{"id":336623,"date":"2025-05-15T09:00:35","date_gmt":"2025-05-15T03:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=336623"},"modified":"2025-05-14T17:37:14","modified_gmt":"2025-05-14T12:07:14","slug":"day-7-prelims-20-tangible-and-intangible-cultural-heritage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/day-7-prelims-20-tangible-and-intangible-cultural-heritage\/","title":{"rendered":"Day 7 Prelims 20+: Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In today\u2019s <em>Prelims 20+<\/em>, we explore Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage\u2014two facets through which civilizations express identity, values, and continuity. Tangible heritage includes monuments, sites, and artifacts like temples, forts, and inscriptions that reflect architectural, artistic, and technological excellence. Intangible heritage, recognised by UNESCO, comprises traditions, rituals, oral expressions, performing arts, and knowledge systems like Yoga, Kumbh Mela, and Vedic chanting.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center\"><strong>Table of Content<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><strong>Tangible Cultural Heritage<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">CULTURAL SITES (35 Sites)<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h1\">Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h2\">Ajanta Caves<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h3\">Ellora Caves<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h4\">The Taj Mahal<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h5\">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h6\">Churches and Convents of Goa<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h7\">Fatehpur Sikhri<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h8\">Group of Monuments at Hampi<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h9\">Khajuraho Group of Monuments (Madhya Pradesh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h10\">Elephanta Caves( Maharashtra)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h11\">Great Living Chola Temples (Tamil Nadu)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h12\">Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (Karnataka)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h13\">Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h14\">Humayun\u2019s Tomb, Delhi<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h15\">Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h16\">Mountain Railways of India<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h17\">Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (Bihar)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h18\">Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h19\">Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (Gujarat)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h20\">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (Mumbai, Maharashtra)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h21\">The Red Fort Complex (Delhi)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h22\">The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h23\">Hill forts of Rajasthan<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h24\">Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen\u2019s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h25\">Historic City of Ahmadabad (Gujarat)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h26\">Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h27\">Jaipur City, Rajasthan<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h28\">Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h29\">The Nalanda Mahavihara (Bihar)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h30\">Sun Temple (Odisha)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h31\">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Chandigarh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h32\">Dholavira &#8211; A Harappan City (Gujarat)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h33\">Santiniketan (West Bengal)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h34\">The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala (Karnataka)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h35\">Moidams \u2013 the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty (Assam)<\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">NATURAL SITES (7 SITES)<br \/>\n<\/span><a href=\"#h36\">Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (Himachal Pradesh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h37\">Kaziranga National Park (Assam)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h38\">Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h39\">Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (Assam)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h40\">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park (Uttarakhand)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h41\">Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h42\">Western Ghats<\/a><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000\">Mixed Sites (Sites 1)<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h43\">Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><strong>Intangible Cultural Heritage of India<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h44\">Tradition of Vedic Chanting<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h45\">Ramlila (North India)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h46\">Kutiyattam (Kerala)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h47\">Ramman (Uttarakhand)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h48\">Chhau Dance (Eastern India)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h49\">Kalbelia Folk Songs and Dances (Rajasthan)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h50\">Mudiyettu (Kerala)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h51\">Buddhist Chanting (Ladakh)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h52\">Sankirtana (Manipur)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h53\">Traditional Brass and Copper Craft (Punjab)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h54\">Navroz (India)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h55\">Yoga<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h56\">Kumbh Mela<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h57\">Durga Puja (Kolkata)<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h58\">Garba (Gujarat)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%\"><a href=\"#h59\">Click here to download pdf of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><b>Tangible Cultural Heritage<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A World Heritage site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). World Heritage sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other forms of significance. The sites are judged to contain \u201ccultural and natural heritage around the world considered being of outstanding value to humanity (OUV)\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India has been blessed with a rich history and natural diversity, which is exemplified by its 43 UNESCO World Heritage Sites (as of May 13, 2025). These include 35 Cultural sites, 7 Natural sites and 1 mixed site recognised for their outstanding universal value to humanity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-336649 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Tangible-cultural-heritage.png?resize=416%2C467&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"416\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Tangible-cultural-heritage.png?w=416&amp;ssl=1 416w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Tangible-cultural-heritage.png?resize=267%2C300&amp;ssl=1 267w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>CULTURAL SITES (35 Sites)<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h1\"><\/a>Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also known as \u201cAgra Quila\u201d, located in Agra, India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was <\/span><b>designed and built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the year <\/span><b>1565 A.D<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This fort is built alongside <\/span><b>Yamuna River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It comprises many palaces, such as the <\/span><b>Jahangir Palace and the Khas Mahal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, built by <\/span><b>Shah Jahan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; audience halls, such as the <\/span><b>Diwan-i-Khas etc.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1983<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h2\"><\/a>Ajanta Caves<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These are about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which were constructed from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650 CE.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These paintings are magnum opus of Buddhist religious art, with figures of the Buddha and depictions of the Jataka tales (stories related to the life of Lord Buddha).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ajanta Caves were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h3\"><\/a>Ellora Caves<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an archaeological site 29 km north-west of the city of <\/span><b>Aurangabad in Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, built by <\/span><b>Kalachuri, Chalukya and Rashtrakuta dynasties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during the 6th and 9th centuries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>34 &#8220;caves&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are actually structures excavated out of the <\/span><b>vertical face of the Charanandri hills<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These caves are dedicated to <\/span><b>Hindu, Buddhist and Jain religions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ellora Caves were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1983<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h4\"><\/a>The Taj Mahal<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is located on the right bank of the <\/span><b>Yamuna River in a vast Mughal garden<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that encompasses nearly 17 hectares, in the Agra District in Uttar Pradesh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was built by <\/span><b>Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in memory of his wife <\/span><b>Mumtaz Mahal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with construction starting in <\/span><b>1632<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> AD and completed in <\/span><b>1648<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> AD.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1983<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h5\"><\/a>Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This group of sanctuaries, <\/span><b>founded by the Pallava<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> kings, was carved out of rock along the Coromandel Coast in the 7th and 8th centuries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is known especially for its <\/span><b>rathas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (temples in the form of chariots), <\/span><b>mandapas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air reliefs such as the famous <\/span><b>&#8216;Descent of the Ganges&#8217;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and the temple of <\/span><b>Rivage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1984<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h6\"><\/a>Churches and Convents of Goa<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They owe their existence to Portuguese<\/span><b> rule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in this part of the western coast of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most comprehensive group of churches and cathedrals built during 1<\/span><b>6th to 17th century AD <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">at Old Goa comprise the following: <\/span><b>Se&#8217; Cathedral, Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi, Chapel of St. Catherine, Basilica of Bom Jesus; Church of Lady of Rosary; Church of St. Augustine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1986<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h7\"><\/a>Fatehpur Sikhri<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was built during the <\/span><b>second half of the 16th century<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Emperor <\/span><b>Akbar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fatehpur Sikri (the City of Victory) was the <\/span><b>capital<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the Mughal Empire for only some 10 years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Akbar shifted his residence and court from Agra to Sikri <\/span><b>to honour the Sufi Saint Sheikh Salim Chishti, who resided here.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1986<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h8\"><\/a>Group of Monuments at Hampi<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The site of Hampi comprises mainly the remnants of the <\/span><b>Capital City of Vijayanagara Empire<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (14th-16th Cent CE), the last <\/span><b>great Hindu Kingdom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The property is located in the <\/span><b>Tungabhadra basin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Central Karnataka, <\/span><b>Bellary District<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1986<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h9\"><\/a>Khajuraho Group of Monuments (Madhya Pradesh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Khajuraho Temples in <\/span><b>Madhya Pradesh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are among the most beautiful medieval monuments in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These temples were built by the Chandella rulers between AD 900 and 1130.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h10\"><\/a>Elephanta Caves( Maharashtra)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are natively known as <\/span><b>Gharapurichi Leni<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, basically Gharapuri.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are a network of sculpted caves located on <\/span><b>Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (literally &#8220;the city of caves&#8221;) in (<\/span><b>Mumbai) Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The island, located in the <\/span><b>lap of the Arabian Sea<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, consists of <\/span><b>two groups of caves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the first is a large group <\/span><b>of five Hindu caves<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the second, a smaller group of <\/span><b>two Buddhist caves<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1987<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h11\"><\/a>Great Living Chola Temples (Tamil Nadu)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These temples were built by kings of the <\/span><b>Chola Empire<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which stretched over all of <\/span><b>south India and the neighbouring islands.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The site includes <\/span><b>three great 11 and 12th-century Temples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the <\/span><b>Brihadisvara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Temple at <\/span><b>Thanjavur<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the <\/span><b>Brihadisvara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Temple at <\/span><b>Gangaikondacholisvaram<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the <\/span><b>Airavatesvara<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Temple at <\/span><b>Darasuram<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1987<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h12\"><\/a>Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (Karnataka)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pattadakal, in <\/span><b>Karnataka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, represents the high point of an eclectic art which, in the <\/span><b>7th and 8th centuries under the Chalukya dynasty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, achieved a harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An impressive series of <\/span><b>nine Hindu temples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, as well as a <\/span><b>Jain sanctuary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, can be seen there.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1987<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h13\"><\/a>Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanchi is a hot spot for <\/span><b>Buddhist tourist<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is situated at <\/span><b>Sanchi in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>Great Stupa at Sanchi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the <\/span><b>oldest stone structure in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and was originally commissioned by the emperor <\/span><b>Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The stupa is <\/span><b>located on a hill<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> whose height is 91m<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was tagged as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in <\/span><b>1989<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h14\"><\/a>Humayun\u2019s Tomb, Delhi<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the first of the grand dynastic mausoleums that were to become synonyms of Mughal architecture with the architectural style reaching its zenith 80 years later at the later Taj Mahal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It stands within a <\/span><b>complex<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of 21.60 ha. that includes other contemporary, <\/span><b>16th century Mughal garden-tombs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> such as <\/span><b>Nila Gumbad, Isa Khan, Bu Halima, Afsarwala, Barber\u2019s Tomb<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the complex where the craftsmen employed for the Building of Humayun\u2019s Tomb stayed, <\/span><b>the Arab Serai.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1993<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h15\"><\/a>Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Qutb Minar was built in the early <\/span><b>13th century<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a few kilometres south of <\/span><b>Delhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>red sandstone towe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">r of Qutb Minar is <\/span><b>72.5 m<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> high.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its surroundings contain the <\/span><b>Alai-Darwaza Gate,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the masterpiece of Indo-Muslim art (built in <\/span><b>1311<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its construction was started by <\/span><b>Qutub-ud-din Aibak in 1193 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and finished by <\/span><b>Iltutmish<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1993<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h16\"><\/a>Mountain Railways of India<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It consists of <\/span><b>three railways<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Darjeeling Himalayan Railway<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> located in the foothills of the Himalayas in West Bengal (Northeast India),<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nilgiri Mountain Railways<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> located in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu (South India)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Kalka Shimla Railway<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> located in the Himalayan foothills of Himachal Pradesh (Northwest India).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1999<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h17\"><\/a>Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (Bihar)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the <\/span><b>first temple built<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by <\/span><b>Emperor Ashoka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the 3rd century B.C., and the <\/span><b>present<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> temple dates from the <\/span><b>5th\u20136th centuries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is <\/span><b>one of the earliest Buddhist temples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> built entirely in brick, still standing, from the late Gupta period and it is considered to have had significant influence in the development of brick architecture over the centuries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2002<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h18\"><\/a>Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a group of &#8220;<\/span><b>five clusters of rock shelters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka are in the <\/span><b>foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains on<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the southern edge of the <\/span><b>central Indian plateau<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within massive sandstone outcrops, above comparatively dense forest, are <\/span><b>five clusters of natural rock shelters,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> displaying <\/span><b>paintings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that appear to date from the <\/span><b>Mesolithic Period right through to the historical period.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2003<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h19\"><\/a>Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (Gujarat)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A concentration of largely <\/span><b>unexcavated archaeological, historic and living cultural heritage properties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> stand in an impressive landscape which includes prehistoric (chalcolithic) sites, a hill fortress of an <\/span><b>early Hindu capital<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and remains of the 16th<\/span><b>-century capital of the state of Gujarat.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h20\"><\/a>Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (Mumbai, Maharashtra)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is located in <\/span><b>Mumbai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the Western Part of India touching the shores of the Arabian Sea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The building is designed by F<\/span><b>.W. Stevens became<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the symbol of the \u2018<\/span><b>Gothic City\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h21\"><\/a>The Red Fort Complex (Delhi)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In <\/span><b>1638<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Shahjahan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> transferred his <\/span><b>capital from Agra to Delhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and laid the foundations of <\/span><b>Shahjahanabad, the seventh city<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Delhi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is enclosed by a rubble stone wall, with bastions, gates and wickets at intervals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Red Fort<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has <\/span><b>fourteen gates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, with <\/span><b>Lahori Gate as its main<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its construction <\/span><b>started on 13 May 1638<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the sacred month of Muharam and was completed in the next <\/span><b>nine years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was tagged a world heritage site by UNESCO in <\/span><b>2007<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h22\"><\/a>The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is an <\/span><b>astronomical observation site<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> built in the early <\/span><b>18th century<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It includes a set of some <\/span><b>20 main fixed instruments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designed for the <\/span><b>observation of astronomical positions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with the naked eye, they embody several architectural and instrumental innovations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2010<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h23\"><\/a>Hill forts of Rajasthan<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The serial site includes <\/span><b>six majestic forts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in <\/span><b>Chittorgarh; Kumbhalgarh; SawaiMadhopur; Jhalawar; Jaipur, and Jaisalmer.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The eclectic architecture of the forts, some up to 20 kilometres in circumference, bears testimony to the power of the <\/span><b>Rajput princely states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that flourished in the region from the 8th to the 18th centuries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2013<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h24\"><\/a>Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen\u2019s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is located on the banks of the <\/span><b>Saraswati River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was initially built as a <\/span><b>memorial to a king in the 11th century<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> AD.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Stepwells<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are a <\/span><b>distinctive form of subterranean water resource<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>storage systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on the Indian subcontinent, and have been constructed since <\/span><b>the 3rd millennium BC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2014<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h25\"><\/a>Historic City of Ahmadabad (Gujarat)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was <\/span><b>founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the <\/span><b>15th century<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, on the eastern bank of the <\/span><b>Sabarmati river<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It presents a <\/span><b>rich architectural heritage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the sultanate period, notably the <\/span><b>Bhadra citadel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the <\/span><b>walls and gates of<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the Fort city and numerous mosques and tombs as well as important Hindu and Jain temples of later periods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2017<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h26\"><\/a>Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Having become a <\/span><b>global trading centre<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the city of Mumbai implemented an ambitious urban <\/span><b>planning project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the <\/span><b>second half of the 19th<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> century.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It led to the construction of ensembles of public buildings bordering the <\/span><b>Oval Maidan open space, first in the Victorian Neo-Gothic style <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and then, in the early 20th century, in the <\/span><b>Art Deco idiom.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2018<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h27\"><\/a>Jaipur City, Rajasthan<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The walled city of Jaipur was <\/span><b>founded in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike other cities in the region located in hilly terrain, <\/span><b>Jaipur was established on the plain and<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of <\/span><b>Vedic architecture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The streets feature continuous <\/span><b>colonnaded businesses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that intersect in the centre, creating large public squares called <\/span><b>chaupars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Markets, shops, residences and temples built along the main streets have <\/span><b>uniform facades<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h28\"><\/a>Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rudreshwara, popularly known as <\/span><b>Ramappa Temple<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, is located in the village of Palampet approximately 200 km northeast of Hyderabad, in the State of Telangana.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the <\/span><b>main Shiva temple<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in a walled complex built during the <\/span><b>Kakatiyan period (1123\u20131323<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> CE) under rulers <\/span><b>Rudradeva and Recharla Rudra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2021<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h29\"><\/a>The Nalanda Mahavihara (Bihar)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It comprises the archaeological <\/span><b>remains of a monastic and scholastic institution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It includes <\/span><b>stupas, shrines, viharas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nalanda stands out as the <\/span><b>most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2016<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h30\"><\/a>Sun Temple (Odisha)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The temple at Konarak is a monumental representation of the sun god <\/span><b>Surya&#8217;s chariot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; its <\/span><b>24 wheels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are decorated with symbolic designs and it is led by a <\/span><b>team of six horses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Built in the <\/span><b>13th century<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, it is one of India&#8217;s <\/span><b>most famous Brahman sanctuaries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1984<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h31\"><\/a>The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier (Chandigarh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>collection of 17 sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> comprising this <\/span><b>transnational serial property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are spread over <\/span><b>seven countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and are a testimonial to the invention of a new architectural language that made a break with the past.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The notable sites include the <\/span><b>Chandigarh Capital Complex in India.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They were built over a period of a half-century, in the course of what Le Corbusier described as \u201c<\/span><b>patient research<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h32\"><\/a>Dholavira &#8211; A Harappan City (Gujarat)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The ancient city of Dholavira, the <\/span><b>southern centre of the Harappan Civilization<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, is sited on the <\/span><b>arid island of Khadir<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the State of <\/span><b>Gujarat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Occupied between ca<\/span><b>. 3000-1500 BCE<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the archaeological site, one of the <\/span><b>best preserved urban settlements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from the period in Southeast Asia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It comprises a <\/span><b>fortified city and a cemetery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India got Dholavira inscribed on UNESCO\u2019s World Heritage List in the year <\/span><b>2021<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h33\"><\/a>Santiniketan (West Bengal)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Santiniketan is a university town in West Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was founded by <\/span><b>Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in 1901<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as a residential school and center for art, later evolving into <\/span><b>Visva-Bharati University in 1921.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is renowned for its <\/span><b>blend of traditional Indian and Western educational philosophies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and its role as a center for art.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was officially inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in <\/span><b>2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h34\"><\/a>The Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala (Karnataka)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The famed Hoysala temples of Belur, Halebid and Somananthpura in Karnataka were constructed during the 12th and 13th centuries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hoysala temples maintain a fundamental <\/span><b>Dravidian morphology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">they exhibit substantial influences from the Bhumija style prevalent in Central India,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the Nagara traditions of northern and western India, and\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the Karnataka Dravida modes favoured by the Kalyani Chalukyas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated a WHS in <\/span><b>2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h35\"><\/a>Moidams \u2013 the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty (Assam)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moidams, a <\/span><b>royal mound burial site<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> created by the <\/span><b>Tai-Ahom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in northeastern India, is situated in the <\/span><b>foothills of the Patkai Ranges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in eastern Assam.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the unique <\/span><b>700-year-old mound burial system of the Ahom Kings at Charaideo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, highlighting the rich cultural heritage of Assam and Bharat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was officially inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in <\/span><b>2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>NATURAL SITES (7 SITES)<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><b>\u00a0<\/b><a id=\"h36\"><\/a>Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (Himachal Pradesh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is located in the <\/span><b>Kullu District<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Himachal Pradesh, India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">GHNP was formally declared a <\/span><b>National Park in 1999<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2014<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h37\"><\/a>Kaziranga National Park (Assam)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is located within <\/span><b>two districts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Assam -the Kaliabor subdivision of <\/span><b>Nagaon<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> district and the Bokakhat subdivision of <\/span><b>Golaghat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> district.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kaziranga covers an area of 378 km sq. and hosts t<\/span><b>wo-thirds of the world\u2019s Great One-horned rhinoceros population<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1985.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h38\"><\/a>Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formerly known as the <\/span><b>Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, it lies between two of India&#8217;s most historic cities, Agra and Jaipur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The park is home to over 370 species of birds and animals such as the <\/span><b>basking python, painted storks, deer, nilgai and more<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was declared a <\/span><b>national park in 1982<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and later tagged as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in <\/span><b>1985<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h39\"><\/a>Manas Wildlife Santuary (Assam)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is located at the base of foothills of the Bhutan-Himalayas in the state of Assam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the <\/span><b>first reserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> included in the network of <\/span><b>tiger reserve under Project tiger in 1973<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In <\/span><b>1989<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Manas acquired the status of a <\/span><b>Biosphere reserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It extends over an area of 2837 Sq. Km from <\/span><b>Sankosh River in the west to Dhansiri River <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in the east.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1985<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h40\"><\/a>Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park (Uttarakhand)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was established in 1982, is situated around the <\/span><b>peak of Nanda Devi (7816 m)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the state of Uttarakhand.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Park was established as <\/span><b>Sanjay Gandhi National Park<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Notification in <\/span><b>1982<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> but was later renamed Nanda Devi National Park.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1988<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h41\"><\/a>Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sundarbans are the <\/span><b>largest delta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They consist of 10,200 sq km of <\/span><b>mangrove forest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, spread over <\/span><b>India and Bangladesh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The part of the forest within Indian Territory is called <\/span><b>Sundarbans National Park <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and is in the southern part of West Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Sundarbans cover an area of 38,500 sq km, of which about <\/span><b>one-third is covered by water\/marsh.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The forest has a large number of <\/span><b>Sundari trees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>1987<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h42\"><\/a>Western Ghats<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Western Ghats is spread across an area from the mount of the <\/span><b>river Tapi to the cape of Kanyakumari<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for a distance of 1600 kms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its average height is <\/span><b>1200 metres.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a <\/span><b>rift side<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the peninsular plateau.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <\/span><b>2012<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Mixed Sites (Sites 1)<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><a id=\"h43\"><\/a>Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The park is also known as <\/span><b>Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is a <\/span><b>national park and a biosphere reserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> located in <\/span><b>Sikkim<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It became <\/span><b>the first &#8220;Mixed Heritage&#8221; site of India.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was included in the <\/span><b>UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <b>2006<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><b>Intangible Cultural Heritage of India<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Intangible Cultural Heritage refers to the traditions, skills, knowledge, and expressions that are passed down through generations and are valued by communities as part of their cultural identity. It includes not just practices and customs, but also the tools, objects, and places linked to them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em>UNESCO\u2019s 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/em> proposes <em>five broad \u2018domains<\/em>\u2019 in which intangible cultural heritage is manifested:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performing arts;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Social practices, rituals and festive events;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional craftsmanship.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the recent addition of Garba of Gujarat to UNESCO\u2019s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2023, India now has a total of 15 cultural traditions recognized on this important international list<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 87.7833%;border-style: solid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><b>Intangible Cultural Heritage Element on UNESCO\u2019s list<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>Year of Inscription<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tradition of Vedic Chanting<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2008<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ramlila (North India)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2008<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kutiyattam (Kerala)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2008<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ramman (Uttarakhand)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2009<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chhau Dance (Eastern India)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2010<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kalbelia Folk Songs and Dances (Rajasthan)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2010<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mudiyettu (Kerala)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2010<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist Chanting (Ladakh)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2012<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sankirtana (Manipur)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2013<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Traditional Brass and Copper Craft (Punjab)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2014<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Navroz (India)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2016<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yoga\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2016<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kumbh Mela<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2017<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Durga Puja (Kolkata)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2021<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 64.6039%\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Garba (Gujarat)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.2972%\"><b>2023<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><a id=\"h44\"><\/a>Tradition of Vedic Chanting<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vedas are over <\/span><b>3500 years old<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, forming a large corpus of <\/span><b>Sanskrit poetry, dialogue, myth, and ritual<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transmitted <\/span><b>orally<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, embodying one of the <\/span><b>oldest surviving cultural traditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only <\/span><b>13 of 1000+ recitation branches<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> survive today.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Noted for <\/span><b>ingenious oral preservation techniques<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by Brahmin priests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Main texts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h45\"><\/a>Ramlila (North India)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dramatic enactment of the <\/span><b>Ramayana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, focusing on Rama\u2019s return from exile and his battle with Ravana, incorporating song, narration, and dialogue..<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Based on <\/span><b>Ramcharitmanas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by <\/span><b>Tulsidas (16th century)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed during <\/span><b>Dussehra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> across northern India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major centres: <\/span><b>Ayodhya, Ramnagar, Benares, Vrindavan, Almora, Sattna, Madhubani<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h46\"><\/a>Kutiyattam (Kerala)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of India\u2019s <\/span><b>oldest living theatrical traditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Combines <\/span><b>Sanskrit classicism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with <\/span><b>local Kerala traditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Features <\/span><b>neta abhinaya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (eye expressions) and <\/span><b>hasta abhinaya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (gestures) to convey the main character\u2019s emotions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Single act<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> may take several days; full performance can last <\/span><b>up to 40 days<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed in <\/span><b>Kuttampalams<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (temple theatres).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h47\"><\/a>Ramman (Uttarakhand)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annual <\/span><b>religious festival<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in <\/span><b>Saloor-Dungra villages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, celebrated in <\/span><b>late April<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Honours <\/span><b>Bhumiyal Devta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the local deity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Involves <\/span><b>rituals, epic Rama recitations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>songs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>masked dances<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only <\/span><b>Bhandaris (Kshatriya caste)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> may wear the sacred <\/span><b>Narasimha mask<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h48\"><\/a>Chhau Dance (Eastern India)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depicts stories from <\/span><b>Mahabharata, Ramayana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and local folklore.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three regional styles: <\/span><b>Seraikella (Jharkhand)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Purulia (West Bengal)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Mayurbhanj (Odisha)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its movement includes mock combat techniques, stylized gaits of birds and animals and movements modeled on the chores of village housewives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed at <\/span><b>night<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with <\/span><b>mohuri<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>shehnai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h49\"><\/a>Kalbelia Folk Songs and Dances (Rajasthan)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Associated with the Kalbelia<\/span><b> community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, traditionally <\/span><b>snake handlers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Women<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> replicate <\/span><b>serpent movements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in dance, wearing tattooed and embroidered attire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Men<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> play <\/span><b>khanjari<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>poongi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (snake-catching instruments).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Entirely <\/span><b>oral tradition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with <\/span><b>no written manuals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h50\"><\/a>Mudiyettu (Kerala)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ritual dance drama<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> based on <\/span><b>Kali vs. Darika<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> myth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Features <\/span><b>kalam<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (powder drawing) of Kali to invoke the goddess.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed annually at <\/span><b>Bhagavati temples, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the temples of the goddess, in different villages along the rivers <\/span><b>Chalakkudy Puzha, Periyar and Moovattupuzha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Narrative includes <\/span><b>Narada<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Shiva<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>Kali&#8217;s battle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with Darika.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h51\"><\/a>Buddhist Chanting (Ladakh)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Ladakh, Buddhist lamas chant sacred texts based on <\/span><b>Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, followed by four main sects: <\/span><b>Nyingma, Kagyud, Shakya, and Geluk.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chanting includes <\/span><b>mudras<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>ritual instruments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and is done <\/span><b>indoors or in courtyards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed during <\/span><b>rituals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>life-cycle events<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>Buddhist calendar days<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h52\"><\/a>Sankirtana (Manipur)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encompasses <\/span><b>singing, drumming, and dancing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> dedicated to <\/span><b>Krishna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed by <\/span><b>two drummers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>ten singer-dancers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venue: <\/span><b>halls or courtyards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, with audience participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acts as a <\/span><b>social and spiritual glue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> within <\/span><b>Manipur\u2019s Vaishnava community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h53\"><\/a>Traditional Brass and Copper Craft (Punjab)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Practiced by <\/span><b>Thatheras of Jandiala Guru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Involves <\/span><b>manual shaping<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of utensils from <\/span><b>flattened metal plates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Uses <\/span><b>hand-held bellows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>earthen stoves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for temperature control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finished using <\/span><b>sand and tamarind juice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for polishing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h54\"><\/a>Navroz (India)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Celebrated on <\/span><b>21st March<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> by <\/span><b>Parsis and Muslims (Shia and Sunni)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Observed in multiple countries across <\/span><b>Central and South Asia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Key ritual: <\/span><b>Decorated table<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> with symbolic objects and a <\/span><b>communal meal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h55\"><\/a>Yoga<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Involves <\/span><b>asana (poses)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>pranayama (breathing)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>dhyana (meditation)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aims for <\/span><b>self-realization and liberation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Knowledge passed via <\/span><b>Guru-Shishya tradition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promotes <\/span><b>spiritual, mental, and physical well-being<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h56\"><\/a>Kumbh Mela<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">World\u2019s <\/span><b>largest peaceful religious gathering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Held at <\/span><b>Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> every four years by rotation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Main ritual: <\/span><b>bathing in sacred rivers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to cleanse sins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major participants: <\/span><b>Akhadas, ashrams<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>mendicants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h57\"><\/a>Durga Puja (Kolkata)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annual worship of <\/span><b>Goddess Durga<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> over <\/span><b>10 days in September or October<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Begins with <\/span><b>Mahalaya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (painting eyes on idols), ends with <\/span><b>immersion ritual<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Celebrated for <\/span><b>inclusive practices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> involving <\/span><b>marginalized groups<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>women<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><a id=\"h58\"><\/a>Garba (Gujarat)<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Devotional dance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> during <\/span><b>Navratri<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, centred on <\/span><b>feminine energy (Shakti)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Performed around <\/span><b>lit earthen pot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or <\/span><b>Amba idol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dancers move in <\/span><b>counter-clockwise circles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, rhythm builds to intense pace.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Involves <b>singing, clapping, and synchronized movements<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"h59\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Tangible-and-Intangible-Cultural-Heritage-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a> to download pdf of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/p>\n<p><em>To Read more about Prelims 20+ initiative<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/prelims20-a-free-initative-for-cse-prelims-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In today\u2019s Prelims 20+, we explore Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage\u2014two facets through which civilizations express identity, values, and continuity. Tangible heritage includes monuments, sites, and artifacts like temples, forts, and inscriptions that reflect architectural, artistic, and technological excellence. Intangible heritage, recognised by UNESCO, comprises traditions, rituals, oral expressions, performing arts, and knowledge systems like&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/day-7-prelims-20-tangible-and-intangible-cultural-heritage\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Day 7 Prelims 20+: Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10367,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-336623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-prelims-20","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10367"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=336623"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/336623\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=336623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=336623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=336623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}