity<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simple to moderate<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">High (due to cryogenic handling)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Use Cases<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boosters, short-duration missions<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Upper stages, deep-space missions, heavy lift<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><a id=\"h4\"><\/a>Satellite<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A satellite orbits a planet or a star.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Two types<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; natural (moon) and human-made\/artificial (machine);<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Artificial satellite<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: machine launched into space which moves around the around earth or other object.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Application<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: weather forecasting, study of planets and galaxies, in communication and information technology, GPS.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h5\"><\/a>Satellite Orbits<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a repeating path that one object in space takes around another one.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Orbits- inclination angle<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the <\/span><b>angle between the plane of an orbit and the equator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An orbital inclination of 0\u00b0 is directly above the equator; 90\u00b0 crosses right above the pole, and 180\u00b0 orbits above the equator in the opposite direction of Earth&#8217;s spin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h6\"><\/a>Types of satellite orbits<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">`Satellites orbit around the earth in different planes &#8211; <\/span><b>equatorial orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (orbit directly above the earth\u2019s equator); <\/span><b>polar orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (orbit that passes over both the poles.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other orbits are <\/span><b>inclined<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; Orbits maybe <\/span><b>circular or elliptical<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Altitude of communication can be <\/span><b>GEO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (geostationary earth orbit), <\/span><b>MEO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (medium earth orbit), <\/span><b>LEO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (low earth orbit).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Polar orbit<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An orbit in which a satellite passes above Earth\u2019s North and South poles on each revolution.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Has an inclination of 90 degrees to the equator.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Satellites in SSO, travelling over the Polar Regions, are synchronous with the Sun.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are synchronized to be at a fixed position relative to the sun which enables the satellite to always visit the same spot at the same local time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>LEO (low earth orbit)- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Polar orbit: altitude of 50-1500km and orbital period range (95-120 minutes)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>MEO (medium earth orbit)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Positioned somewhere between LEO and GEO\uf0e0 altitude of 5000-12000km\uf0e0inclination towards equatorial plane.; Orbital period of satellite \uf0e06hrs; Medium propagation delay<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cover large area\uf0e0requires less handover; Provides true global coverage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Requires large number of satellites for coverage \uf0e0 Long time to deploy a full constellation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>GEO (geostationary earth orbit)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geosynchronous orbit-\u00a0 Orbital period of earth (24 Hours); altitude of 35,863 km above earth\u2019s surface;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geostationary orbit- Inclination of the orbit are zero; appears stationary from earth<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Disadvantage- large propagation delay; affects voice and time data protocol; high launch cost.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>GTO (geosynchronous transfer orbit)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elliptical orbit, with an apogee of 35,784km\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inclination equal to the latitude of the launch site, into which a spacecraft is initially placed before being transferred to a geosynchronous\/ geostationary orbit.<\/span><b><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h7\"><\/a>Satellite Launch vehicle<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rocket powered vehicle used to transport any spacecraft into earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Used to send various satellites, spacecrafts and space probes into space.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2019s used launch vehicle- <\/span><b>RLV-TD, SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV.<br \/>\n<img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-336364 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Satellite-launch-Vehicle.png?resize=603%2C390&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"603\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Satellite-launch-Vehicle.png?w=603&amp;ssl=1 603w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Satellite-launch-Vehicle.png?resize=300%2C194&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h8\"><\/a>Satellite launch vehicle (SLV) and augmented satellite launch vehicle (ASLV)<\/h2>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Satellite launch vehicle<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Augmented launch vehicle<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First generation launch vehicle of India<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SLV-3 a first in this generation to be successfully launched.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in low earth orbit (LEO) at a distance of 400km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Had four stages. Not in use<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designed to augment the payload capacity to 150 kg in low earth orbit (LEO)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Five stage launch vehicle technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All had solid propellant<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Not in use<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><a id=\"h9\"><\/a>PSLV (polar satellite launch vehicle): third generation<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most reliable and popular launch vehicle in service for over 20 years; First Indian launch vehicle to have liquid stages;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Payload:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> PSLV can take up to 1,750 kg of payload to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits of 600 km altitude and up to 1425kg to geostationary orbits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Has a <\/span><b>four stage multi propellant launcher<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has a height of 44 meters and a lift off 320 tons (PSLV XL).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>First stage (SOLID) PS1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It uses an S139 engine with Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as fuel \u00a0 and has 6 strap-ons as boosters.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Second stage (LIQUID) PS2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It uses Vikas engine with Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidiser.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Third Stage(SOLID) PS3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It provides upper stage high thrust after atmospheric phase with Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as fuel .<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fourth Stage (LIQUID) PS4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The uppermost stage uses Monomethyl Hydrazine (MMH) as the fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) as oxidiser.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Note &#8211; <\/span><b>Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> were launched through <\/span><b>PSLV-XL<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (most remarkable mission of ISRO).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h10\"><\/a>Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV):\u00a0 fourth generation<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed to launch geosynchronous satellites into geostationary orbit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3 stage launch vehicle, first two stages are similar to PSLV with same solid and liquid natures of fuel; third stage is cryogenic stage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three variants include:\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GSLV Mark I (a) ( capability of 1500 kg\u2019s)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GSLV Mark I (b) (capability of 1900 kg\u2019s )<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GSLV M ark II (uses Indian cryogenic engine and is capable of launching 2,500 kg\u2019s of payload to geostationary orbit and up to 5000 kg\u2019s of payload to LEO.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>First Stage GS1 (SOLID)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is derived from the PSLV&#8217;s first stage (PS1). This stage uses Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as its fuel. The four liquid engine strap-ons for extra thrust.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Second Stage GS2 (LIQUID)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This stage was derived from the second stage (PS2) of PSLV using the Vikas engine. It uses Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidiser.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Third stage GS3 CUS (CRYOGENIC)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Third Stage is the Cryogenic Upper Stage and it uses liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as its fuel.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ul>\n<li><b>GSLV MK-III<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Three -stage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> heavy lift launch vehicle.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Intended for carrying <\/span><b>4 ton class of satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> into geosynchronous transfer orbit (<\/span><b>GTO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) or about 10 tons to low earth orbit (LEO), which being the double the GSLV Mk II capacity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>GSLV Mk III-M1<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, successfully injected <\/span><b>Chandrayaan-2, CARE mission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (crew module atmospheric re-entry experiment.), India\u2019s second lunar mission, into earth parking orbit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Will be used to launch <\/span><b>Gaganyaan mission.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h11\"><\/a>Ariane -5<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">European heavy-lift launch vehicle that can carry payloads weighing more than 10 metric tons to GTO and over 20 metric tons into low-earth orbit (LEO).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h12\"><\/a>Types of Satellite<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Earth Observation\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Satellite imaging and remote sensing &#8211; spectral fingerprint;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometres; Orbits have significant air-drag;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Remote sensing &#8211; acquisition of information without making physical contact; Active or Passive;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Types<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Passive<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; studying reflected light e.g. IR, Radiometers;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Active<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; RADAR &amp; LIDAR;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Synthetic aperture radars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; multi-spectral imaging; Hyperspectral imaging (vast portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. continuous scan); Acoustic &#8211; Ultrasound &#8211; water levels;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Communication Satellite<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Relays and amplifies radio signals via a transponder;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> &#8211; largely Geosynchronous, geostationary;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Uses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Frequency ranges or &#8220;bands&#8221; &#8211; minimize interference; Assigned by ITU; E.g. C-band 4-8 Ghz, KU band- 12-18 GHz, KA band;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">E.g. INSAT, GSAT;<\/span><br \/>\n<b><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Telescopes<\/b><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Frequency<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Characteristics<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Examples<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Advantages<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Challenges<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Infrared<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detects heat, sees through dust clouds<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Spitzer,Herschel<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observes cool objects, sees through dust<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Requires cooling, atmospheric absorption<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ultraviolet<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observes hot stars, quasars, interstellar medium<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hubble, Galex<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies young stars, active galaxies<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Absorbed by atmosphere, needs space-based observatories<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">X-ray<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies high-energy processes<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chandra, XMM-Newton<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observes black holes, neutron stars, hot gas<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Absorbed by atmosphere, requires advanced technology<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gamma-ray<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detects highest energy events<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fermi, Compton<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies gamma-ray bursts, AGNs, supernovae<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Absorbed by atmosphere, needs specialized instruments<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ground Telescopes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>GMRT (PUNE):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope: Array of 30 fully steerable radio telescopes\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Thirty Meter Telescope<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Multi wavelength; near-UV to mid-infra; Mauna Kea (Hawaii) or Hanle (India)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Meerkat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: South Africa; Largest telescope in Southern Hemisphere;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h13\"><\/a>Navigation<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>IRNSS<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> provide reliable position, navigation and timing services over India and its neighborhood;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India became one of the 5 countries having their own navigation system like GPS of USA, GLONASS of Russia, Galileo of Europe and BeiDou of China<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Constellation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Consists of eight satellites, 3 in geostationary and 5 satellites in geosynchronous.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Range: India + 1,500-km radius over the sub-continent;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Satellites:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The satellites are named as- IRNSS \u2013 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G. (3 Geostationary, 4 Geosynchronous)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Services:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Standard positioning service: open for civilian use and\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Restricted service: encrypted for authorised users like military<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Applications:\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Terrestrial, aerial and marine navigation; Disaster management; Vehicle tracking and fleet management; Integration with mobile phones; Precise timing (as for ATMs and power grids);\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Working of GPS<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US based navigation system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has 32 satellites (24 active at a time) that continuously broadcast signals with time stamp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Devices such as mobile, laptops, cars receive these signals and compare signals from 4 or more satellites.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trilateration: Based on this comparison, devices calculate distance between themselves and satellites to determine their location (longitude, latitude and altitude).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>GAGAN<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS) jointly developed by ISRO and AAI; GAGAN GEO footprint expands from Africa to Australia<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">System of satellites and ground stations that provide GPS signal corrections;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only four Space-Based augmentation systems available in the world namely India (GAGAN), US (WAAS) Europe (EGNOS) and Japan (MSAS).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h14\"><\/a>ISRO\u2019s Third Launch Pad<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Union Cabinet approved the establishment of \u2018Third Launch Pad\u2019 (TLP) project at Satish Dhawan Space Centre of ISRO at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is designed to support the launch of <\/span><b>Next Generation Launch Vehicles (NGLV)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with a semi-cryogenic stage and upgraded NGLV configurations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also supported as a standby launch pad for the Second Launch Pad at Sriharikota.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is expected to be operational within 4 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Significance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Increases Launch Capacity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Enhances launch frequency and supports future human spaceflight and space exploration missions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Advances India\u2019s Space Vision<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Essential for India&#8217;s long-term goals, including the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035 and an Indian Crewed Lunar Landing by 2040.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Future Space Transportation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Ensures India meets evolving space transportation needs for the next 25-30 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Reasons for Choosing Sriharikota for Satellite Launch Pads<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Eastern Coast Location<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Enables launches in an easterly direction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Proximity to the Equator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Provides an extra boost for payloads.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Safety Considerations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Reduces risks due to fewer maritime and airline routes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Other Factors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Features uninhabited land and proximity to the sea for safer launches.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><a id=\"h15\"><\/a>Scramjet Engine<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A Scramjet engine (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) is an<\/span><b> improved version of the Ramjet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, designed to operate at extremely high speeds.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A<\/span><b> ramjet is an air-breathing jet engine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that relies on the <\/span><b>vehicle&#8217;s forward motion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to compress incoming air for combustion, eliminating the need for a rotating compressor<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It works by using supersonic airflow to generate thrust and functions at hypersonic speeds (<\/span><b>Mach 5+)<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Key features:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Air-Breathing Engine: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike traditional rocket engines, Scramjets use atmospheric oxygen for combustion, eliminating the need to carry heavy oxygen tanks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>No Moving Parts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Scramjets rely on supersonic airflow, making them highly efficient for sustained high-speed travel.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Significance:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Next-generation hypersonic missiles with unmatched speed and accuracy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Faster air travel, potentially reducing flight times drastically.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Low-cost satellite launches, making space access more affordable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">Mission in news<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h16\"><\/a>Chandrayaan 3<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India&#8217;s <\/span><b>third <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">lunar exploration mission, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: To demonstrate end-to-end capability in landing and roving on the lunar surface, specifically targeting the south pole.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Launch Vehicle:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GSLV Mk III (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Height: 43.43 meters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Payload capacity: Up to 4,000 kg to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Components<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lander<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Equipped with navigation, hazard detection, and landing technology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rover<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Designed to explore the lunar surface and conduct scientific experiments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Propulsion Module<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Provides necessary thrust for the journey from Earth to lunar orbit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Modules and Corresponding Payloads<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Lander (Vikram):<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Payloads<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chandra&#8217;s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE): Measures thermal conductivity and temperature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): Detects seismic activities on the Moon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Langmuir Probe (LP): Measures the plasma density near the lunar surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Rover (Pragyan):<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Payloads:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): Analyzes the elemental composition of the lunar surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS): Identifies elements present on the lunar surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Propulsion Module:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Payload:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE): Studies the spectral and polarimetric characteristics of Earth from lunar orbit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h17\"><\/a>NISAR (NASA-ISRO-SAR)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A collaborative mission between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) scheduled for launch in 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: To utilize advanced radar technology for comprehensive monitoring of Earth&#8217;s dynamic surfaces and ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Technical Specifications<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Dual-frequency Radar System:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">L-band (longer wavelength) (ISRO Contribution): Offers superior ground penetration, ideal for biomass assessment and subsurface structure analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">S-band (shorter wavelength) (NASA Contribution): Provides high-resolution imagery for detailed observations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>High-Resolution Data:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Generates topographic data with resolutions ranging from 3 to 10 meters, enabling precise mapping.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Temporal Resolution:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Repeats observations every 6 days, facilitating the monitoring of changes over time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h18\"><\/a>Artemis Accords<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Artemis Accords are a set of international agreements outlining principles for peaceful cooperation in exploring the Moon, Mars, and other celestial bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Established by the <\/span><b>US (NASA) with several other countries.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a member! It became the <\/span><b>27th nation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to sign on.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Key points<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promotes peaceful exploration and scientific discovery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encourages transparency and public awareness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Establishes guidelines for resource utilization in space.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Not a binding treaty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, but promotes collaboration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h19\"><\/a>Mission SCOT<b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the<\/span><b> world\u2019s first commercial satellite<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for surveillance of Resident Space Objects (as small as 5cm) orbiting the Earth to ensure safer space operations. .\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It aims to improve space safety, optimise traffic management and strengthen national security initiatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The SCOT satellite has been launched onboard <\/span><b>SpaceX Transporter-12 mission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SCOT will be<\/span><b> deployed in a sun-synchronous orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This will enable it to track objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with greater efficiency as compared to the existing sensors.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h20\"><\/a>PUNCH Mission<b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NASA is gearing up for a new and first-of-its-kind solar mission called PUNCH mission that will closely observe the solar atmosphere<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Polarimetry to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission will be launched by<\/span><b> SpaceX.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Time Period: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The expected mission life is<\/span><b> two years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the first time that a solar mission has been specifically designed to<\/span><b> make use of the polarisation of light to measure the corona and solar wind, that too, in 3D<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will provide scientists with new information which could lead to more accurate predictions about the arrival of space weather events on Earth and impact on humanity\u2019s robotic explorers in space.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will <\/span><b>measure polarised light using polarising filters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, enabling scientists to look into the inner solar system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h21\"><\/a>GAIA Mission<b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The European Space Agency (ESA) has officially decommissioned its Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) mission.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It aimed to create the largest and most precise <\/span><b>3D map of the Milky Way<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by surveying about 1% of its 100 billion stars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was launched in 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Position<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Gaia orbits the Sun at<\/span><b> Lagrange Point 2,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> about 1.5 million kilometers (930,000 miles) from Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h22\"><\/a>Moonlight Programme<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The European Space Agency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has launched the <\/span><b>Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> programme.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: To support over <\/span><b>400 moon missions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> planned by space agencies and private companies over the next 20 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: A <\/span><b>constellation of five satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> orbiting the Moon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Benefits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Enable precise and autonomous lunar landings and surface mobility.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Facilitate high-speed communication and data transfer between Earth and the Moon.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Provide coverage at the Moon\u2019s South Pole.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Timeline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Initial services to begin by the end of <\/span><b>2028<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, with full operational capacity by <\/span><b>2030<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h23\"><\/a>Analog Space Mission<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>ISRO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has launched <\/span><b>India\u2019s first analog space mission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in <\/span><b>Leh, Ladakh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to prepare for lunar mission experiments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was developed in collaboration with <\/span><b>ISRO\u2019s Human Spaceflight Center<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>AAKA Space Studio<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the <\/span><b>University of Ladakh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>IIT Bombay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>About Analog Missions<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Analog space missions simulate the physical and operational conditions of space environments on Earth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Testing new technologies, equipment, and vehicles.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Training astronauts for future missions.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Studying the behavioral and psychological effects of isolation and confinement.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u25aa Conducting experiments in space-like conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Why Leh (Ladakh)?<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Its dry, cold climate, barren land, high altitude, and isolation resemble Martian and lunar landscapes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h24\"><\/a>RISE Mission<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>RISE<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the <\/span><b>European Space Agency\u2019s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> first <\/span><b>in-orbit servicing mission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, represents a major step toward enabling <\/span><b>refueling, refurbishment, and in-orbit assembly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014 key elements for building a <\/span><b>circular economy in space<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Launch Year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <\/span><b>2028<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Capabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Docking with <\/span><b>geostationary satellites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and controlling their orbits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mission Scope<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: RISE will ascend to the <\/span><b>geostationary graveyard orbit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, about <\/span><b>100 km<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> above the active satellite zone, where decommissioned satellites are parked.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Note<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The <\/span><b>circular space economy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> mirrors the principles of a circular economy, focusing on <\/span><b>reducing waste<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>improving resource efficiency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in space.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h25\"><\/a>ADITYA-L1 MISSION<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ISRO\u2019s Aditya-L1 completes its first halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 point<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Key Highlights:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aditya-L1 was placed into its halo orbit in early 2024<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It took 178 days to complete one revolution around the Lagrange L1 point<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lagrange Points:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Positions where the gravitational pull of two large masses equals the centripetal force required for a small object to move with them<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are five Lagrange points in a two-body system: <\/span><b>L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>L4 and L5<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are considered stable<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>About Halo Orbit<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A halo orbit is a repeating, three-dimensional orbit around one of the <\/span><b>L1, L2, or L3<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Lagrange points in a three-body system<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Advantages of placing Aditya-L1 in a Halo Orbit:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ensures a mission lifetime of <\/span><b>5 years<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Minimizes fuel usage by reducing <\/span><b>station-keeping maneuvers<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maintains a <\/span><b>clear, uninterrupted view of the Sun<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>About Aditya-L1 Mission (Launched in 2023)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2019s <\/span><b>first space mission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> dedicated to studying the Sun<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objectives:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Investigate the Sun\u2019s <\/span><b>corona<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>solar emissions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>solar winds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>flares<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enable <\/span><b>continuous imaging of the Sun<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Payloads:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Equipped with <\/span><b>7 payloads<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, including:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">And others<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h26\"><\/a>Dragonfly Mission<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the fourth mission in NASA&#8217;s New Frontiers Program, alongside New Horizons, Juno, and OSIRIS-REx<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is an astrobiology mission to Titan aimed at evaluating its potential for microbial life and examining its prebiotic chemistry at multiple sites<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It marks the first time NASA will fly a vehicle for science on another planetary body<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will reach Titan in 2034<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Technical Specifications<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Design:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Dragonfly is a &#8220;dual quadcopter&#8221; about the size of a car, capable of traveling tens of kilometers on Titan in under an hour<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Power Source:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Dragonfly will use a radioisotope power system, like the one used by the Curiosity rover on Mars<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>About Titan<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is Saturn\u2019s largest moon, featuring an Earth-like cycle of liquid flowing across its surface and being the only moon with a dense atmosphere<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h27\"><\/a>ISRO\u2019S RLV LEX-02 Mission<\/h2>\n<p><b>About Reusable Landing Vehicle (RLV) LEX-02 developed by ISRO<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the second in a series of test flights designed to showcase the autonomous landing capability of a reusable launch vehicle (RLV)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The mission featured a winged vehicle named <\/span><b>Pushpak<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which was lifted to an altitude of 4.5 kilometers by an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pushpak was released and had to autonomously execute a series of maneuvers to land accurately on the runway<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>About Reusable Landing Vehicle<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The reusable launch vehicle is essentially a spaceplane with a low lift-to-drag ratio, which means it must approach at steep glide angles and land at high speeds of 350 km\/h<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h28\"><\/a>Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) Mission<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a joint mission of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> To explore the Moon&#8217;s southern polar region for water and other elements, possibly in the form of surface ice<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Contributions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> For the LUPEX mission, the <\/span><b>launch vehicle and rover<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are supposed to be contributed by the Japanese agency, while the <\/span><b>lander<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> will come from ISRO<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will also carry instruments from <\/span><b>NASA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the <\/span><b>European Space Agency (ESA)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;padding-left: 80px\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><b>Defence<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><b>Weapons\/Systems in News (India)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h29\"><\/a>Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch Systems (MRLS)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a battle-proven, all-weather, indirect area fire <\/span><b>Artillery Weapon System<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Developed by<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> DRDO\u2019s Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>First used during the Kargil War<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, where it successfully neutralized Pakistan Army positions on the mountain tops.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It delivers a variety of warheads, including high-explosive and submunitions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has a <\/span><b>range of 60 to 75 kilometers.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h30\"><\/a>Nag Mark-2<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an indigenously developed <\/span><b>anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that works in all weather conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a <\/span><b>fire-and-forget missile with lock-on after launch capability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The missile is launched from NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier), an anti-tank armored vehicle used by the Indian Army.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Estimated range<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: 7 to 10 kilometers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h31\"><\/a>Vertically Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Developed by<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This quick-reaction missile is capable of neutralizing various aerial threats at close ranges, including sea-skimming targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Initially designed for the Indian Navy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with a strike range of 40 km, it has now been enhanced to attack targets up to 80 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, it is being developed for the Indian Air Force to safeguard its air bases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is capable of reaching Mach 4.5 and can achieve a maximum altitude of 16 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h32\"><\/a>Bhargavastra<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>India&#8217;s first indigenous micro-missile system,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> developed by Economic Explosives Ltd., is specifically designed to counter the threat posed by swarm drones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This system can be rapidly deployed on mobile platforms and effectively target threats over 2.5 km.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has the capability to detect small flying objects from distances exceeding 6 km and neutralize them using guided micro munitions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The system is <\/span><b>capable of launching more than 64 micro missiles simultaneously<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is<\/span><b> built to operate across diverse terrains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, including high-altitude regions, it meets the specialized needs of the armed forces.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h33\"><\/a>SANJAY System<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanjay is an <\/span><b>automated surveillance system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that <\/span><b>combines real-time data from ground and aerial sensors to create a unified view of the battlefield<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This helps commanders make quick, informed decisions during both conventional and unconventional warfare.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Developed by:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Indian Army and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h34\"><\/a>Advanced Ballistic for High Energy Defeat (ABHED) Jackets<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These jackets are made from polymers and indigenous boron carbide ceramic material.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed by <\/span><b>DRDO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>IIT Delhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They offer 360-degree protection with modular design and front\/rear armour plates.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Their weight ranges from 8.2 kg to 9.5 kg for different <\/span><b>BIS<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> levels.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h35\"><\/a>India\u2019s Fourth Nuclear Submarine<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2019s fourth nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN), referred to as <\/span><b>S4<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, was launched into water at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">S4 features about 75% indigenous content.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is armed exclusively with <\/span><b>K-4 nuclear ballistic missiles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (range: 3,500 km).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India currently has two SSBNs operational: <\/span><b>INS Arihant<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (commissioned in 2016) and <\/span><b>INS Arighaat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (commissioned in 2024).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The third SSBN <\/span><b>Aridhman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is undergoing sea trials and is expected to be commissioned next year.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h36\"><\/a>INS ARIGHAAT<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is India\u2019s second indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It joins INS Arihant to strengthen India\u2019s nuclear triad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was constructed at the Indian Navy\u2019s Ship Building Centre (SBC) in Visakhapatnam.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Features:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has a length of 111.6 meters and a submerged displacement of 6,000 tons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has a seven-blade propeller powered by an 83-MW pressurised light water reactor using enriched uranium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It can carry up to 12 K-15 SLBMs, each with a range of 750 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h37\"><\/a>RHUMI-1<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2019s first reusable hybrid rocket RHUMI-1 was launched from Thiruvidandhai in Chennai.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">RHUMI-1 was developed by Tamil Nadu-based startup Space Zone India in collaboration with the Martin Group.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was launched into a sub-orbital trajectory using a mobile launch system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Key Features of RHUMI-1<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">RHUMI-1 is a hybrid rocket engine that integrates both solid and liquid propellants.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is equipped with an electrically triggered parachute system, which is an advanced and eco-friendly descent mechanism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has an adjustable launch angle (0 to 120 degrees), allowing for precise trajectory control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is completely free of pyrotechnics (fireworks) and TNT (Trinitrotoluene), making it environmentally friendly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h38\"><\/a>Zorawar Tank<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been indigenously developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) along with Larsen &amp; Toubro (L&amp;T).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is named after the great military general Zorawar Singh Kahluria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a lightweight tank with a maximum weight of 25 tonnes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It features advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and drone integration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is amphibious and can operate in varied terrain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h39\"><\/a>Rudram-1 Missile<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an air-to-surface missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The IAF\u2019s Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jets serve as its launch platform.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It can be launched from altitudes ranging from 500 meters to 15 kilometers, with a range of up to 250 kilometers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is equipped with Inertial Navigation System (INS), GPS navigation, and a Passive Homing Head to precisely strike radiation-emitting targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h40\"><\/a>Astra Mark 1 Missile<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a Beyond-Visual-Range (BVR) <\/span><b>air-to-air missile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will be deployed on fighter jets of the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been indigenously developed by DRDO and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has a range of 80 to 110 km in a head-on chase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It can travel at a speed of Mach 4.5.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h41\"><\/a>GAURAV<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an air-launched, 1000-kg glide bomb capable of precisely hitting long-distance targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It uses an Inertial Navigation-based guidance system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It can be integrated with fighter jets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been designed and developed indigenously by the Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h42\"><\/a>Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM) Flight Tested<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment of DRDO, with contributions from other laboratories and Indian industries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a<\/span><b> long-range subsonic cruise missile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> designed to hit targets with precision.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is powered by an indigenous propulsion system.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2713 A subsonic cruise missile flies at a speed lower than that of sound (&lt;1 Mach).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h43\"><\/a>Agni Prime Successfully Flight-Tested<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a <\/span><b>surface-to-surface ballistic missile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a nuclear-capable, two-stage canisterised missile with a maximum range of 1,000 to 2,000 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is lighter than all previous missiles in the Agni series.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h44\"><\/a>Submersible Platform for Acoustic Characterisation and Evaluation (SPACE)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a premier testing and evaluation hub for sonar systems for the Indian Navy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been set up by DRDO.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It consists of two distinct platforms:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2003A) Floating Platform<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2003B) Submersible Platform (submersible up to 100m depth)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It will bolster anti-submarine warfare research capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h45\"><\/a>Project 28<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: To build four indigenous Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) corvettes, also known as Kamorta-class corvettes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These four ASWs are: INS Kamorta, INS Kadmatt, INS Kiltan, and INS Kavaratti.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These ships can be deployed in nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designed by: Indian Navy\u2019s Directorate of Naval Design<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Built by: Garden Reach Shipbuilders &amp; Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h46\"><\/a>Nagastra-1<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is <\/span><b>India\u2019s first indigenous loitering munition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (suicide drone).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been developed by Solar Industries, Nagpur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has the capacity to carry a 1-kilogram warhead.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It can carry out GPS-enabled precision strikes with an accuracy of up to 2 meters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has an indigenous content of over 75%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It features a parachute recovery mechanism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h47\"><\/a>RudraM-II Missile<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an indigenously developed, solid-propelled, air-launched missile system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been designed for air-to-surface operations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><b>Weapon Development in News \u2013 World<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h48\"><\/a>Dragon Drone<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dragon drones are powerful UAVs equipped with thermite and rain down fire from the sky<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thermite is a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When ignited, it produces a self-sustaining reaction that is extremely difficult to extinguish.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dragon Drones were used by <\/span><b>Ukraine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> against <\/span><b>Russia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h49\"><\/a>THAAD Missile Defence System<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an advanced defense system that can destroy short, medium, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed by <\/span><b>Lockheed Martin Corporation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Employs a \u2018<\/span><b>hit-to-kill<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2019 approach to target missiles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its target range varies between <\/span><b>150\u2013200 kilometers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h50\"><\/a>Crystal Maze 2 (also known as ROCKS)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a medium-range ballistic missile.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been developed by Israel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an air-to-surface missile with a strike range of over 250 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has the capability to strike high-value stationary and relocatable targets in GPS-denied environments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h51\"><\/a>C-Dome Defense System<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been developed by Israel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a naval version of Israel\u2019s Iron Dome air defense system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is designed to shield against missile and rocket attacks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike the Iron Dome which features its own radar, C-Dome is integrated into ship\u2019s radar to detect incoming targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h52\"><\/a>Hermes-900<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an advanced, Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial vehicle.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is of Israeli origin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also known as Drishti-10 drone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It features Automatic Take Off and Landing (ATOL) capability, Terrain Avoidance Warning System (TAWS), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It can be employed for Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) missions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h53\"><\/a>Igla-S Air Defense System<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a man-portable air defense system (MANPADS).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has been developed by Russia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a handheld, very short range defense system (VSHORAD).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It has an interception range of up to 6 kms and can destroy targets at altitudes of up to 3.5 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h54\"><\/a>MQ-9B Drones<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These drones are Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with high altitude and long endurance capabilities, created for surveillance, reconnaissance, and precision strike operations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They have a maximum endurance of 40 hours and can hit targets on land, sea, and air.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They have two variants: <\/span><b>SkyGuardian<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>SeaGuardian<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h55\"><\/a>Exercises in News<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Dharma Guardian<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Joint military exercise between India and Japan.<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ekuverin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Bilateral military exercise between India and the Maldives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cyclone 2025<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Joint military exercise between India and Egypt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>La Perouse<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Multilateral naval exercise hosted by France, involving India, Australia, Canada, USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, UK, and Singapore.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>KAZIND 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Joint military exercise between India and Kazakhstan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Naseem Al Bahr<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Bilateral naval exercise between India and Oman.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Garud Shakti<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Joint special forces exercise between India and Indonesia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>VINBAX 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Bilateral army exercise between India and Vietnam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>SIMBEX-2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Bilateral maritime exercise between India and Singapore.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Poorvi Prahar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 High-intensity tri-services exercise conducted by the Indian Army.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sanyukt Vimochan 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercise conducted by the Indian Army.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>SAREX-24<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 National maritime search and rescue exercise conducted by the Indian Coast Guard (ICG).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Antariksha Abhyas 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 India\u2019s first-ever space exercise conducted by the Defence Space Agency under the Ministry of Defence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC)- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">World&#8217;s largest biennial maritime exercise, held in Hawaii.Led by the US Navy; 29 countries participated, including India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Pitch Black- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biennial multinational air exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Mitra Shakti- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annual joint exercise between India and Sri Lanka.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Tarang Shakti- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2019s first multinational air exercise, inspired by the US Red Flag.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Udara Shakti- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bilateral air exercise between India and Malaysia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Eastern Bridge- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bilateral air exercise between IAF and Oman\u2019s RAFO.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exercise Al Najah- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biennial joint military exercise between India and Oman since 2015.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Tarkash Exercise- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India\u2013US joint counter-terrorism exercise. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Shakti Exercise- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Biennial India\u2013France military exercise<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>HOPEX Exercise- Type<\/b>: India\u2013Egypt Air Force joint exercise<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"h56\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Space-Tech-Defence-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a> to download pdf of Space tech + Defence<\/p>\n<p><em>To Read more about Prelims 20+ initiative<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/prelims20-a-free-initative-for-cse-prelims-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-border-color\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In today\u2019s Prelims 20+, we focus on Space Technology and Defence\u2014critical pillars of India\u2019s strategic and technological landscape. From cutting-edge satellite missions and indigenous launch capabilities to breakthroughs in missile systems and defence manufacturing, this area reflects India\u2019s growing self-reliance and geopolitical aspirations. It holds immense relevance for the UPSC Civil Services Examination, particularly in&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/day-5-prelims-20-space-tech-defence\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Day 5 Prelims 20+: Space Tech + Defence<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10367,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-336337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-prelims-20","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336337","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10367"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=336337"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336337\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=336337"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=336337"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=336337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}