{"id":337937,"date":"2025-05-25T18:16:21","date_gmt":"2025-05-25T12:46:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=337937"},"modified":"2025-05-30T17:17:46","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T11:47:46","slug":"upsc-prelims-answer-key-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upsc-prelims-answer-key-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2025 \u2013 Set A | Set B | Set C | Set D \u2013 Download PDF \u2013 With Detailed Explanations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>UPSC has successfully conducted the 1<sup>st<\/sup> session of the Civil Services Prelims Exam (CSE) for 2025. Now students would start waiting for the <strong>UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2025<\/strong>\u00a0for GS 1, to match their answers and take a guess on their future course of action. Therefore, we have come up with the\u00a0<strong>UPSC Prelims answer key 2025<\/strong>\u00a0in the PDF format. You can either download the PDF or check your answer here only.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 85.2604%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; background-color: #f7fceb;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upcoming-programs-for-upsc-mains-2025-and-2026\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Upcoming Programs by ForumIAS for UPSC Mains 2025 and 2026<\/a>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upcoming-programs-for-upsc-mains-2025-and-2026\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 180px; width: 72.3365%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; background-color: #f7f4ba;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 73.9914%; text-align: center; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>UPSC Prelims 2025-GS 1 and CSAT Answer keys I Download PDF\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 40.1174%; text-align: center; height: 30px;\"><strong>GS Paper I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.874%; text-align: center; height: 30px;\"><strong>CSAT<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 40.1174%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-1-Answer-Keys.docx-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET A Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.874%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-II-CSAT-Answer-Keys.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET A Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 40.1174%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-1-Answer-Keys.docx-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET B Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.874%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-II-CSAT-Answer-Keys.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET B Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 40.1174%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-1-Answer-Keys.docx-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET C Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.874%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-II-CSAT-Answer-Keys.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET C Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 40.1174%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-1-Answer-Keys.docx-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET D Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.874%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-II-CSAT-Answer-Keys.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET D Answer Key<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 88.6597%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; background-color: #c9eff5;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\"><strong>GS Paper I Answer Key With Detailed explanation (GS Paper I Set B)<\/strong>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025-Paper-1_Final-paper-Set-B.docx-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here to Download<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>CSAT Answer Key with Detailed Explanation (CSAT Set A)-<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/UPSC-Civil-Services-Prelims-2025_final-CSAT-Set-A.docx.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click Here to Download<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 240px; width: 72.6765%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid; background-color: #f5eded;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 30px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>UPSC Prelims 2025 \u2013 GS 1 and CSAT Question Papers | Download PDF<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 74.5628%; text-align: center; height: 60px;\" colspan=\"2\">Download the UPSC Prelims 2025 Question Paper &#8211; GS Paper 1 &#8211; Clean and typed PDF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9411%; text-align: center; height: 30px;\"><strong>GS Paper I<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6217%; text-align: center; height: 30px;\"><strong>CSAT<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9411%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-A-GS-I.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET A Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6217%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-A-CSAT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET A Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9411%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-B-GS-II.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET B Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6217%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-B-CSAT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET B Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9411%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-C-GS-III.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET C Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6217%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\">SET C Question Paper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 38.9411%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-D-GS-IV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET D Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.6217%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Set-C-CSAT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SET D Question Paper<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Check GS Paper I Answer key for all sets, in the below given table:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 63.6592%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>Q. No.<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>SET A<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>SET B<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>SET C<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>SET D<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>1<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>2<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>3<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>4<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>5<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>6<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>7<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>8<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>9<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>10<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>11<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>12<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>13<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>14<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>15<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>16<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>17<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>18<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>19<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>20<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>21<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>22<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>23<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>24<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>25<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>26<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>27<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>28<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>29<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>30<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>31<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>32<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>33<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>34<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>35<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>36<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>37<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>38<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>39<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>40<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>41<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>42<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>43<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>44<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>45<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>46<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>47<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>48<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>49<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>50<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>51<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>52<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>53<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>54<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>55<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>56<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>57<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>58<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>59<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>60<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>61<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>62<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>63<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>64<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>65<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>66<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>67<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>68<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>69<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>70<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>71<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>72<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>73<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>74<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>75<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>76<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>77<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>78<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>79<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>80<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>81<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>82<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>83<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>84<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>85<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>86<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>87<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>88<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>89<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>90<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>91<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>92<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>93<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>94<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>95<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>96<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>97<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>98<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>99<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>c<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.8921%;\"><b>100<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4028%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.6907%;\"><b>d<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1656%;\"><b>a<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70.2552%;\"><b>b<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>or you can check the question wise answer of the Prelims questions, provided below:<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>UPSC Prelims Answer key 2025 with Explanation (GS Paper 1)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><b>(UPSC CSE Prelims GS Paper 1 Questions)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.1)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following types of vehicles:<br \/>\n<\/span>I.Full battery Electric vehicles<br \/>\nII. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Fuel cell electric hybrid vehicles<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above are considered as alternative powertrain vehicles?<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Alternative powertrain vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are those that <\/span><b>do not rely solely on conventional internal combustion engines (ICEs) using petrol or diesel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Instead, they use alternative energy sources such as electricity, hydrogen, or a combination of power sources. They are more environmentally friendly and often reduce or eliminate tailpipe emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct: Full Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Full Battery Electric Vehicles <\/span><b>operate entirely on electricity stored in high-capacity batteries.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These batteries are charged using external power sources like home chargers or public charging stations.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>BEVs have no internal combustion engine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, meaning they do not consume petrol or diesel at all. Instead, they use an electric motor to power the wheels. This results in<\/span><b> zero tailpipe emissions,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> making them environmentally friendly.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common examples of BEVs include the <\/span><b>Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since they completely replace the traditional fuel system with electric propulsion<\/span><b>, BEVs are considered a key category of alternative powertrain vehicles.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Option II is correct: Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCEVs)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles generate electricity onboard by using a chemical process in a <\/span><b>fuel cell<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where <\/span><b>hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen from the air. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This process produces electricity that powers an electric motor, with <\/span><b>only water vapor as the byproduct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making these vehicles <\/span><b>emission-free at the tailpipe.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FCEVs <\/span><b>do not rely on fossil fuels or internal combustion engines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and unlike BEVs, they do not require external charging; instead, they are refueled with compressed hydrogen gas.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vehicles like the <\/span><b>Toyota Mirai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Hyundai NEXO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are prime examples of FCEVs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because they use hydrogen fuel cells instead of conventional engines, they are <\/span><b>classified as alternative powertrain vehicles.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Option III is correct: Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicles (FCHEVs):\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fuel Cell Electric Hybrid Vehicles <\/span><b>combine the technologies of fuel cell vehicles and battery-electric vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In these vehicles, both a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery system work together to power an electric motor.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fuel cell generates electricity from hydrogen, while the battery can store energy from regenerative braking or from the fuel cell. This hybrid system provides flexibility in power delivery, better efficiency, and potentially extended driving range.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example of such a vehicle is the <\/span><b>Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since these vehicles do not depend on conventional internal combustion engines and operate primarily on hydrogen and electricity, they significantly reduce environmental impact and are therefore <\/span><b>considered a form of alternative powertrain vehicle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/e-amrit.niti.gov.in\/types-of-electric-vehicles\">https:\/\/e-amrit.niti.gov.in\/types-of-electric-vehicles<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acea.auto\/fact\/alternative-powertrains\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.acea.auto\/fact\/alternative-powertrains\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.2)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With reference to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. All types of UAVs can do vertical landing.<br \/>\n<\/span>II. All types of UAVs can do automated hovering.<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. All types of UAVs can use battery only as a source of power supply.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is incorrect: Not all UAVs are capable of vertical landing.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Only UAVs designed with VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) capabilities can land vertically.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Multirotor UAVs (e.g., quadcopters, hexacopters)<\/b> <b>: These drones can take off and land vertically, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">because they generate lift directly from their rotors, <\/span><b>making them suitable for operations in confined spaces<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fixed-Wing UAVs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Resembling traditional airplanes, these drones<\/span><b> require runways or catapult systems for takeoff and landing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They <\/span><b>cannot perform vertical landings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> unless specifically designed as hybrid VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hybrid VTOL UAVs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These combine features of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing designs, <\/span><b>allowing for vertical takeoff and landing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as well as efficient forward flight<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, <\/span><b>not all UAVs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have vertical landing capability.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is incorrect: Hovering<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refers to <\/span><b>maintaining a stationary position in the air without moving forward or backward. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Automated hovering means the UAV can maintain its position without manual input. Again, <\/span><b>only certain types of UAVs can do this.<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Multirotor UAVs:<\/b> <b>These can hover easily<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to their multiple rotors and precise thrust control. They often come with GPS and autopilot systems that allow automated hovering at a fixed altitude and position.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fixed-Wing UAVs: These cannot hover<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> because they depend on constant forward movement to generate lift. They behave like small airplanes and will stall if they try to stop moving forward.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence, <\/span><b>not all types of UAVs<\/b> <b>can do automatic hovering.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is incorrect: UAVs utilize various power sources depending on their design and intended use:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Battery-Powere<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d<\/span><b> (usually lithium-polymer or lithium-ion) UAVs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Common among small drones, batteries offer a clean and quiet power source but are limited in energy density.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I<\/span><b>nternal Combustion Engine (petrol\/diesel) UAVs: Used in larger drones, these engines provide higher energy density, allowing for longer flight times.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fuel Cell-Powered UAVs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These systems offer high energy efficiency and are used in specialized applications.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hybrid Systems:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Combining batteries with other power sources like fuel cells or combustion engines, these systems aim to balance endurance and performance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, <\/span><b>not all UAVs rely solely on batteries for power.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.auav.com.au\/articles\/drone-types\/\">https:\/\/www.auav.com.au\/articles\/drone-types\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.shearwater.ai\/post\/6-energy-sources\">https:\/\/www.shearwater.ai\/post\/6-energy-sources<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.3)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the context of electric vehicle batteries, consider the following elements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Cobalt<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Graphite<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Lithium<br \/>\n<\/span>IV. Nickel<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above usually make up battery cathodes?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Most electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These batteries have <\/span><b>two key electrodes:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cathode (positive electrode)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This is where lithium ions are stored when the battery is discharged.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Anode (negative electrode):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is where lithium ions move during charging.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cathode material determines the battery\u2019s energy capacity, lifespan, and safety.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct: Cobalt \u2013 Used in Cathode\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cobalt is <\/span><b>commonly used in EV battery cathodes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in chemistries like <\/span><b>Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It enhances energy density and stability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is incorrect: Graphite \u2013 Used in Anode<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphite is the <\/span><b>most common material used for the anode <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(the negative electrode) in lithium-ion batteries, <\/span><b>not the cathode.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is correct: Lithium \u2013 Used in Cathode<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lithium is a fundamental element in lithium-ion batteries, and it is <\/span><b>present in the cathode material<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g.,<\/span><b> lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). The movement of lithium ions between the cathode and anode is how the battery stores and releases energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option IV is correct:\u00a0 Nickel \u2013 Used in Cathode\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nickel is a <\/span><b>key element in <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many high-energy density<\/span><b> EV battery cathodes, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">such as NMC and NCA. It contributes to higher energy density and allows for longer driving ranges.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/industry\/renewables\/how-do-electric-vehicle-batteries-work\/articleshow\/95529209.cms?from=mdr\">https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/industry\/renewables\/how-do-electric-vehicle-batteries-work\/articleshow\/95529209.cms?from=mdr<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aquametals.com\/recyclopedia\/lithium-ion-anode-and-cathode-materials\/\">https:\/\/www.aquametals.com\/recyclopedia\/lithium-ion-anode-and-cathode-materials\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.4)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Cigarette butts<br \/>\n<\/span>II. Eyeglass lenses<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Car tyres<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of them contain plastic?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct: Cigarette Butts:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cigarette filters are p<\/span><b>redominantly made from cellulose acetate, a man &#8211; made plastic derived from cellulose.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While it may resemble cotton, it&#8217;s actually a form of plastic that is slow to degrade. When discarded, these filters can leach toxic substances like nicotine and heavy metals into the environment, posing risks to wildlife and ecosystems<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is correct: Eyeglass Lenses<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Modern eyeglass lenses are commonly crafted from plastic materials<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as <\/span><b>CR-39 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Columbia Resin #39) and <\/span><b>polycarbonate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. CR-39 is a lightweight plastic offering good optical clarity, while polycarbonate is known for its impact resistance and UV protection<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is correct: Car Tyres<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tyres <\/span><b>contain both natural rubber and synthetic rubber, the latter being derived from plastic polymers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene rubber.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These synthetic materials enhance durability, flexibility, and resistance to wear, making tyres a <\/span><b>significant contributor to microplastic pollution <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthday.org\/tiny-but-deadly-cigarette-butts-are-the-most-commonly-polluted-plastic\/\">https:\/\/www.earthday.org\/tiny-but-deadly-cigarette-butts-are-the-most-commonly-polluted-plastic\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.warbyparker.com\/learn\/types-of-lenses-for-glasses\">https:\/\/www.warbyparker.com\/learn\/types-of-lenses-for-glasses<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/tires-unseen-plastic-polluter\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/tires-unseen-plastic-polluter<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.5)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following substances:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Ethanol<br \/>\n<\/span>II. Nitroglycerine<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Urea<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coal gasification technology can be used in the production of how many of them?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Coal gasification<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a process that <\/span><b>converts coal into syngas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (synthesis gas), a mixture primarily consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H\u2082), carbon dioxide (CO\u2082), and methane (CH\u2084).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is achieved by reacting coal at high temperatures (typically above 1000\u00b0C) with a controlled amount of oxygen and\/or steam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Syngas is a valuable feedstock and can be further processed to produce various chemicals, fuels, and fertilizers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct: Ethanol<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Ethanol can be produced indirectly from coal through the coal gasification route.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this method, <\/span><b>coal is gasified to produce syngas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>which is then converted into ethanol <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through a catalytic or microbial fermentation process.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While ethanol is most commonly produced from sugar or starch-based biomass through fermentation (especially in countries like India and Brazil), coal-to-ethanol technology is used in countries with abundant coal resources but limited agricultural biomass.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is incorrect: Nitroglycerine<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Nitroglycerine cannot be produced through coal gasification.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0It is a chemical compound synthesized by the nitration of glycerol (glycerin) using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glycerol, the key raw material in this process, is typically a byproduct of the soap-making or biodiesel industries and has no direct connection with coal or syngas.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since neither glycerol nor the acids used in nitration are derived from coal or its gasification products, <\/span><b>coal gasification plays no role in the production of nitroglycerine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is correct: Urea<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Urea <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is one of the most important fertilizers and can indeed be <\/span><b>produced using coal gasification technology.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this process, coal is gasified to produce syngas, which is further used to synthesize ammonia via the Haber-Bosch process.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The ammonia thus obtained is then reacted with carbon dioxide to produce urea.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This method offers an alternative to conventional natural gas-based urea production and has been adopted in coal-rich countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/coal.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/ncgm\/ncgm21-09-21.pdf\">https:\/\/coal.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/ncgm\/ncgm21-09-21.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-how-coal-gasification-can-help-india-bring-down-its-urea-import-6025114\/\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-how-coal-gasification-can-help-india-bring-down-its-urea-import-6025114\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/alfred-nobel\/nitroglycerine-and-dynamite\/\">https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/alfred-nobel\/nitroglycerine-and-dynamite\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.6)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> What is the common characteristic of the chemical substances generally known as CL-20, HMX and LLM-105, which are sometimes talked about in media?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) These are alternatives to hydro-fluorocarbon refrigerants<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) These are explosives in military weapons<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) These are high-energy fuels for cruise missiles<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) These are fuels for rocket propulsion<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The s<\/span><b>ubstances CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are all part of a class of chemicals known as high-energy explosives.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These are<\/span><b> powerful explosive compounds developed for military applications, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">particularly in warheads, bombs, and other precision munitions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Overview of Each Compound:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>CL-20(Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Developed in the 1980s at the U.S. Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, CL-20 is among the most powerful non-nuclear explosives known. It offers superior performance compared to traditional explosives like HMX and RDX, with higher detonation velocity and energy density.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>HMX<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: An acronym for &#8220;<\/span><b>High Melting explosive<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,&#8221; HMX is a widely used and powerful nitroamine high explosive, chemically related to RDX. It has been used for decades in various military applications<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>LLM-105 :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Synthesized in the 1990s at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLM-105 is an insensitive high explosive. It is designed to withstand high temperatures and mechanical shocks, making it suitable for use in munitions where safety and stability are paramount<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/newsite\/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=67872\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/newsite\/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=67872<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1879800\"><b>https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1879800<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.7)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing.<br \/>\n<\/span>II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS).<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Deep learning is machine learning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><b>Microsoft introduced the Majorana 1 chip,\u00a0 the world\u2019s first quantum chip, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explicitly stating its expectation that it &#8220;<\/span><b>will realize quantum computers capable of solving meaningful, industrial-scale problems in years, not decades.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u00a0 leverages the <\/span><b>world\u2019s first topoconductor,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a breakthrough type of material which can observe and control Majorana particles to produce more reliable and scalable qubits, which are the building blocks for quantum computers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Majorana 1 chip is developed by Microsoft, not Amazon Web Services<\/b> <b>(AWS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Amazon Web Services<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has <\/span><b>introduced its own quantum chip named &#8220;Ocelot,&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which focuses on improving quantum error correction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b> <b>Deep learning is indeed a subset of machine learning.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It involves algorithms inspired by the structure and function of the human brain, known as <\/span><b>artificial neural networks <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to process and analyze information. It is used in many AI tasks today, including image and speech recognition, object detection, and natural language processing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/source\/features\/innovation\/microsofts-majorana-1-chip-carves-new-path-for-quantum-computing\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/news.microsoft.com\/source\/features\/innovation\/microsofts-majorana-1-chip-carves-new-path-for-quantum-computing\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/technology\/tech-news-technology\/microsoft-majorana-1-new-quantum-computing-chip-explained-9846515\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/technology\/tech-news-technology\/microsoft-majorana-1-new-quantum-computing-chip-explained-9846515\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/deep-learning\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/deep-learning<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.8)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With reference to monoclonal antibodies, often mentioned in news, consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. They are man-made proteins.<br \/>\n<\/span>II. They stimulate immunological function due to their ability to bind to specific antigens.<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. They are used in treating viral infections like that of Nipah virus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) 1, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: Monoclonal antibodies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <\/span><b>man-made antibodies artificially created in laboratories using biotechnology.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Scientists produce them by cloning a single white blood cell (B-cell) that produces a desired antibody. Since all the antibodies are copies (clones) of one original cell, they are called monoclonal antibodies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These proteins are designed to mimic the immune system&#8217;s ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: Monoclonal antibodies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are highly specific \u2013 <\/span><b>they are engineered to bind to a particular antigen <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(a molecule or protein found on the surface of pathogens or abnormal cells). This binding can:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Neutralize the pathogen (by blocking its activity),<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mark it for destruction by other immune cells,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Or block receptors that the virus uses to enter human cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>By binding to these specific targets, mAbs enhance the immune response and help the body fight disease more effectively.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: Monoclonal antibodies have been developed as therapeutic options for several viral infections<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>COVID-19<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g., Casirivimab and Imdevimab)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ebola virus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g., Inmazeb, Ebanga)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nipah virus: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A monoclonal antibody called m102.4 has shown potential against the Nipah virus. It was used under compassionate use protocols in a few cases and is under further clinical investigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/health\/nipah-virus-outbreak-kerala-what-are-monoclonal-antibodies\/article67330401.ece\"><b>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/health\/nipah-virus-outbreak-kerala-what-are-monoclonal-antibodies\/article67330401.ece<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.9)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. No virus can survive in\/ocean waters.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. No virus can infect bacteria.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. No virus can change the cellular transcriptional activity in host cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is incorrect: Viruses are abundant in ocean waters.<\/b> <b>Oceans are estimated to contain more than 10\u00b3\u2070 viruses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making them one of the most virus-rich environments on Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The v<\/span><b>ast majority of these are bacteriophages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which infect marine bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These viruses play a key role in regulating microbial populations, nutrient cycling, and even in carbon cycling, by influencing the death and lysis (breaking down) of microbial cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marine viruses are an active area of research in marine biology, virology, and climate science.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect: There is a well-known class of viruses called bacteriophages (<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or simply phages) that <\/span><b>specifically infect bacteria.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are widely used in research and have even found therapeutic applications (called phage therapy) to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteriophages attach to bacterial cells, inject their genetic material, and hijack the bacterial machinery to replicate themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is incorrect: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">meaning <\/span><b>they rely on host cell machinery to replicate.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0To achieve this,<\/span><b> many viruses manipulate and alter the host cell&#8217;s transcriptional activity <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(and other cellular processes) to favor viral gene expression and replication. This can involve activating or repressing host genes, hijacking host transcription factors, or introducing their own transcriptional machinery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/asm.org\/articles\/2023\/june\/marine-viruses-submerged-players-of-climate-chang\">https:\/\/asm.org\/articles\/2023\/june\/marine-viruses-submerged-players-of-climate-chang<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/bacteriophages-and-their-use-in-combating-antimicrobial-resistance\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/bacteriophages-and-their-use-in-combating-antimicrobial-resistance<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7173423\/\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7173423\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/lifestyle\/health\/covid-19-infection-can-change-structure-of-our-genes-study-8516088\/\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/lifestyle\/health\/covid-19-infection-can-change-structure-of-our-genes-study-8516088\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.10)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Activated carbon is a good and an attractive tool to remove pollutants from effluent streams and to remediate contaminants from various industries.<br \/>\n<\/span><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Activated carbon exhibits a large surface area and a strong potential for adsorbing heavy metals.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Statement III:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Activated carbon can be easily synthesized from environmental wastes with high carbon content.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Activated carbon is a highly porous material that has an exceptionally large surface area, making it an effective adsorbent. It is widely used to remove pollutants from water and air, particularly in industries dealing with heavy metal contamination, wastewater treatment, and chemical processes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Activated carbon is widely recognized for its effectiveness in environmental applications, particularly in the treatment of industrial effluents and polluted water or air.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It functions primarily through adsorption, a process in which contaminants adhere to the surface of the carbon material.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to its high efficiency in removing a wide range of pollutants\u2014including dyes, organic compounds, and heavy metals\u2014activated carbon is extensively used in sectors such as chemical manufacturing, textiles, food processing, and water treatment.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: One of the most important physical properties of activated carbon is its extremely large surface area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This large surface area is due to its highly porous structure. This <\/span><b>large surface area provides numerous active sites for adsorption.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This makes it especially useful in removing toxic metals from industrial effluents and contaminated water sources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the <\/span><b>features mentioned in this statement are key scientific reasons behind the effectiveness described in Statement I.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><b>Activated carbon can be produced from a wide range of carbon-rich waste materials<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including agricultural by-products like coconut shells, rice husks, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, and nutshells.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These materials are subjected to carbonization and activation processes to create the porous structure necessary for adsorption.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This <\/span><b>ease of synthesis from waste makes activated carbon accessible and attractive,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> especially in developing countries and for large-scale industrial applications \u2014 thus <\/span><b>supporting and explaining the attractiveness mentioned in Statement I.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusion:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All three statements are correct. <\/span><b>Both Statement II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (which explains the functional mechanism \u2014 high surface area and adsorption capacity) and <\/span><b>Statement III<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (which explains the practical and economic benefits \u2014 easy synthesis from waste) <\/span><b>help in explaining why activated carbon is an attractive tool for pollution control, as stated in Statement I.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Therefore, Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.watertechonline.com\/wastewater\/article\/15549902\/the-basics-of-activated-carbon-adsorption\"><b>https:\/\/www.watertechonline.com\/wastewater\/article\/15549902\/the-basics-of-activated-carbon-adsorption<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/82824\/1\/Block-3.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/82824\/1\/Block-3.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.11)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Studies indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from cement industry account for more than 5% of global carbon emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone while manufacturing cement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Limestone is converted into lime during clinker production for cement manufacturing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cement industry is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions due to both the chemical reactions involved in producing clinker (the main ingredient of cement) and the burning of fossil fuels to power the production process. Specifically, calcining limestone (a primary ingredient) to produce lime (CaO) releases CO2, and burning fossil fuels to heat the kilns also contributes to emissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Global cement manufacturing produced 1.6 billion metric tonnes of CO2 in 2022, the latest year for which there are figures \u2013 that&#8217;s about 8% of the world&#8217;s total CO2 emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Silica-bearing clay is mixed with limestone while manufacturing cement.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ement production involves mixing limestone with other materials like clay, which contains silica, along with other minerals. These materials are then processed into clinker, a key component of cement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 In the process of making cement clinker, limestone, which is primarily calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is heated to high temperatures (1450\u00b0C or 2640\u00b0F) in a kiln. This process, called calcination, decomposes the limestone into calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as lime, and carbon dioxide (CO2). The lime then reacts with other raw materials like clay and silica to form the clinker, which is the main ingredient in cement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them (i.e. Statement III) explains Statement I:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement I discusses the environmental impact (carbon emissions) of the cement industry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement III explains why the cement industry has significant carbon emissions (as mentioned in Statement I), due to the conversion of limestone to lime releasing CO2.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/stories\/2024\/09\/cement-production-sustainable-concrete-co2-emissions\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.12)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the \u2018Declaration on Climate and Health&#8217;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If India&#8217;s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the &#8216;Declaration on Climate and Health&#8217;. The declaration calls for deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions to achieve health benefits, including those from lower air pollution and sustainable diets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a non-binding, voluntary political declaration that aims to galvanize support for action on climate change and health. It&#8217;s a call to action and a joint vision, not a legally enforceable treaty.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At COP28, India chose not to sign the &#8220;Declaration on Climate and Health&#8221;. This decision is primarily due to concerns about the practicality of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from cooling in the country&#8217;s healthcare infrastructure, a point within the declaration. Concerns were reportedly raised about the <\/span><b>practicality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of implementing cooling-related decarbonization in a country where <\/span><b>access to affordable and reliable cooling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (especially in rural or under-resourced health facilities) is essential for resilience. India feared that rigid decarbonization efforts in such critical infrastructure might <\/span><b>undermine operational capacity or resilience<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in heat-prone and underserved areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Only statement III is correct and statement III explains statement I.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/world-news\/india-refrains-from-signing-health-and-climate-declaration-at-cop28-123120300945_1.html#:~:text=Listen%20to%20This%20Article,reductions%20in%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/world-news\/india-refrains-from-signing-health-and-climate-declaration-at-cop28-123120300945_1.html#:~:text=Listen%20to%20This%20Article,reductions%20in%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/india-refuses-to-sign-cop28-declaration-on-climate-and-health-heres-why-11701618953067.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/india-refuses-to-sign-cop28-declaration-on-climate-and-health-heres-why-11701618953067.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.13)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Scientific studies suggest that a shift is taking place in the Earth&#8217;s rotation and axis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Solar flares and associated coronal mass ejections bombarded the Earth&#8217;s outermost atmosphere with tremendous amount of energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As the Earth&#8217;s polar ice melts, the water tends to move torwards the equator.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Scientific studies confirm that the Earth&#8217;s rotation and axis are experiencing shifts, primarily influenced by climate change and human activities. These changes include a wobble in the axis of rotation and a slowing of the Earth&#8217;s spin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are powerful bursts of energy and matter released from the sun. They can bombard Earth&#8217;s atmosphere with energy and most of this energy is reflected back into space by the Earth&#8217;s magnetic field. However, these energy bursts <\/span><b>do not contribute to shifts in Earth&#8217;s rotation or axis.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When polar ice caps and glaciers melt, the resulting water redistributes across the planet, primarily moving towards the equator due to gravitational equilibrium and centrifugal forces from Earth\u2019s rotation. This redistribution of mass has a measurable effect on the inertia and balance of the planet, which can lead to a shift in the rotation axis. This is much like how a spinning top shifts direction if its internal weight is redistributed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is correct and the <\/span><b>main explanation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for why the Earth&#8217;s axis is shifting \u2014 due to mass redistribution from melting ice moving toward the equator. Therefore, the correct answer is b<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/science\/story\/climate-change-is-altering-earths-rotation-as-polar-ice-melts-2567942-2024-07-17\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/science\/story\/climate-change-is-altering-earths-rotation-as-polar-ice-melts-2567942-2024-07-17<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/climate-qa\/do-solar-storms-cause-heat-waves-earth<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.14)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is frequently discussed in relation to sustainable development and climate change due to its provisions for international cooperation in the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). It enables countries to voluntarily cooperate through carbon markets (6.2 and 6.4) and non-market approaches (6.8) to achieve their climate targets, while also promoting sustainable development and environmental integrity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles for carbon markets. It provides a framework for international cooperation on emissions reductions, enabling countries to work together through carbon trading and other mechanisms to achieve their climate targets.\u00a0 Article 6 allows countries to transfer emission reductions from one country to another, helping them meet their nationally determined contributions (NDCs).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 6 of the Paris Agreement facilitates both market-based and non-market-based international cooperation for countries to achieve their climate targets. It&#8217;s a key mechanism for countries to collaborate in reducing emissions and meeting their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 6.2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enables countries to use internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (like carbon credits) towards their NDCs, promoting cooperation and sharing of emissions reduction efforts.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 6.4:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Establishes a new UNFCCC mechanism for trading high-quality carbon credits, further facilitating international carbon markets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 6.8:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Specifically addresses non-market approaches, including finance, technology transfer, and capacity building to enhance climate action. This allows for cooperation without direct trading of emissions reductions, promoting a broader range of collaboration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Both statement II and III explains statement I<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/node\/637805#:~:text=Article%206%20of%20the%20Paris%20Agreement%20enables%20international%20cooperation%20to,cooperation%20for%20enhancing%20climate%20action\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/unfccc.int\/node\/637805#:~:text=Article%206%20of%20the%20Paris%20Agreement%20enables%20international%20cooperation%20to,cooperation%20for%20enhancing%20climate%20action<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/unepccc.org\/article-6-pipeline\/#:~:text=Article%206%20of%20the%20Paris,on%20cooperation%20under%20Article%206.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.15)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Which one of the following launched the &#8216;Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) The New Development Bank (NDB)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The organization that launched the &#8220;<\/span><b>Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific&#8221; is the Asian Development Bank (ADB).<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The ADB unveiled this hub at COP28 with the goal of attracting significant investments in nature-based solutions projects across the Asia Pacific region. It aims to mobilize funding for projects that incorporate nature-based solutions to address climate change and biodiversity loss. The hub aims to attract at least $2 billion in investments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Source:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/opecfund.org\/operations\/list\/enhancing-outcomes-of-the-nature-solutions-finance-hub-nsfh-for-asia-and-the-pacific#:~:text=The%20proposed%20TA%20grant%20aims,across%20Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/opecfund.org\/operations\/list\/enhancing-outcomes-of-the-nature-solutions-finance-hub-nsfh-for-asia-and-the-pacific#:~:text=The%20proposed%20TA%20grant%20aims,across%20Asia%20and%20the%20Pacific<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ndcpartnership.org\/knowledge-portal\/climate-funds-explorer\/nature-solutions-finance-hub-asia-and-pacific#:~:text=The%20Asian%20Development%20Bank%20(ADB,other%20sources%20of%20private%20capital\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ndcpartnership.org\/knowledge-portal\/climate-funds-explorer\/nature-solutions-finance-hub-asia-and-pacific#:~:text=The%20Asian%20Development%20Bank%20(ADB,other%20sources%20of%20private%20capital<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.16)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With reference to \u2018Direct Air Capture\u2019, an emerging technology, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It can be used as a way of carbon sequestration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. It can be a valuable approach for plastic production and in food processing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. In aviation, it can be a source of carbon for combining with hydrogen to create synthetic low-carbon fuel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) III only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I, II and III<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None of the above statements is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Direct air capture (DAC) is a method that can be used for carbon sequestration, also known as direct air carbon capture and sequestration (DACCS). DACCS involves extracting carbon dioxide (CO2) directly from the atmosphere using chemical or physical processes, followed by the long-term storage of that captured CO2, effectively removing it from the atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Direct air capture (DAC) can be a valuable approach for certain aspects of plastic production and food processing by utilizing captured CO2. DAC extracts CO2 from the atmosphere, which can then be used as a feedstock for producing some types of plastics and in food production processes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Direct air capture (DAC) technology can be used in aviation to create synthetic low-carbon fuels. DAC extracts carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. This captured CO2 can then be combined with hydrogen, which can be produced through renewable energy sources, to create synthetic fuels like e-fuels<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.catf.us\/resource\/decarbonizing-aviation-enabling-technologies-net-zero-future\/#:~:text=Clean%20hydrogen%20with%20low%20or,decline%20and%20the%20market%20grows\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.catf.us\/resource\/decarbonizing-aviation-enabling-technologies-net-zero-future\/#:~:text=Clean%20hydrogen%20with%20low%20or,decline%20and%20the%20market%20grows<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage\/direct-air-capture\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage\/direct-air-capture<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/sis\/centers\/carbon-removal\/fact-sheet-direct-air-capture.cfm#:~:text=Direct%20Air%20Capture%20with%20Carbon%20Storage%20(DACCS),to%20make%20long%2Dlasting%20products%2C%20such%20as%20cement\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.american.edu\/sis\/centers\/carbon-removal\/fact-sheet-direct-air-capture.cfm#:~:text=Direct%20Air%20Capture%20with%20Carbon%20Storage%20(DACCS),to%20make%20long%2Dlasting%20products%2C%20such%20as%20cement<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.17)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Regarding Peacock tarantula (Gooty tarantula), consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It is an omnivorous crustacean.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Its natural habitat in India is only limited to some forest areas.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. In its natural habitat, it is an arboreal species.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I and III<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is incorrect:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Peacock tarantula, also known as the Gooty tarantula (Poecilotheria metallica), is a spider, not a crustacean. It is an arachnid, specifically a tarantula species belonging to the family Theraphosidae. It&#8217;s native to deciduous forests in Andhra Pradesh, India, and is known for its vibrant blue color, which is also why it&#8217;s called the &#8220;peacock tarantula&#8221;.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Gooty (Peacock) Tarantula&#8217;s natural habitat in India is limited to specific forest areas, primarily in the Eastern Ghats and degraded forests near Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh. This makes it a critically endangered species.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Gooty tarantula is <\/span><b>arboreal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, meaning it lives in <\/span><b>trees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as opposed to burrowing in the ground like some other tarantulas. In its forest habitat, it makes use of <\/span><b>tree hollows and bark crevices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/environment\/tracking--the-elusive---metallic-spider-46057\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/environment\/tracking&#8211;the-elusive&#8212;metallic-spider-46057<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.18)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions in India are less than 0.5 t CO2\/capita.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. In terms of CO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emissions from fuel combustion, India ranks second in Asia-Pacific region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Electricity and heat producers are the largest sources of CO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> emissions in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement I is incorrect:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 In 2022, India&#8217;s per capita emissions were 1.89 t CO2 per person. Per capita carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) emissions in India have soared in recent decades, climbing from 0.4 metric tons per person in 1970 to a <\/span><b>high of 2.07 metric tons per person in 2023.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India ranks second in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. China ranks first in the region, and India is second with 2,516.967 Mt CO2 emissions, according to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In India, electricity and heat production are the largest source of CO2 emissions. Specifically, the power sector, which is heavily reliant on coal, contributes significantly to the nation&#8217;s overall CO2 emissions, which directly impact climate change. In 2019, the power sector was responsible for about 70% of India&#8217;s total CO2 emissions, making it the single largest contributor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/regions\/asia-pacific\/emissions\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/regions\/asia-pacific\/emissions<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/coal\/indias-per-capita-emissions-less-than-half-of-global-average-in-2022-report\/105751832#:~:text=The%20data%20provided%20by%20the,US%20(14%20per%20cent).\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India&#8217;s per capita emissions less than half of global average in 2022: Report, ET EnergyWorld<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/countries\/india\/emissions#:~:text=Note%20that%20CO2%20emissions%20generated,Next%20Electricity<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ssgaslab.com\/emissions-from-india&#8217;s-power-sector.html#:~:text=The%20Impact%20of%20India&#8217;s%20Power%20Sector%20on,responsible%20for%20about%2070%%20of%20these%20emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.19)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plant<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Description<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Cassava<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woody shrub<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Ginger<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herb with pseudostem<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Malabar spinach<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herbaceous climber<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Mint<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual shrub<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V. Papaya<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woody shrub<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the five<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Pair 1 is correctly matched<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Cassava is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is also called yuca, manioc, and mandioca. It is cultivated for its starchy <\/span><b>tuberous roots<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are a major source of carbohydrates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 2 is correctly matched<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Ginger is an herbaceous perennial plant with a unique structure that includes a rhizome (underground stem) and a pseudostem (false stem). The rhizome, the fleshy underground stem, is the part we commonly consume. The pseudostem, made up of tightly wrapped leaf bases, supports the aerial leaves and flowers. This plant is a member of the Zingiberaceae family, which also includes plants like turmeric and cardamom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 3 is correctly matched:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Malabar spinach (Basella alba) is an herbaceous climber. It is a fast-growing, soft-stemmed, twining vine that can grow up to 10 feet long. It is also known as vine spinach, Indian spinach, and Ceylon spinach.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 4 is incorrectly matched<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Mint is not a shrub. It is classified as an aromatic perennial herb. Shrubs are typically woody plants with multiple stems, while herbs have softer, non-woody stems. Mint plants have soft, square stems and spread via underground and overground runners.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 5 is incorrectly matched<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The papaya (Carica papaya) is a large, herbaceous perennial, <\/span><b>not a woody shrub<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It has a single, non-woody trunk that is somewhat succulent and soft-wooded. The trunk does not develop true bark and is marked by scars from old leaf bases. The papaya is a tree-like plant, but its trunk is not as woody as a typical tree.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nparks.gov.sg\/florafaunaweb\/flora\/2\/7\/2785\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.nparks.gov.sg\/florafaunaweb\/flora\/2\/7\/2785<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gardeningknowhow.com\/ornamental\/shrubs\/mint-shrub\/growing-mint-shrub-plants.htm#:~:text=There%20are%20about%2040%20different,tall\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.gardeningknowhow.com\/ornamental\/shrubs\/mint-shrub\/growing-mint-shrub-plants.htm#:~:text=There%20are%20about%2040%20different,tall<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hort.extension.wisc.edu\/articles\/malabar-spinach-basella-alba\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/hort.extension.wisc.edu\/articles\/malabar-spinach-basella-alba\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.spices.res.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Extension%20Pamphlets\/ginger.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.spices.res.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Extension%20Pamphlets\/ginger.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.croptrust.org\/knowledge-hub\/crops-countries-and-genebanks\/crops\/cassava\/#:~:text=Cassava%20is%20a%20perennial%20woody,yuca%2C%20manioc%2C%20and%20mandioca\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.croptrust.org\/knowledge-hub\/crops-countries-and-genebanks\/crops\/cassava\/#:~:text=Cassava%20is%20a%20perennial%20woody,yuca%2C%20manioc%2C%20and%20mandioca<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.20)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With reference to the planet Earth, consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Rain forests produce more oxygen than that produced by oceans.<br \/>\n<\/span>II. Marine phytoplankton and photo synthetic bacteria produce about 50% of world&#8217;s oxygen.<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Well-oxygenated surface water contains several folds higher oxygen than that in atmospheric air.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None of the above statements is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is incorrect:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rainforests do not produce more oxygen than oceans. The ocean, particularly through phytoplankton, is estimated to produce a significantly larger portion of Earth&#8217;s oxygen than land-based ecosystems like rainforests. While estimates vary, the ocean is thought to produce a substantial portion of the world&#8217;s oxygen, ranging from 50% to 80%, while land-based ecosystems like rainforests contribute around 28%<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Marine phytoplankton are primarily responsible for a significant portion of Earth&#8217;s oxygen production, with estimates suggesting they produce between 50% and 80% of the oxygen in the atmosphere. Synthetic bacteria, while involved in oxygen production in some cases, are not the primary source of oxygen for the planet<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is incorrect:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The concentration of <\/span><b>dissolved oxygen in surface water<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is much <\/span><b>lower than the concentration of oxygen in air<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Air<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> contains about <\/span><b>21% oxygen by volume<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is significantly higher than dissolved oxygen levels in water (typically around <\/span><b>8\u201310 mg\/L<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/ocean-oxygen.html#:~:text=About%20half%20of%20Earth's%20oxygen,%2C%20temperature%2C%20and%20other%20factors\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/ocean-oxygen.html#:~:text=About%20half%20of%20Earth&#8217;s%20oxygen,%2C%20temperature%2C%20and%20other%20factors<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/onetreeplanted.org\/blogs\/stories\/oxygen-tree\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/onetreeplanted.org\/blogs\/stories\/oxygen-tree<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalseafood.org\/advocate\/dissolved-oxygen-is-a-major-concern-in-aquaculture-heres-why\/#:~:text=Water%20holds%20a%20much%20smaller,deplete%20the%20dissolved%20oxygen%20quickly\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.globalseafood.org\/advocate\/dissolved-oxygen-is-a-major-concern-in-aquaculture-heres-why\/#:~:text=Water%20holds%20a%20much%20smaller,deplete%20the%20dissolved%20oxygen%20quickly<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.21)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements about Raja Ram Mohan Roy:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. He possessed great love and respect for the traditional philosophical systems of the East.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. He desired his countrymen to accept the rational and scientific approach and the principle of human dignity and social equality of all men and women.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) was the central figure in the political awakening in India. He is rightly regarded as the father of Indian Renaissance and the maker of Modern India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Raja Rammohan Roy possessed <\/span><b>great love and respect for the traditional philosophical system of the East;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but at the same time, he believed that Western culture alone could help regenerate Indian society. Roy <\/span><b>considered different religions as national embodiments of universal theism. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He defended the basic and universal principles of all religions\u2014such as the monotheism of the Vedas and unitarianism of Christianity\u2014while attacking the polytheism of Hinduism and trinitarianism of Christianity. The outlook of Raja Rammohan Roy was <\/span><b>based on an intellectual synthesis of the best thoughts of the Orient and the Occident.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Raja Rammohan Roy firmly believed in the principle of causality linking the whole phenomenal universe and demonstrability as the sole criterion of truth. In particular, <\/span><b>he wanted his countrymen to accept the scientific and rational approach, the principle of human dignity and social equality of all men and women. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He also wanted the introduction of modern capitalism and industry in the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He believed in the modern scientific approach and principles of human dignity and social equality. He put his faith in monotheism.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He <\/span><b>wrote Gift to Monotheists (1809)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and translated into Bengali the Vedas and the five Upanishads to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Brief History of Modern India, Spectrum, Chapter &#8211; 8, Socio-Religious Reform Movements: General Features, Pg. 192; Chapter &#8211; 9, A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements, 206-207<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tripurauniv.ac.in\/site\/images\/pdf\/StudyMaterialsDetail\/POLS-702C-Modern%20Indian%20Political%20Thought.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/tripurauniv.ac.in\/site\/images\/pdf\/StudyMaterialsDetail\/POLS-702C-Modern%20Indian%20Political%20Thought.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Pg. 11)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.22) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following subjects with regard to Non-Cooperation Programme:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Boycott of law-courts and foreign cloth<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Observance of strict non-violence<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Retention of titles and honours without using them in public<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Establishment of Panchayats for settling disputes<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above were parts of the Non-Cooperation Programme?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first nationwide movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, urging Indians to withdraw support from British institutions and refuse cooperation with colonial rule. In September 1920, at a special session in Calcutta, the Indian National Congress (INC) approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established. The programme was to include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Programme of Non-Cooperation included boycotts of law courts,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> government schools and colleges. It also included the <\/span><b>boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">also practice of hand-spinning to be done.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a reaction to the movement, thousands of students left schools and colleges and joined 800 national schools and colleges that had come up throughout the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many leading lawyers of the country like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, Saifuddin Kitchlew, C. Rajagopalachari, M.R. Jayakar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Asaf Ali and T. Prakasham quit their practice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heaps of foreign cloth were burnt publicly and their imports fell by half.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Option II and IV are correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As part of the Non-Cooperation Programme, it was decided to set up national schools and colleges, <\/span><b>establish and strengthen the panchayats for settlement of disputes, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">promotion of hand spinning and weaving, condemnation and renunciation of untouchability, <\/span><b>maintenance of communal amity and strict observance of non-violence.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Non-Cooperation Programme <\/span><b>involved the renunciation of government titles and honorary positions (not the retention of titles and honours without using them in public).<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Brief History of Modern India, Spectrum, Chapter &#8211;\u00a0 16, Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Andolan, Pg. 332 &#8211; 333<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/106107\/1\/Unit-12.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/106107\/1\/Unit-12.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (PG. 141 &#8211; 142)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.23) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The irrigation device called &#8216;Araghatta&#8217; was<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) a water bag made of leather pulled over a pulley<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) a large wheel with earthen pots tied to the outer ends of its spokes<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) a larger earthen pot driven by bullocks<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) a large water bucket pulled up by rope directly by hand<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option b is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In India, <\/span><b>the irrigation device called araghatta or arahatta was one wheel with pitchers or pots of clay attached around the rim of the wheel. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was also called \u2018Ghanti-Yantra\u2019. Araghatta is a Persian wheel, <\/span><b>a mechanical water-lifting device, used in medieval India to lift water from wells for irrigation.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>essential part of the araghatta was the ghati-yantra or the device with pitchers, usually mounted on the wheel, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but not attached to its rim. The ghati-yantra as an irrigation device is therefore often held as a pot garland.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>araghatta seems to have drawn water from a reservoir which in turn received its water from an irrigation well.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The spokes (arakas) of a wheel was a revolving apparatus though it does not refer to any gearing mechanism enabling the conversion of the horizontal rotary motion into a vertical rotary motion. The latter feature which became visible from the fourteenth century onwards, represented the typical Persian wheel or the saqia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/73310\/1\/Unit-11.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/73310\/1\/Unit-11.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Pg. 206)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/73909\/1\/Unit-17.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/73909\/1\/Unit-17.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Pg. 288)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.24) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who among the following rulers in ancient India had assumed the titles &#8216;Mattavilasa&#8217;, &#8216;Gunabhara?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Mahendravarman I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Simhavishnu<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Narasimhavarman I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Simhavarman<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option a is correct: Mahendravarman I (600 \u2013 630 A.D.) was the Pallava ruler <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">known for his patronage to arts and literature. During his reign, conflict between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas heightened and he was defeated by Pulekshin II at Pullalur (near Kanchi) who annexed the northern part of the Pallava kingdom. He <\/span><b>assumed a number of titles like Gunabhara, S<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atyasandha, Chettakari (builder of temples) Chitrakarapuli, <\/span><b>Vichitrachitta and Mattavilasa. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Mandagappattu inscription hails him as Vichitrachitta <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">who constructed a temple for Brahma, Vishnu and Siva without the use of bricks, timber, metal and mortar. <\/span><b>His title Chitrakarapuli reveals his talents in painting.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahendravarman was a great patron of arts, was himself a poet and musician. He <\/span><b>wrote the Mattavilasa Prahasanna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and initiated the construction of the famous cave temple at Mahabalipuram. He was a follower of Jainism in the early part of his career. He was converted to Saivism by the influence of the Saiva saint, Thirunavukkarasar alias Appar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His rock-cut temples are found in a number of places like Vallam, Mahendravadi, Dalavanur, Pallavaram, Mandagappattu and Tiruchirappalli.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is also regarded as an expert in music. The <\/span><b>music inscription at Kudumianmalai is ascribed to him.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History &#8211; Tamil Nadu NCERT XI (Old), Chapter &#8211; 11, South Indian Kingdoms &#8211; I, Pg. 123- 124<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient and Medieval History, Poonam Dalal Dahiya, Chapter &#8211; 9, Early Medieval India: The Age of Regional Configurations (c. 600 &#8211; 1200 CE)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/61908\/1\/Unit-5.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/61908\/1\/Unit-5.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.25) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fa-hien (Faxian), the Chinese pilgrim, travelled to India during the reign of<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Samudragupta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Chandragupta II<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Kumaragupta I<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Skandagupta<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option b is correct: Fa-hien (Faxian), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Buddhist scholar from China, <\/span><b>visited India (AD 399\u2013414) during the reign of Chandragupta II. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He records the prosperity of the Gupta Empire. He came to visit various Buddhist monasteries and took copies of religious texts. He visited Peshawar, Taxila, Mathura, Kannauj, Sravasti, Kapilavastu, Sarnath and many other places. He <\/span><b>compiled a travelogue \u201cRecord of Buddhistic Kingdoms\u201d. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His book details the religious and social life of Indians at that time.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chandragupta II ruled the Gupta empire for 40 years from c. 375 to 415 CE. He came to power after a succession struggle with his brother Rama Gupta. He is also known as Vikramaditya. The reign of Chandragupta II saw the high watermark of the Gupta empire. He extended the limits of the empire by marriage alliances and conquests.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Details of India as per Fa-hein\u2019s Account:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following aspects of India can also be found from his book:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Buddhism and Hinduism were the most popular religions at that time. Buddhism was more popular in Punjab, Bengal and the region around Mathura.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He studied Sanskrit Language in Pataliputra.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He described internal and foreign trade of India as well as its ports.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India had trade relations with China, countries of South-East Asia, Western Asia and as well as with Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History &#8211; Tamil Nadu Board SCERT XI (New), Chapter &#8211; 7, The Guptas, Pg. 109<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient History &#8211; NCERT XI, Chapter &#8211; 20, Rise and Growth of the Gupta Empire, Pg. 142 &#8211; 143<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Art &amp; Culture, Nitin Singhania, Chapter &#8211; 26, India through the eyes of Foreign Travelers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.26) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who among the following led a successful military campaign against the kingdom. of Srivijaya, the powerful maritime State, which ruled the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and the neighbouring islands?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Amoghavarsha (Rashtrakuta)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Prataparudra (Kakatiya)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Rajendra 1 (Chola)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Vishnuvardhana (Hoysala)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option c is correct: Rajendra I (c.1014\u22121044 CE)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, son of Rajaraja I, was one of the most prominent rulers of the Chola dynasty. He carried forward his father\u2019s expansionist policies and continued the Chola territorial expansion. In 1025 CE, a<\/span><b> successful naval expedition was dispatched against the Sri Vijaya empire<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (which extended over the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java and the neighbouring islands and controlled the overseas trade route to China). The <\/span><b>expedition led to the conquest of the kadaram or kedah and a number of other places in the Malay peninsula and Sumatra. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chola navy was the strongest in the area, and for some time the Bay of Bengal was converted into a \u2018Chola lake\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Srivijaya kingdom:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rulers of the Sailendra dynasty of the Srivijaya kingdom were Buddhists and had cordial relations with the Cholas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Sailendra ruler had built a Buddhist monastery at Nagapatnam and, at his instance, Rajendra I had endowed a village for its upkeep. The<\/span><b> cause of the breach between the two apparently was the Chola eagerness to remove obstacles to Indian traders, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and to expand trade with China.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medieval History, NCERT XI, Chapter &#8211; 3, South India: The Chola Empire (900-1200)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient and Medieval History, Poonam Dalal Dahiya, Chapter &#8211; 9, Early Medieval India: The Age of Regional Configurations (c. 600 &#8211; 1200 CE)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.27) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to ancient India (600-322 BC), consider the following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><b>Territorial\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>region<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>River flowing<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>in the region<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asmaka<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Godavari<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kamboja<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vipas<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avanti<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahanadi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kosala<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sarayu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair I is correct: Asmaka or Assaka <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(near Nanded in the Godavari valley in Maharashtra)<\/span><b> is located on the banks of Godavari river <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">between the rivers Godavari and Manjira. The kingdom of Assaka finds mention in a range of texts such as Panini\u2019s Ashtadhyayi, the Markandeya Purana, the Brihatsamhita. <\/span><b>Buddhist texts locate Assaka along the Godavari river in Maharashtra. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its capital was Potana\/Podana, and is identified with modern Bodhan. The Jatakas suggest that Assaka at some point had come under the sway of Kashi, and that it achieved military victory over Kalinga in eastern India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair II is incorrect: The main river flowing through the Kamboja region is the Jhelum river, also known as Vitasta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in ancient texts <\/span><b>(and not Vipas river).<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kamboja included the present day area of Rajaori, which is in the Hazara district of Pakistan. The Kambojas were a monarchy till about the 6th century BCE, but the later text Arthashastra refers to them as a gana sangha.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Vipas river, also known as the Beas River, flows through the northwestern Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Pair III is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mahajanapada of Avanti was located in the Malwa region of central India. <\/span><b>Mahanadi river does not flow through the Avanti region. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avanti <\/span><b>had two capitals, one at Ujjayini <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(near modern Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh) and the <\/span><b>other at Mahishmati<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (identified with modern day Mandhata in the western part of Madhya Pradesh). Both the cities were important centres on the trade routes that connected north India with the Deccan and also with the ports on the western coast.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair IV is correct: Sarayu was the principal river of the Kosala region<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Eastern U.P., included Ayodhya and the tribal republican territory of Shakyas of Kapilavastu). Sarayu river divided the state into two parts: Northern part\u2019s capital: Shravasti and Southern part\u2019s capital: Kushavati Kosala was bound by the Sadanira (modern day Gandak) on the east and the Gomati on the west, the Sarpika or Syandika (Sai) on the south, and the Nepal hills to the north.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient and Medieval History, Poonam Dalal Dahiya, Chapter &#8211; 4, The Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (c. 600 &#8211; 300 BCE)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/64791\/1\/Unit13.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/64791\/1\/Unit13.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Pg. 233 &#8211; 235)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.28) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, a music training school, was set up in 1901 by Vishnu Digambar Paluskar in<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Delhi<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Gwalior<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Ujjain<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Lahore<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option d is correct: Vishnu Digambar Paluskar founded the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya in Lahore in 1901 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with the express purpose of teaching and transmitting the knowledge of Indian classical music and dance to the coming generations. The <\/span><b>aim was to teach music to any aspirant without the necessity of being associated with a guru and gharana. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, Gandharva Mahavidyalaya <\/span><b>shifted to Mumbai.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After his death in 1931, the <\/span><b>Delhi branch was inaugurated in 1939 by Pt. Vinay Chandra Maudgalya, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">who belonged to the same musical tradition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Art &amp; Culture, Nitin Singhania, Chapter &#8211; 5, Indian Music<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/incoming\/vishnu-digambar-paluskar-gandharva-mahavidyalaya-pt-vinay-chandra-maudgalya-vishnu-digambar-jayanti\/article65836482.ece\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/incoming\/vishnu-digambar-paluskar-gandharva-mahavidyalaya-pt-vinay-chandra-maudgalya-vishnu-digambar-jayanti\/article65836482.ece<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.29) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ashokan inscriptions suggest that the &#8216;Pradeshika&#8217;, &#8216;Rajuka&#8217; and Yukta&#8217; were important officers at the<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) village-level administration<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) district-level administration<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) provincial administration<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) level of the central administration<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option b is correct: Ashokan inscriptions suggest that \u2018Pradeshika\u2019, \u2018Rajuka\u2019 and \u2018Yukta\u2019 were important officers at the district-level administration. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the district level, the officials listed were Pradeshika, Rajuka and Yukta. <\/span><b>Pradeshika was the overall in-charge of the district, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with no advisory council.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>district administration was under the charge of Rajukas, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whose position and functions are similar to modern collectors. Rajukas were vested with the authority not only to reward people but also to punish them when necessary. The <\/span><b>Yukta was a junior officer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> giving secretarial kind of assistance to the other two i<\/span><b>n accounting, secretarial, and other miscellaneous works.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The officials fulfilled the following duties: survey and assessment of land; tours and inspections; revenue collection; and maintaining law and order.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Third Edict mentions \u2018Pradeshikas\u2019, Rajukas\u2019, and \u2018Yuktas\u2019 and their need for going on tours of inspection every five years as part of their other duties, preaching dhamma, and also adopting liberal attitude towards Brahmanas and Shramanas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">History &#8211; Tamil Nadu SCERT &#8211; XI (Old), Chapter &#8211; 6, The Mauryan Empire, Pg. 68 &#8211; 69<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient History, NCERT &#8211; XI, Chapter &#8211; 14, The Age of Mauryas, Pg. 100 &#8211; 101<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient and Medieval History, Poonam Dalal Dahiya, Chapter &#8211; 6, The Mauryan Empire (c. 324 &#8211; 187 BCE)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/64794\/1\/Unit16.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/64794\/1\/Unit16.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.30) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements in respect of the Non-Cooperation Movement:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The Congress declared the attainment of &#8216;Swaraj&#8217; by all legitimate and peaceful means to be its objective.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. It was to be implemented in stages with civil disobedience and non- payment of taxes for the next stage only if &#8216;Swaraj&#8217; did not come within a year and the Government resorted to repression.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian National Congress (INC) endorsed the program of non-cooperation at the Nagpur session in December 1920. At this session, an important change was made in the Congress. Now, instead of having the attainment of self-government through constitutional means as its goal, the<\/span><b> Congress decided to have the attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimate means, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thus committing itself to an extra constitutional mass struggle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Non-Cooperation movement was planned to be implemented in stages.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The later phase of the movement involved resignation from government service, and non-payment of taxes.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the first phase from January to March 1921, the main emphasis was on the boycott of schools, colleges, law courts and the use of Charkha.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This phase was followed by the <\/span><b>second phase starting from April 1921. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this phase the basic objectives were the collection of Rs. one crore for the Tilak Swaraj Fund by August 1921, enrolling one crore Congress members and installing 20 lakh Charkhas by 30 June.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the third phase, starting from July, the stress was on boycott of foreign cloth, boycott of the forthcoming visit of the Prince of Wales in November, 1921, popularization of Charkha and Khadi, and Jail Bharo by Congress volunteers.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In the last phase, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">since November 1921, a shift towards radicalism was visible. The Congress volunteers rallied the people and the country was on the verge of a revolt.<\/span><b> Gandhi decided to launch a no-revenue campaign at Bardoli, and also a mass civil disobedience movement for freedom of speech, press and association.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Brief History of Modern India, Spectrum, Chapter &#8211; 16, Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Andolan, Pg. 332 &#8211; 334<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/89550\/3\/Unit-7.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/89550\/3\/Unit-7.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Pg. 95 &#8211; 96)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.31) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to investments, consider the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Bonds<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Hedge Funds<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Stocks<\/span><\/p>\n<p>IV. Venture Capital<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above are treated as Alternative Investment Funds?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An Alternative Investment Fund (AIF) refers to any fund established or incorporated in India, which is a privately pooled investment vehicle that collects funds from sophisticated investors (Indian or foreign) and invests them according to a defined investment policy for the benefit of its investors.As per SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012 \u2013 Regulation 3(4), AIFs are classified into three broad categories i.e. Category I,II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is incorrect:<\/b> <b>Stocks <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">such as equity shares are <\/span><b>traditional investment instrument <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">representing the ownership of an investor<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is correct: Hedge Funds is a category III AIFs <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which employ diverse or complex trading strategies and may employ leverage including through investment in listed or unlisted derivatives<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is incorrect: Bonds are a type of debt instrument<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through which an investor lends money to a company or government in exchange for regular interest payments, without receiving any ownership stake in the entity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option IV is correct:<\/b> <b>Venture capital is a Category I AIFs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which invest in start-up or early stage ventures or social ventures or SMEs or infrastructure or other sectors or areas which the government or regulators consider as socially or economically desirable<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebi.gov.in\/sebi_data\/attachdocs\/1471519155273.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.sebi.gov.in\/sebi_data\/attachdocs\/1471519155273.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.32) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the following are the sources of income for the Reserve Bank of India?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Buying and selling Government bonds<br \/>\n<\/span>II. Buying and selling foreign currency<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Pension fund management<br \/>\n<\/span>IV. Lending to private companies<br \/>\nV. Printing and distributing currency notes<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II, III and IV<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I, III, IV and V<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and V<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Reserve Bank of India was established under the RBI Act, 1934, to regulate the issuance of banknotes and maintain monetary stability in India. While its primary goal is public welfare, certain market operations undertaken to ensure financial stability also generate income. This surplus is transferred to the Government of India as per the Bimal Jalan Committee&#8217;s (2019) recommendations on the economic capital framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Open market operations, through which the <\/span><b>RBI buys or sells government bonds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to regulate the money supply, <\/span><b>serve as a key source of income.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In addition to earning interest on these bonds, the RBI can also gain from favorable movements in bond prices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As per Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA), the RBI is responsible for managing the country\u2019s foreign exchange reserves and ensuring external stability.<\/span><b> The RBI\u2019s activities in the foreign exchange market also contribute to its profits. For example, it may purchase U.S. dollars at lower rates and sell them at higher rates later.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Reserve Bank of India (RBI)<\/b> <b>does not manage pension funds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Pension fund management in India is regulated and overseen by the <\/span><b>Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option IV is incorrect:<\/b> <b>The RBI does not directly lend to private companies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India. It lends money mainly to <\/span><b>commercial banks and financial institutions who <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in turn lend to private companies and individuals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option V is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The RBI Act, 1934 designates the Reserve Bank of India as the sole authority to issue banknotes in India. While the RBI bears the printing costs, <\/span><b>it earns seigniorage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014the profit arising from the difference between the face value of the currency and its production cost <\/span><b>which also acts as one of the sources of income of RBI.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbi.org.in\/Scripts\/AnnualReportPublications.aspx?Id=1412\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.rbi.org.in\/Scripts\/AnnualReportPublications.aspx?Id=1412<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/where-do-the-rbis-earnings-come-from\/article29310531.ece\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/where-do-the-rbis-earnings-come-from\/article29310531.ece<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/india-business\/how-rbi-earns-profit-decides-dividend-explained\/articleshow\/121371477.cms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/business\/india-business\/how-rbi-earns-profit-decides-dividend-explained\/articleshow\/121371477.cms<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rbi.org.in\/commonman\/English\/scripts\/Notification.aspx?Id=905\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.rbi.org.in\/commonman\/English\/scripts\/Notification.aspx?Id=905<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.33) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to the Government of India, consider the following information:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><b>Organization<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Some of its functions<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>It works under<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directorate of Enforcement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enforcement of the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Internal Security Division- I, Ministry of Home Affairs<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enforces the Provisions of the Customs Act, 1962<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directorate General of Systems and Data Management<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carrying out big data analytics to assist tax better policy and nabbing tax evaders<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In how many of the above rows is the information correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Row I is incorrect: The Directorate of Enforcement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a multi-disciplinary agency tasked with investigating money laundering and violations of foreign exchange laws. Its <\/span><b>statutory functions include enforcing the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 (FEOA)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, aimed at preventing economic offenders from evading Indian law by staying outside the country. The Directorate currently operates under the administrative control of the <\/span><b>Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance(not under Ministry of Home Affairs), Government of India.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Row II is correct :The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is India\u2019s top agency for anti-smuggling intelligence, investigations, and operations. Its mandate includes detecting and preventing the smuggling of contraband such as drugs, illicit wildlife products, and environmentally sensitive items, as well as tackling commercial frauds and <\/span><b>Customs duty evasion under the Customs Act, 1962.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The DRI functions under the <\/span><b>Department of Revenue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, and operates as part of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Row III is incorrect : The Directorate General of Systems &amp; Data Management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> functioning under the CBIC and the <\/span><b>Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Directorate General of Systems &amp; Data Management<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is responsible for the design, development, programming, testing, implementation and maintenance of Customs and Central Excise automated systems, and for overseeing and managing the projects sanctioned by CBIC related to IT.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is responsible for the management of all Centrally deployed Customs and Central Excise computer facilities, hardware, software, data communications<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the automated environment, acts as a point of reference and validation concerning procedural changes in Customs and Central Excise, in addition to being a resource centre on business process issues.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is responsible for identifying and evaluating new technologies for application to automated systems within the department.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is responsible for developing and maintaining all policy and subsequently, on the implementation of centralized systems, the operational aspects of the Department&#8217;s Computer Security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishes requirements for computer-to-computer interfaces between the department and various trading partners and government agencies<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Represents Customs and Central Excise on matters related to automated processing and systems development<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implements information resource and data management<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The government has set up a new wing named the Directorate General of Analytics and <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/definition\/risk-management\">Risk Management<\/a> (DGARM) under the <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/topic\/indirect-taxes\">indirect taxes<\/a> body under the Central Board of Excise and <a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/topic\/customs\">Customs<\/a> (CBEC) to provide intelligence inputs and carry out big data analytics for taxmen for better policy formulation and nabbing evaders.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/enforcementdirectorate.gov.in\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/enforcementdirectorate.gov.in\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/enforcementdirectorate.gov.in\/history-ed\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/enforcementdirectorate.gov.in\/history-ed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dri.nic.in\/main\/aboutus\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/dri.nic.in\/main\/aboutus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/11\/09\/cannon-india-2021-erred-dri-officers-are-not-proper-officers-sc-legal-news\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2024\/11\/09\/cannon-india-2021-erred-dri-officers-are-not-proper-officers-sc-legal-news\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dri.nic.in\/main\/history\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/dri.nic.in\/main\/history<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/old.icegate.gov.in\/About_DG_systems.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/old.icegate.gov.in\/About_DG_systems.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cbic-gst.gov.in\/aces\/Documents\/dol-member-IT-06012017-Communication.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cbic-gst.gov.in\/aces\/Documents\/dol-member-IT-06012017-Communication.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/economy\/policy\/directorate-formed-to-flag-high-risk-areas-in-customs-gst\/articleshow\/59577530.cms?from=mdr\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/news\/economy\/policy\/directorate-formed-to-flag-high-risk-areas-in-customs-gst\/articleshow\/59577530.cms?from=mdr<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/old.icegate.gov.in\/About_DG_systems.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/old.icegate.gov.in\/About_DG_systems.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/enforcementdirectorate.gov.in\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/enforcementdirectorate.gov.in\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/dri.nic.in\/main\/whatwedo#:~:text=DRI%20enforces%20the%20provisions%20of,Wildlife%20Act%2C%20Antiquities%20Act%20etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.34) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The Reserve Bank of India mandates all the listed companies in India to submit a Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR).<br \/>\n<\/span>II. In India, a company submitting a BRSR makes disclosures in the report that are largely non-financial in nature.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) is an Indian reporting framework aimed at improving the disclosure of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance by listed companies.It traces its origins to the \u2018Voluntary Guidelines on Corporate Social Responsibility\u2019 introduced by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in 2009.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 (LODR Regulations),<\/span><b>the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)(not RBI) requires the top 1,000 listed companies in India to submit a Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR). <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This report includes disclosures on how these companies perform in relation to the nine principles outlined in the National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: The BRSR is a non-financial reporting framework that requires companies to disclose their performance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) parameters <\/span><b>based on nine principles of the National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct (NGRBC).<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ey.com\/content\/dam\/ey-unified-site\/ey-com\/en-in\/insights\/climate-change-sustainability-services\/documents\/ey-business-responsibility-and-sustainability-reporting.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ey.com\/content\/dam\/ey-unified-site\/ey-com\/en-in\/insights\/climate-change-sustainability-services\/documents\/ey-business-responsibility-and-sustainability-reporting.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/assets.kpmg.com\/content\/dam\/kpmgsites\/in\/pdf\/2025\/01\/firstnotes-sebi-introduces-certain-key-changes-in-brsr-reporting.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/assets.kpmg.com\/content\/dam\/kpmgsites\/in\/pdf\/2025\/01\/firstnotes-sebi-introduces-certain-key-changes-in-brsr-reporting.pdf.coredownload.inline.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.35) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement I:\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In India, income from allied agricultural activities like poultry farming and wool rearing in rural areas is exempted from any tax.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement II: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In India, rural agricultural land is not considered a capital asset under the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is incorrect: Under Section 10(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, agricultural income is exempt from tax.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This includes income from cultivating and selling agricultural produce, sale of agricultural land, and compensation received from the government for acquisition of agricultural land. However, <\/span><b>income from allied agricultural activities\u2014such as dairy farming, poultry, or fisheries\u2014is not treated as agricultural income under the Act and is subject to tax by the central government.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: According to Section 2(1A) of the Income Tax Act, rural agricultural land is not classified as a capital asset. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, any rental income from such land or income earned from growing and selling produce on it is not taxable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Hence option d is the correct answer: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/wealth\/tax\/what-is-agriculture-income-different-types-of-agriculture-income\/articleshow\/104818288.cms?from=mdr\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/wealth\/tax\/what-is-agriculture-income-different-types-of-agriculture-income\/articleshow\/104818288.cms?from=mdr<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cag.gov.in\/uploads\/download_audit_report\/2019\/Chapter_5_Assessments_relating_to_Agricultural_Income_of_Report_No_9_of_2019_Compliance_Audit_of_Union_Government_Department_of_Revenue_Direct_Taxes.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cag.gov.in\/uploads\/download_audit_report\/2019\/Chapter_5_Assessments_relating_to_Agricultural_Income_of_Report_No_9_of_2019_Compliance_Audit_of_Union_Government_Department_of_Revenue_Direct_Taxes.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/incometaxindia.gov.in\/_layouts\/15\/dit\/Pages\/viewer.aspx?grp=Act&amp;cname=CMSID&amp;cval=102120000000090722&amp;searchFilter=%5b%7b%22CrawledPropertyKey%22%3a1%2c%22Value%22%3a%22Act%22%2c%22SearchOperand%22%3a2%7d%2c%7b%22CrawledPropertyKey%22%3a0%2c%22Value%22%3a%22Income-tax+Act%2c+1961%22%2c%22SearchOperand%22%3a2%7d%2c%7b%22CrawledPropertyKey%22%3a29%2c%22Value%22%3a%222025%22%2c%22SearchOperand%22%3a2%7d%5d&amp;filterBy=S&amp;optionalFilter=&amp;k=&amp;IsDlg=0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/incometaxindia.gov.in\/_layouts\/15\/dit\/Pages\/viewer.aspx?grp=Act&amp;cname=CMSID&amp;cval=102120000000090722&amp;searchFilter=%5b%7b%22CrawledPropertyKey%22%3a1%2c%22Value%22%3a%22Act%22%2c%22SearchOperand%22%3a2%7d%2c%7b%22CrawledPropertyKey%22%3a0%2c%22Value%22%3a%22Income-tax+Act%2c+1961%22%2c%22SearchOperand%22%3a2%7d%2c%7b%22CrawledPropertyKey%22%3a29%2c%22Value%22%3a%222025%22%2c%22SearchOperand%22%3a2%7d%5d&amp;filterBy=S&amp;optionalFilter=&amp;k=&amp;IsDlg=0<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.36) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. India has joined the Minerals Security Partnership as a member.<br \/>\n<\/span>II. India is a resource-rich country in all the 30 critical minerals that it has identified.<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The Parliament in 2023 has amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 empowering the Central Government to exclusively auction mining lease and composite license for certain critical minerals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) is a U.S.-led initiative aimed at strengthening and diversifying global critical mineral supply chains. It seeks to promote strategic projects and attract investments across the value chain through collaboration with industry and partner governments. <\/span><b>In June 2023, India became the 14th member of the MSP.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is not resource-rich in many critical minerals essential for its economic and strategic needs. To address this, the Government released a list of 30 critical minerals in June 2023 and has enhanced exploration efforts through the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and other agencies. In 2025, the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) was launched to build a robust framework for self-reliance in this sector. Under the mission, GSI will undertake 1,200 exploration projects between 2024\u201325 and 2030\u201331.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct:\u00a0 In 2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span><b> the Indian Parliament amended <\/b><b>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to give the <\/span><b>Central Government exclusive powers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to auction <\/span><b>mining leases and composite licenses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> f<\/span><b>or<\/b><b> for 24 critical minerals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> listed in the new Part-D of the First Schedule to the said Act which includes the Lithium bearing minerals, Niobium bearing minerals and minerals of the &#8220;rare earths&#8221; group not containing Uranium and Thorium.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/minerals-security-partnership#:~:text=Current%20MSP%20partners%20include%20Australia,represented%20by%20the%20European%20Commission\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/minerals-security-partnership#:~:text=Current%20MSP%20partners%20include%20Australia,represented%20by%20the%20European%20Commission<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1946416\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1946416<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1942027\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1942027<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2120525\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2120525<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2003457\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2003457<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.37) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement I: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As regards returns from an investment in a company, generally, bondholders are considered to be relatively at lower risk than stockholders.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement II: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bondholders are lenders to a company whereas stockholders are its owners.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement III: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For repayment purposes, bond- holders are prioritized over stockholders by a company.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement I explains Statement II\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Companies raise long-term funds either by issuing bonds or by selling stocks. When a company issues bonds, it is essentially borrowing money from investors, who are known as bondholders. On the other hand, when a company issues stocks, it is selling ownership shares to investors called stockholders (or shareholders). <\/span><b>Regarding returns from an investment in a company, generally, bondholders are considered to be relatively at lower risk than stockholders.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A <\/span><b>stockholder<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is considered as the <\/span><b>owner<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the company with equity rights, while a <\/span><b>bondholder<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><b>creditor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who lends money and<\/span><b> holds no ownership in the company.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bondholders are given repayment priority over stockholders because bonds are issued for a fixed term with a predetermined interest rate and are repayable at maturity. In contrast, capital from shares is not typically returned during the company\u2019s lifetime, and returns to stockholders vary based on the company\u2019s profits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus bondholders are considered as the relatively lower risk than stockholders because bondholders are with no ownership stake, they have a legal right to fixed repayments and are prioritized over stockholders who are the owners of the company and receive returns based on the profit of the company. Hence Option a is correct:\u00a0 Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Note: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Option b in the official UPSC Paper is incorrectly mentioned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/leac202.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/leac202.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.38)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. India accounts for a very large portion of all equity option contracts traded globally thus exhibiting a great boom.<br \/>\n<\/span>II. India&#8217;s stock market has grown rapidly in the recent past even overtaking Hong Kong&#8217;s at some point of time.<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. There is no regulatory body either to warn the small investors about the risks of options trading or to act on unregistered financial advisors in this regard.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and Il only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As per <\/span><b>NSE data and BIS reports<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, India has become a major hub for <\/span><b>equity derivatives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially options.In 2023, India accounted for a significant share of global equity option volumes \u2014 <\/span><b>more than 80% of global equity index option trades<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> happened on Indian exchanges like NSE.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>January 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, India\u2019s stock market <\/span><b>briefly overtook Hong Kong&#8217;s<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to become the <\/span><b>fourth largest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the world in terms of market capitalization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the statutory regulatory authority responsible for overseeing the securities market in India. It plays a vital role in regulating stock market operations, <\/span><b>safeguarding investor interests, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">taking action against unregistered financial advisors, and issuing guidelines related to derivatives trading. For instance SEBI has actively cracked down on unregistered financial advisors and regularly releases circulars to caution small investors about the risks involved in trading<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/business\/equity-options-boom-retail-frenzy-growing-concern-sachetisation-option-plans-draws-younger-investors-small-towns-9337914\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/business\/equity-options-boom-retail-frenzy-growing-concern-sachetisation-option-plans-draws-younger-investors-small-towns-9337914\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.economist.com\/finance-and-economics\/2024\/05\/02\/hedge-funds-make-billions-as-indias-options-market-goes-ballistic<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/markets\/stocks\/news\/india-overtakes-hong-kong-as-worlds-fourth-largest-stock-market\/articleshow\/107064803.cms?from=mdr\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/economictimes.indiatimes.com\/markets\/stocks\/news\/india-overtakes-hong-kong-as-worlds-fourth-largest-stock-market\/articleshow\/107064803.cms?from=mdr<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/markets\/news\/sebi-asks-registered-entities-to-end-contracts-with-unregistered-advisors-124102201316_1.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/markets\/news\/sebi-asks-registered-entities-to-end-contracts-with-unregistered-advisors-124102201316_1.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/business\/2024\/Nov\/08\/sebi-may-take-more-steps-to-dissuade-retail-investors-from-fo-trades\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.newindianexpress.com\/business\/2024\/Nov\/08\/sebi-may-take-more-steps-to-dissuade-retail-investors-from-fo-trades<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.39) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement 1: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular economy reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement II: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular economy reduces the use of raw materials as inputs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statement III : <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Circular economy reduces wastage in the production process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>circular economy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a model of production and consumption that emphasizes sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. This approach helps create a closed-loop system that minimizes waste and reduces the need for new resource extraction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (2023), human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and intensive agriculture have contributed significantly to global warming, leading to an estimated 1.1\u00b0C increase in average temperature since the early 20th century.<\/span><b> A circular economy mitigates these impacts by reducing waste, lowering resource consumption, and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable practices.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With the global population increasing, so does the demand for raw materials. However, many essential natural resources are finite. <\/span><b>The circular economy reduces dependence on virgin materials by promoting the reuse and recycling of products, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">conserving resources, and protecting ecosystems, thereby supporting biodiversity.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Statement III is correct:<\/b> <b>The circular economy also targets waste reduction during production by promoting efficient design and resource reuse<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For example, agricultural waste like animal manure is repurposed into organic fertilizer and biogas, which supports sustainable farming and energy use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As circular economy helps to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through low raw material consumption and low waste production,<\/span><b> option a is the correct answer: Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/en\/article\/20151201STO05603\/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/en\/article\/20151201STO05603\/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/en\/article\/20180301STO98928\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-country-and-sector-infographic\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/topics\/en\/article\/20180301STO98928\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-country-and-sector-infographic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.40) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Capital receipts create a liability or cause a reduction in the assets of the Government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Borrowings and disinvestment are capital receipts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Interest received on loans creates a liability of the Government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Capital receipts are\u00a0 those receipts of the government which create liability or reduce financial assets.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Borrowings\u2014such as loans from the RBI, foreign governments, or through the issuance of government securities\u2014and disinvestment, which entails selling the government&#8217;s stake in public sector enterprises, are categorized as capital receipts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is incorrect:<\/b> <b>Interest received on loans <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">given by the Central government to the states or other countries is classified as a revenue receipt since it represents income for the government and d<\/span><b>oes not result in any liability.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/leec105.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/leec105.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiabudget.gov.in\/budget2011-2012\/ub2011-12\/rec\/cr.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.indiabudget.gov.in\/budget2011-2012\/ub2011-12\/rec\/cr.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.41) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following countries:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Austria<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Bulgaria<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Croatia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Serbia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V. Sweden<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> North Macedonia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only five<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the six<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a political and military alliance established in 1949 to ensure collective defense among member countries. Over time, NATO has expanded to include 32 member countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 1 is incorrect.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 <\/span><b>Austria<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is <\/span><b>not<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a NATO member.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 2 is correct.<\/b> <b>Bulgaria <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">became a <\/span><b>NATO member<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> alongside six other Eastern European countries in 2004.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 3 is correct.<\/b> <b>Albania and Croatia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> became NATO\u2019s members on 1 April 2009, after depositing their instruments of accession.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 4 is incorrect.<\/b> <b>Serbia is not <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a NATO member.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 5 is correct.<\/b> <b>North Macedonia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> became NATO&#8217;s 30th member in 2020 after resolving a long-standing name dispute with Greece, which had previously blocked its accession<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 6 is correct. Sweden<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ended its longstanding policy of neutrality in response to regional security concerns, particularly following Russia&#8217;s invasion of Ukraine, and joined NATO as its 32nd member in 2024.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_52044.htm\"><b>https:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_52044.htm<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.42) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following countries:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Bolivia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Brazil<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Colombia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Ecuador<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V. Paraguay<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VI. Venezuela<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andes mountains pass through how many of the above countries?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Only five<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The Andes Mountains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are one of the longest continental mountain ranges in the world, stretching about 7,000 km along the western coast of South America, from Venezuela in the north to Chile and Argentina in the south.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Andean Mountains, or Andes, passes through\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Venezuela. Option 6 is correct.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Ecuador. Option 4 is correct.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peru<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Bolivia. Option 1 is correct.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Colombia. Option 3 is correct.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chile<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Argentina.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 2 is incorrect. Brazil does not lie within the Andes Mountain range<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Brazil is <\/span><b>east of the Andes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and geographically separated from it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 5 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Andes <\/span><b>do not pass through Paraguay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Paraguay lies <\/span><b>east of the Andes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, on the <\/span><b>Paraguayan Plateau<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/continents\/south-america.html\"><b>https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/continents\/south-america.html<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.43)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following water bodies:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Lake Tanganyika<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Lake Tonle Sap<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Patos Lagoon<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through how many of them does the equator pass?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 1 is incorrect. Lake Tanganyika<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located in central Africa. It is one of the deepest and oldest freshwater lakes in the world. Geographically, it lies entirely <\/span><b>south of the Equator.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 2 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lake Tonle Sap is one of the largest freshwater lakes in <\/span><b>Cambodia<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is located in the central plains of Cambodia and lies at a latitude of approximately <\/span><b>13\u00b0 north of the Equator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 3 is incorrect. Patos Lagoon<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, known locally as <\/span><b>Lagoa dos Patos<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is a large coastal lagoon in the southern part of <\/span><b>Brazil<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is one of the largest lagoons in South America. It lies around <\/span><b>30\u00b0 south of the Equator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Orient BlackSwan School Atlas<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.44)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements about turmeric during the year 2022-23:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. India is the largest producer and exporter of turmeric in the world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. More than 30 varieties of turmeric are grown in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are major turmeric producing States in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The Government of India in 2023 constituted the National Turmeric Board. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This board is designed to coordinate efforts across various ministries and institutions to enhance production, promote exports, encourage value addition, and improve income for turmeric farmers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to official data for the yea<\/span><b>r 2022\u201323, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India had a turmeric cultivation area of approximately 3.24 lakh hectares, producing 11.61 lakh tonnes of turmeric. India alone accounted for <\/span><b>over 75% of global turmeric production, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making it by far the<\/span><b> largest producer of turmeric in the world. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, India is also the<\/span><b> top exporter of turmeric, accounting for over 62% of the global turmeric trade.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0Statement 2 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s diverse soil types and climatic conditions enable the cultivation of <\/span><b>more than 30 known varieties of turmeric across various states. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each variety differs in aspects such as curcumin content, aroma, colour, and market use.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is correct. Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">are consistently among the<\/span><b> top turmeric producer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s in India.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1964083\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1964083<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.45) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the following are the evidences of the phenomenon of continental drift?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The belt of ancient rocks from Brazil coast matches with those from Western Africa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The Gondwana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radiometric dating techniques have confirmed that the<\/span><b> rock formations along the eastern coast of South America (Brazil) and the western coast of Africa are similar in age, type, and structure. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is one of the most compelling geological evidences supporting the theory of continental drift.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0Statement 2 is correct. Ghana, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">located on the west coast of Africa, has rich <\/span><b>gold deposits <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">along its coast, yet there is no local source rock to account for this mineral wealth. The likely explanation is that these gold deposits <\/span><b>originated from the Brazil Plateau <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which, before the continents drifted apart, lay adjacent to what is now Ghana<\/span><b>. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is one of the pieces of evidence supporting the theory of continental drift.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is correct. The Gondwana system of sedimentary rocks, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">particularly tillite deposits (sediments formed from glacial activity), found in India, have strikingly similar counterparts in <\/span><b>Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, Falkland Islands, and South America. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These similarities provide evidence that these landmasses were once part of a supercontinent called Gondwanaland.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT-class 11-Fundamentals of Physical geography-chapter-4 DISTRIBUTION OF OCEANS AND CONTINENTS-page-30,31<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.46)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The amount of dust particles in the atmosphere is more in subtropical and temperate areas than in equatorial and polar regions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Subtropical and temperate areas have less dry winds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c\u202f\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u202f\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The Earth&#8217;s atmosphere <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is not just composed of gases but also holds various solid particles such <\/span><b>as dust, sea salt, pollen,etc. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These particles are known as aerosols, and they play an essential role in weather phenomena such as cloud formation, precipitation, and visibility.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct.\u00a0 Dust particles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are more <\/span><b>concentrated in subtropical and temperate region<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s due to the <\/span><b>presence of dry winds.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These regions often experience arid and semi-arid climates, where the lack of vegetation and strong winds promote the suspension of dust particles in the atmosphere. Deserts such as the Sahara, Thar, and Arabian Desert, all located in subtropical zones, are prime examples of major dust sources. In contrast, equatorial regions are humid and vegetated, which suppresses dust through rainfall and plant cover, while polar regions are cold and icy, limiting dust production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect.\u00a0 Dry winds are prevalent in subtropical and temperate regions, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and these winds are precisely the reason dust concentration is higher in these areas. In the subtropics, for example, descending air from the subtropical high-pressure belts results in dry and stable conditions, which are associated with low humidity and dusty environments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/kegy207.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/kegy207.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.47)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In January, in the Northern Hemisphere, the isotherms bend equatorward while crossing the landmasses, and poleward while crossing the oceans.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In January, the air over the oceans is warmer than that over the landmasses in the Northern Hemisphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a\u202f\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.\u202f\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct. \u00a0 In January, the Northern Hemisphere&#8217;s large landmasses cool down rapidly, leading to lower temperatures. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Isotherms<\/span><b> shift southward (towards the equator) over the continents.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In contrast, o<\/span><b>ceans retain heat longer,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> so the isotherms <\/span><b>bend northward (poleward) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">when passing over oceans like the North Atlantic, where warm currents like the Gulf Stream increase the surrounding air temperature.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct and explains statement I. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Due to the <\/span><b>high specific heat capacity of water, oceans cool down more slowly than land. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, in winter (January), the marine areas remain warmer than the adjacent continental interiors. Because of this temperature contrast the isotherms bend equatorward while crossing the landmasses and poleward while crossing the oceans in the month of January in the northern hemisphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: chapter &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NCERT-class 11- Fundamentals of Physical geography- chapter -9 SOLAR RADIATION, HEAT BALANCE AND TEMPERATURE- page 79<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.48)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In the context of effect of water on rocks, chalk is known as a very permeable rock whereas clay is known as quite an impermeable or least permeable rock.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chalk is porous and hence can absorb water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : Clay is not at all porous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. Chalk i<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s a soft, sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate and has a structure with large, well-connected <\/span><b>pores. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These pores allow water to pass through easily, making chalk a<\/span><b> highly permeable rock. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast,<\/span><b> clay is made up of very fine particles t<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hat are tightly packed together, with<\/span><b> extremely small pores. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, water moves through clay very slowly, making it <\/span><b>one of the least permeable <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">types of soil or rock. Therefore, in terms of water movement, chalk allows easy water flow, while clay resists it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chalk is not only permeable but als<\/span><b>o highly porous, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">meaning it has many tiny holes or voids within its structure. These pores can<\/span><b> hold water, allowing chalk to absorb and retain moisture. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is one of the reasons why chalk feels damp in humid conditions and can crumble easily when wet. Its porous nature is directly responsible for its ability to<\/span><b> absorb water, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which also contributes to its use in agriculture and construction, where water interaction is important.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is incorrect. Clay is highly porous, as it contains many tiny pores between its fine particles. However, these <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pores are so small that water moves through them very slowly, making <\/span><b>clay poorly permeable. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is why clay retains water and drains slowly, despite having high porosity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.deq.louisiana.gov\/assets\/docs\/Water\/DWPP_forkidsandeducators\/PorosityandPermeability.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/www.deq.louisiana.gov\/assets\/docs\/Water\/DWPP_forkidsandeducators\/PorosityandPermeability.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.southdowns.gov.uk\/geology-landscapes\/chalk\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/learning.southdowns.gov.uk\/geology-landscapes\/chalk\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/taylorandfrancis.com\/knowledge\/Engineering_and_technology\/Materials_science\/Chalk\/\"><b>https:\/\/taylorandfrancis.com\/knowledge\/Engineering_and_technology\/Materials_science\/Chalk\/<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/vocational\/pdf\/kegr105.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/vocational\/pdf\/kegr105.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geolsoc.org.uk\/ks3\/gsl\/education\/resources\/rockcycle\/page3824.html\"><b>https:\/\/www.geolsoc.org.uk\/ks3\/gsl\/education\/resources\/rockcycle\/page3824.html<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/kegy206.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/kegy206.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.49)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Without the atmosphere, temperature would be well below freezing point everywhere on the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Heat absorbed and trapped by the atmosphere maintains our planet&#8217;s average temperature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Atmosphere&#8217;s gases, like carbon dioxide, are particularly good at absorbing and trapping radiation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement<\/b> <b>1 is incorrect. Without an atmosphere, there\u2019s no air\/clouds to scatter or absorb sunlight.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So, places in direct sunlight would become extremely hot, especially near the equator. Surface temperatures can exceed 100\u00b0C, much like the Moon, which has no atmosphere. Without an atmosphere to trap heat (no greenhouse effect) or distribute it via wind, temperatures would plummet rapidly after sunset. Places in shadow or during nighttime would become extremely cold.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2<\/span><b> is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The atmosphere helps regulate the Earth&#8217;s temperature by absorbing heat from the Sun during the day and slowing its escape at night. This heat-trapping ability is what keeps the planet&#8217;s average surface temperature around 15\u00b0C (59\u00b0F), making it suitable for life. Without this natural insulation, Earth would experience harsh temperature fluctuations between day and night, similar to what occurs on planets and moons with thin or no atmospheres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3<\/span><b> is correct.<\/b> <b>Certain gases in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly greenhouse gases like <\/span><b>carbon dioxide (CO\u2082),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> methane, and water vapor, have the <\/span><b>unique ability to absorb and trap radiation.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This property makes them especially effective in trapping heat within the atmosphere, contributing significantly to the greenhouse effect.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Source<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/gess204.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/gess204.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/climate-change\/steamy-relationships-how-atmospheric-water-vapor-amplifies-earths-greenhouse-effect\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/earth\/climate-change\/steamy-relationships-how-atmospheric-water-vapor-amplifies-earths-greenhouse-effect\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.50)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements about the Rashtriya Gokul Mission:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It is important for the upliftment of rural poor as majority of low producing indigenous animals are with small and marginal farmers and landless labourers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. It was initiated to promote indigenous cattle and buffalo rearing and conservation in a scientific and holistic manner.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rashtriya Gokul Mission was initiated by the Government of India under the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry &amp; Dairying.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement<\/b> <b>1 is correct.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 <\/span><b>The Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is <\/span><b>crucial for upliftment of rural poor <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as <\/span><b>more than 80% low producing indigenous animals are with small and marginal farmers and landless labourers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme is important in enhancing milk production and productivity of bovines to meet growing demand of milk and making dairying more remunerative to the rural farmers of the country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement 2 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0 The <\/span><b>Rashtriya Gokul Mission was launched to promote the rearing and conservation of indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a <\/span><b>scientific and holistic manner<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The mission aims to enhance the productivity of native breeds, preserve their genetic diversity, and improve rural livelihoods. It focuses on the development of high-genetic merit animals through modern breeding technologies, establishment of Gokul Grams (cattle care centers), and support for traditional animal husbandry practices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Source:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/agri.gujarat.gov.in\/Home\/gldb\/RashtriyaGokulMission\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/agri.gujarat.gov.in\/Home\/gldb\/RashtriyaGokulMission<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/dahd.gov.in\/schemes\/programmes\/rashtriya_gokul_mission<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.51)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Panchayats at the intermediate level exist in all States.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. To be eligible to be a Member of a Panchayat at the intermediate level, a person should attain the age of thirty years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The Chief Minister of a State constitutes a commission to review the financial position of Panchayats at the intermediate levels and to make recommendations regarding the distribution of net proceeds of taxes and duties, leviable by the State, between the State and Panchayats at the intermediate level.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are not correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 establishes the panchayati raj system in India. This act has added a new Part-IX to the Constitution of India. This part is entitled as \u2018The Panchayats\u2019 and consists of provisions from Articles 243 to 243 O.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At present, States of <\/span><b>Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Sikkim and Union Territories of Lakshadweep, Dadra &amp; Nagar Haveli and Daman &amp; Diu have two-tier Panchayati Raj System <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while the remaining States &amp; Union Territories have three-tier Panchayati Raj System.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, <\/span><b>under Article 243B<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, provides for a three-tier system of panchayati raj in every state. It says that \u201cthere shall be constituted in every State,<\/span><b> Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in accordance with the provisions of this Part.\u201d However, the same article also says that the <\/span><b>\u201cPanchayats at the intermediate level may not be constituted in a State having a population not exceeding twenty lakhs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d So, the states which have a population below 20 Lakh are given an option to not to have the intermediate level.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 243F makes provisions for disqualifications from the membership of Panchayat<\/span><b>. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under Article 243F, <\/span><b>the minimum age prescribed to become a member of the Panchayat is 21 years.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">243I provides for the Constitution of a Finance Commission to review the financial position of the panchayats. Such a Finance Commission is <\/span><b>constituted by the Governor. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, the Governor of a State appoints a Finance Commission every five years, which shall review the financial position of the Panchayats and makes recommendation on the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Distribution of the taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. levied by the state which is to be divided between the State and the Panchayats<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to the Panchayats<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the State<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The measures needed to improve the financial position of the Panchayats<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/secforuts.mha.gov.in\/73rd-amendment-of-panchayati-raj-in-india\/#:~:text=The%2073rd%20Amendment%201992%20added,the%20functions%20of%20the%20Panchayats\"><b>https:\/\/secforuts.mha.gov.in\/73rd-amendment-of-panchayati-raj-in-india\/#:~:text=The%2073rd%20Amendment%201992%20added,the%20functions%20of%20the%20Panchayats<\/b><\/a><b>.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/annex\/266\/AU248_KDoJdr.pdf?source=pqars\"><b>https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/annex\/266\/AU248_KDoJdr.pdf?source=pqars<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Polity by M.Laxmikant Chapter 38<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.52)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements in respect of BIMSTEC<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It is a regional organization consisting of seven member States till January 2025.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. It came into existence with the signing of the Dhaka Declaration, 1999.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Nepal are founding member States of BIMSTEC.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. In BIMSTEC, the subsector of &#8216;tourism&#8217; is being led by India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and IV<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a multilateral regional organisation established with the aim of accelerating shared growth and cooperation between littoral and adjacent countries in the Bay of Bengal region.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional forum<\/span><b> of seven member countries.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BIMSTEC forum brings togethe<\/span><b>r five countries in South Asia (Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka) and two in South East Asia (Myanmar and Thailand).<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BIMSTEC includes countries of the Bay of Bengal region and seeks to act as a bridge between South and Southeast Asia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BIMSTEC<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was originally formed as BIST-EC in June 1997. It was founded as BIST-EC, in June 1997, <\/span><b>with the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is incorrect. Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand are founding members <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of this organisation. It was originally formed as BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation) in 1997. It became BIMST-EC after Myanmar joined it in 1997 itself. It became BIMSTEC in 2004 with the joining of Nepal and Bhutan. <\/span><b>Nepal joined in 2004.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 4 is incorrect.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> BIMSTEC is different from other regional groupings such as SAARC or ASEAN in a sense that <\/span><b>it is a sector-driven organisation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means the goals or areas of cooperation are divided between members. At the 5th Summit, the Leaders endorsed reorganization of priority areas\/pillars of cooperation into seven priority areas \/ pillars, with each priority areas led by one Member country. <\/span><b>India is the Lead Country for Security pillar under which there are three sub-sectors &#8211; Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime (CTTC), Disaster Management and Energy Security.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The remaining priority areas \/ pillars and their Lead Countries are \u2013 Trade, Investment and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development (Bangladesh); Environment and Climate Change (Bhutan); <\/span><b>People-to-People<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Contacts- Sub-sectors: Culture; Tourism; People-to-People Contact (Nepal)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; Agriculture and Food Security (Myanmar); Science, Technology and Innovation (Sri Lanka) and Connectivity (Thailand).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/this-word-means-bimstec-9923012\/\"><b>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/this-word-means-bimstec-9923012\/<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/Portal\/ForeignRelation\/India-BIMSTE-2025.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/Portal\/ForeignRelation\/India-BIMSTE-2025.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bimstec.org\/history\"><b>https:\/\/bimstec.org\/history<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/explained-what-is-the-bimstec-grouping-and-how-is-it-significant\/article65275690.ece\"><b>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/explained-what-is-the-bimstec-grouping-and-how-is-it-significant\/article65275690.ece<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-bimstec-saarc-upsc-vietnam-6th-prelims-9922446\/\"><b>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-bimstec-saarc-upsc-vietnam-6th-prelims-9922446\/<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.53)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Who amongst the following are members of the Jury to select the recipient of &#8216;Gandhi Peace Prize?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The President of India<\/span><\/p>\n<p>II. The Prime Minister of India<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The Chief Justice of India<\/span><\/p>\n<p>IV. The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) II and IV only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) II, III and IV<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Gandhi Peace Prize was instituted in 1995 by the Government to mark the 125th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The Gandhi Peace Prize is awarded for social, economic and political transformation through non-violence, to any deserving person\/s or institution\/s. The award comprises a citation and an amount of Rs 1 crore. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, language, caste, creed or gender and any association, institution or organisation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Options 2, 3 and 4 are correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The awardee is selected <\/span><b>by a five-member jury<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> composed of the <\/span><b>Prime Minster of India, Chief Justice of India, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha and two eminent personalities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Prime Minister heads the jury for the prize. The decision of the jury is final and cannot be challenged or appealed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nominees must be proposed either by former jury members, former awardees, members of Parliament, Nobel laureates for the last five years, Secretary-General of the United Nations or heads of other international peace organisations, Vice-Chancellors of universities, Chief Ministers, or Governors. Work achieved within the ten years preceding the nomination is considered for the award.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 1 is incorrect.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The President of India is not a member of the jury.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Knowledge Base:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gita Press, Gorakhpur, awarded Gandhi Peace Prize for 2021.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Previous recipients include eminent personalities such as Nelson Mandela (2000), Coretta Scott King (2004), Qaboos bin Said Al Said (2019) and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (2020). Several institutions such as Indian Space Research Organisation (2014), Akshaya Patra Foundation (2016) and Ekal Abhiyan Trust (2017) too have been awardees.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/gita-press-gandhi-peace-prize-explained-what-is-the-row-over-awarding-the-hindu-press-house\/article66993513.ece\"><b>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/gita-press-gandhi-peace-prize-explained-what-is-the-row-over-awarding-the-hindu-press-house\/article66993513.ece<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/kerala-oil-spill-southern-coast-container-ship-capsizes-10027671\/\"><b>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/kerala-oil-spill-southern-coast-container-ship-capsizes-10027671\/<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1566242\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1566242<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.54) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation. Which of the following statements is\/are correct in respect of GAGAN?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. It will allow more uniform and high quality air traffic management.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GAGAN is the acronym for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. The GAGAN uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentations to the GPS standard positioning service(SPS) navigation signal. GAGAN is jointly developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Airports Authority of India (AAI).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GAGAN is India\u2019s satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS). The SBAS is a navigation system, which builds on the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GLONASS), and <\/span><b>adds to the accuracy and integrity of these navigation tools.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> For aircraft operators, both civilian and military, it means that pilots can land aircraft at smaller airports and airstrips using navigation guidance without expensive instrument-based landing systems being installed on the ground.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The GAGAN is designed to provide the <\/span><b>additional accuracy, availability, and integrity necessary to enable users to rely on GPS<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for all phases of flight, from en route through approach for all qualified airports within the GAGAN service volume. GAGAN also <\/span><b>provides the capability for increased accuracy in position reporting, allowing for more uniform and high-quality Air Traffic Management (ATM).<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GAGAN <\/span><b>provides benefits beyond aviation to all modes of transportation, including maritime, highways, and railroads.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aai.aero\/en\/content\/what-gagan\"><b>https:\/\/www.aai.aero\/en\/content\/what-gagan<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/global-positioning-system-relativity-gnss-navic-explained\/article67606417.ece\"><b>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/global-positioning-system-relativity-gnss-navic-explained\/article67606417.ece<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/business\/aviation\/in-a-first-indigo-uses-indian-navigation-system-to-land-aircraft-7892360\/\"><b>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/business\/aviation\/in-a-first-indigo-uses-indian-navigation-system-to-land-aircraft-7892360\/<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.55) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements regarding Al Action Summit held in Grand Palais, Paris in February 2025:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Co-chaired with India, the event builds on the advances made at the Bletchley Park Summit held in 2023 and the Seoul Summit held in 2024.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Along with other countries, US and UK also signed the declaration on inclusive and sustainable AI.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Paris Artificial Intelligence Action Summit was an initiative of French President Emmanuel Macron. It focused on the broader agenda of global AI governance, innovation, and on ways of serving the larger public interest. This third AI Summit explored how to leverage the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) while mitigating its risks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. The Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi co-chaired the AI Action Summit <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">along with the President of France, H.E. Mr. Emmanuel Macron.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The two-day summit<\/span><b> builds on the AI Safety Summit held in Britain in Bletchley Park in 2023 and a smaller meeting in Seoul in 2024<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Bletchley summit was focused on the debate surrounding the \u2018doomsday\u2019 concerns posed by AI, and eventually resulted in all 25 states, including the US and China, signing the Bletchley Declaration on AI Safety. The Seoul summit saw 16 top AI companies making voluntary commitments to develop AI transparently.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fifty eight countries, including India, China, Brazil, France and Australia, signed a<\/span><b> joint statement on Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at the AI Action Summit in Paris. The statement was<\/span><b> not signed by the United States and the United Kingdom.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2101947\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2101947<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/indias-opportunity-at-the-ai-action-summit\/article69199145.ece\"><b>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/indias-opportunity-at-the-ai-action-summit\/article69199145.ece<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-economics\/paris-ai-summit-modi-co-chair-agenda-9802156\/\"><b>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-economics\/paris-ai-summit-modi-co-chair-agenda-9802156\/<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/science-technology\/ai-action-summit-india-china-over-50-other-countries-sign-declaration-on-inclusive-sustainable-ai\"><b>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/science-technology\/ai-action-summit-india-china-over-50-other-countries-sign-declaration-on-inclusive-sustainable-ai<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.56)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. International Year of the Woman Farmer<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2026<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. International Year of Sustainable and Resilient Tourism\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2027<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. International Year of Peace and Trust\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2025<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. International Year of Asteroid Awareness and Planetary Defence<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2029<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 1 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The UN General Assembly has declared<\/span><b> 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This initiative aims to highlight the crucial role of women farmers in food security, nutrition, and poverty eradication, and to address the challenges they face.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 2 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The United Nations has proclaimed<\/span><b> 2027 as the International Year of Sustainable and Resilient Tourism. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on 26 February 2024 to declare 2027 as the International Year of Sustainable and Resilient Tourism.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to emphasize the active promotion of sustainable and resilient tourism as a vital tool for poverty eradication, supporting the involvement of women, youth, older persons, and persons with disabilities, expanding economic opportunities, and creating decent jobs and income sources.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 3 is correct.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The UN General Assembly has adopted a resolution to declare<\/span><b> 2025 as the International Year of Peace and Trust. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It calls on the international community to resolve conflicts through inclusive dialogue and negotiation in order to ensure the strengthening of peace and trust in relations between UN member states as a value that promotes sustainable development, peace and security, and human rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2025 has been proclaimed an international year devoted to four different themes: International Year of Glaciers, Peace, Quantum science and Cooperatives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 4 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2024, the UN General Assembly declared <\/span><b>2029 the International Year of Asteroid Awareness and Planetary Defence <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to take advantage of the close approach of 99942 Apophis and raise global awareness about asteroids.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>On 13 April 2029, the asteroid 99942 Apophis will pass safely at a distance of about 32,000 kilometers above Earth&#8217;s surface<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, within the geostationary orbit, posing no threat to the planet. This extremely close approach will make the asteroid visible to billions of people with the naked eye in the clear night sky.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/family-farming\/detail\/en\/c\/1682465\/#:~:text=The%20UN%20General%20Assembly%20has,and%20supported%20by%20the%20FAO\"><b>https:\/\/www.fao.org\/family-farming\/detail\/en\/c\/1682465\/#:~:text=The%20UN%20General%20Assembly%20has,and%20supported%20by%20the%20FAO<\/b><\/a><b>.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/mountain-partnership\/news\/newsroom\/news-detail\/UN-General-Assembly-declares-2027-the-International-Year-of-Sustainable-and-Resilient-Tourism\/en\"><b>https:\/\/www.fao.org\/mountain-partnership\/news\/newsroom\/news-detail\/UN-General-Assembly-declares-2027-the-International-Year-of-Sustainable-and-Resilient-Tourism\/en<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/mountain-partnership\/news\/newsroom\/news-detail\/UN-General-Assembly-declares-2027-the-International-Year-of-Sustainable-and-Resilient-Tourism\/en\"><b>https:\/\/www.fao.org\/mountain-partnership\/news\/newsroom\/news-detail\/UN-General-Assembly-declares-2027-the-International-Year-of-Sustainable-and-Resilient-Tourism\/en<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/unric.org\/en\/2025-year-of-glaciers-peace-quantum-science-cooperatives\/\"><b>https:\/\/unric.org\/en\/2025-year-of-glaciers-peace-quantum-science-cooperatives\/<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/observances\/asteroid-day\"><b>https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/observances\/asteroid-day<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.57)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements with regard to BRICS;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. 16th BRICS Summit was held under the Chairmanship of Russia in Kazan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Indonesia has become a full member of BRICS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The theme of the 16th BRICS Summit was Strengthening Multiculturalism for Just Global Development and Security.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The BRICS is a forum for cooperation among a group of leading emerging economies. BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, the original five members. The BRICS now includes 10 countries &#8211; Brazil, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Arab Emirates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. The 16th BRICS Summit was held under Russia\u2019s Chairship, in Kazan. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the conclusion of the Summit, the leaders adopted the \u2018Kazan Declaration\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 17th BRICS Summit will be hosted by Brazil.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently,<\/span><b> Indonesia has officially joined the BRICS group<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the 10th member, effective from January 2025. Indonesia has been admitted as a full member of the BRICS bloc of developing economies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The theme of the 16th BRICS Summit was<\/span><b> &#8220;Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security.&#8221; While the statement says Strengthening Multiculturalism.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/pm-modi-kazan-brics-summit-russia-9632436\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/pm-modi-kazan-brics-summit-russia-9632436\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/press-releases.htm?dtl\/38455\/Prime_Minister_participates_in_the_16th_BRICS_Summit\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/press-releases.htm?dtl\/38455\/Prime_Minister_participates_in_the_16th_BRICS_Summit<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/everyday-explainers\/pmwhat-is-brics-its-significance-for-india-9632929\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/everyday-explainers\/pmwhat-is-brics-its-significance-for-india-9632929\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/indonesia-is-admitted-to-the-brics-bloc-of-developing-nations-brazil-announces\/article69069943.ece\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/indonesia-is-admitted-to-the-brics-bloc-of-developing-nations-brazil-announces\/article69069943.ece<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/brics-2024-kazan-russia-pm-narendra-modi-updates-october-22\/article68781547.ece\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/brics-2024-kazan-russia-pm-narendra-modi-updates-october-22\/article68781547.ece<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.58)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements about Lokpal:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The power of Lokpal applies to public servants of India, but not to the Indian public servants posted outside India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a Member of the Parliament or a Member of the Legislature of any State or Union Territory, and only the Chief Justice of India, whether incumbent or retired, has to be its Chairperson.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The Chairperson or a Member shall not be a person of less than forty-five years of age on the date of assuming office as the Chairperson or Member, as the case may be.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>IV. Lokpal cannot inquire into the allegations of corruption against a sitting Prime Minister of India.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and IV<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None of the above statements is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 provides for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union. It is envisaged to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 <\/span><b>shall apply to public servants in and outside India. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, the Lokpal has jurisdiction over all public servants, whether posted in India or abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 3 of the Lokpal Act says that the Chairperson or a Member of Lokpal shall not be a member of Parliament or a member of the Legislature of any State or Union territory. It also provides that the Lokpal shall consist of <\/span><b>a Chairperson, who is or has been a Chief Justice of India or is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or an eminent person.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 3 of the Lokpal Act says that<\/span><b> the Chairperson or a Member shall not be a person of less than forty-five years of age,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the date of assuming office <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as the Chairperson or Member, as the case may be.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 4 is incorrect. According to Section 14 of the Act, the jurisdiction of the Lokpal extends to any person who is or has been a Prime Minister.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> However, there are exceptions here. There are certain cases in which Lokpal shall not inquire into any matter involving the Prime Minister. For example: relating to international relations, external and internal security, public order, atomic energy and space. Also, an inquiry can be initiated against the Prime Minister only if a full bench of the Lokpal consisting of its Chairperson and all Members considers the initiation of inquiry and at least two-thirds of its Members approves of such inquiry<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2093664\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2093664<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/lokpal.gov.in\/pdfs\/FreqAQs.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/lokpal.gov.in\/pdfs\/FreqAQs.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dopt.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/407_06_2013-AVD-IV-09012014_0.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/dopt.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/407_06_2013-AVD-IV-09012014_0.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Polity by M.Laxmikant Chapter 61<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.59)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements in respect of the first Kho Kho World Cup:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The event was held in Delhi, India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Indian men beat Nepal with a score of 78-40 in the final to become the World Champion in men &#8216;s category.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Indian women beat Nepal with a score of 54-36 in the final to become the World Champion in women category.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. The inaugural Kho Kho World Cup was held in New Delhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in January 2025. India secured the titles in both men&#8217;s and women&#8217;s competitions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is incorrect. The men&#8217;s team also secured a 54-36 win over Nepal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the title clash.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is incorrect. India&#8217;s women&#8217;s team clinched t<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">he inaugural Kho Kho World Cup with a commanding<\/span><b> 78-40 win over Nepal.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sport\/other-sports\/kho-kho-world-cup-after-women-indian-mens-team-also-crowned-champion\/article69117372.ece\"><b>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sport\/other-sports\/kho-kho-world-cup-after-women-indian-mens-team-also-crowned-champion\/article69117372.ece<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.60)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. In the finals of the 45th Chess Olympiad held in 2024, Gukesh Dommaraju became the world&#8217;s youngest winner after defeating the Russian player Ian Nepomniachtchi<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Abhimanyu Mishra, an American chess player, holds the record of becoming world&#8217;s youngest ever Grandmaster.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b\u00a0 is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chess Olympiad is a biennial event in which teams representing nations of the world compete. International Chess Federation (FIDE) organises the tournament and selects the host nation. The 45th FIDE Chess Olympiad was held in Budapest, Hungary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D Gukesh won his second individual gold medal in a row at the 45th Chess Olympiad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Grandmaster D Gukesh, at 18, became the youngest world chess champion by defeating Ding Liren in the 2024 FIDE World Chess Championship held in Singapore.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is correct. Abhimanyu Mishra, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a U.S. player of Indian origin,<\/span><b> is the youngest GrandMaster in history, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at 12 years, four months and 25 days. He obliterated the long-standing record held by Sergey Karjakin, who was 12 years and seven months old when he attained the title.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Knowledge Base:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India clinched their first-ever gold medal at the 45th Chess Olympiad.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s men and women won the gold at the Chess Olympiad in Budapest.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian men&#8217;s team defeated Slovenia with a score of 3.5-0.5 in the 11th and final round of the 45th Chess Olympiad.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simultaneously, the Indian women&#8217;s team dominated Azerbaijan, securing victory with a 3.5-0.5 margin.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/sports\/chess\/chess-olympiad-double-delight-for-india-as-they-clinch-gold-medals-in-open-and-womens-events-gukesh-arjun-and-divya-star-once-more-9582621\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/sports\/chess\/chess-olympiad-double-delight-for-india-as-they-clinch-gold-medals-in-open-and-womens-events-gukesh-arjun-and-divya-star-once-more-9582621\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/sports\/chess\/indian-origin-american-abhimanyu-mishra-youngest-ever-chess-grandmaster-7383520\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/sports\/chess\/indian-origin-american-abhimanyu-mishra-youngest-ever-chess-grandmaster-7383520\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.61)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some rare earth elements are used in the manufacture of flat television. screens and computer monitors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Some rare earth elements have phosphorescent properties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct and Statement 2 explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct but Statement 2 does not explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Statement 1 is correct but Statement 2 is not correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Statement 1 is not correct but Statement 2 is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 chemically similar elements, including the 15 lanthanides along with scandium and yttrium.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> These elements possess unique magnetic, luminescent, and electrochemical properties, making them essential in various high-tech applications, including electronics, renewable energy, and defense.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Rare earth elements such as europium, terbium, and yttrium are integral in the production of phosphors used in display technologies. These phosphors emit specific colours when excited by electrons, enabling the vivid displays in flat-screen televisions and computer monitors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For instance, europium is used for red phosphors, terbium for green, and yttrium serves as a host lattice for these phosphors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct. Certain rare earth elements exhibit phosphorescence, a type of photoluminescence where materials emit light after being energized<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Elements like europium and terbium are known for their phosphorescent properties, which are harnessed in various applications, including lighting and display technologies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II explains Statement I. The phosphorescent properties of rare earth elements are the reason they are used in manufacturing display screens<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The ability of these elements to emit light upon excitation is fundamental to the functioning of phosphors in screens, thereby directly linking their phosphorescent nature to their application in display technologies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-rare-earth-elements-national-critical-minerals-mission-upsc-prelims-2025-9866124\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-rare-earth-elements-national-critical-minerals-mission-upsc-prelims-2025-9866124\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/prod\/files\/2020\/02\/f71\/Rare%20Earth%20Elements%20Infographic.pdf\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/prod\/files\/2020\/02\/f71\/Rare%20Earth%20Elements%20Infographic.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.62)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a future ready railway system by 2028.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Kavach&#8217; is an Automatic Train Process system, development, and collaboration with Germany.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. &#8216;Kavach&#8217; system consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are not Correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Indian Railways<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has undertaken two major initiatives: the <\/span><b>National Rail Plan (NRP)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>\u2018Kavach\u2019 Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Both are designed to modernize and secure the railway infrastructure and operations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement I is incorrect. The National Rail Plan (NRP) has been developed with the aim of creating a \u2018future ready\u2019 railway system by the year 2030, not 2028.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The plan intends to meet future demand (both passenger and freight) up to <\/span><b>2050<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and to increase the <\/span><b>modal share of railways in freight transport to 45%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It includes investment planning, capacity building, and infrastructure upgrades.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement II is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>\u2018Kavach\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an <\/span><b>indigenous<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ATP system developed by the <\/span><b>Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under Indian Railways. There is <\/span><b>no German collaboration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> involved in its creation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement III is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>Kavach system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> uses <\/span><b>Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> placed on the railway tracks, especially in station sections. These tags work in coordination with onboard and trackside equipment to detect train location, and <\/span><b>automatically apply brakes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in case of collision threats, signal violations, or overspeeding.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-of-the-day-kavach-9674559\/#:~:text=Kavach%20is%20India's%20very%20own,2\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/upsc-current-affairs\/upsc-essentials\/knowledge-nugget-of-the-day-kavach-9674559\/#:~:text=Kavach%20is%20India&#8217;s%20very%20own,2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1806617\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1806617\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1806617<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2082712<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.63)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following space missions:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Axiom-4<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. SpaDeX<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Gaganyaan<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the space missions given above encourage and support microgravity research?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Microgravity research<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> involves studying the behavior of physical, chemical, and biological systems in environments where gravity is significantly weaker than on Earth. Such research is crucial for advancing our understanding in various fields, including human physiology, material science, and space agriculture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>Axiom-4 (Ax-4)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mission is a collaborative effort involving <\/span><b>Axiom Space<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>NASA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>ESA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>ISRO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Scheduled for launch in June 2025, this mission will send a crew to the <\/span><b>International Space Station (ISS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Notably, <\/span><b>Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, an Indian Air Force test pilot, will be part of this mission. During the mission, the crew will conduct over 25 experiments focusing on various aspects of microgravity, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Human health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Studying the effects of microgravity on the human body, such as muscle atrophy and cognitive functions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Space agriculture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Investigating the growth of crops like green gram (moong) and fenugreek (methi) in microgravity conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Biotechnology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Examining microbial adaptation and other biological processes in space.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These experiments aim to enhance our understanding of living systems in space and support future long-duration missions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Option II is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an initiative by <\/span><b>ISRO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to demonstrate autonomous docking capabilities between two satellites in orbit. While the primary objective is to validate docking technologies, the mission also supports microgravity research through the <\/span><b>PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This module utilizes the spent fourth stage of the PSLV rocket as an orbital platform for conducting experiments in microgravity, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Plant growth studies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Observing the germination and growth of seeds in microgravity to understand plant behavior in space.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Radiation environment measurements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Monitoring space radiation levels to assess their impact on biological systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These experiments provide valuable insights into conducting scientific research in microgravity environments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Option III is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Gaganyaan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is India&#8217;s ambitious human spaceflight program, aiming to send a crew of three astronauts into a 400 km orbit for a three-day mission. As part of this mission, <\/span><b>ISRO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> plans to conduct several microgravity experiments, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Biological experiments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Studying the effects of microgravity on living organisms, such as fruit flies, to understand physiological changes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Physical science experiments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Investigating material behavior and fluid dynamics in microgravity conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These experiments are designed to advance our knowledge of how microgravity affects various systems, which is essential for planning future long-duration space missions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.axiomspace.com\/missions\/ax4\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.axiomspace.com\/missions\/ax4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088569\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088569<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/ISRO-ESA_collaboration_in_microgravity_research_in_upcoming_Axiom-4_Mission.html#:~:text=Indian%20Human%20Space%20Program%2C%20Gaganyaan,well%20as%20joint%20international%20efforts\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.isro.gov.in\/ISRO-ESA_collaboration_in_microgravity_research_in_upcoming_Axiom-4_Mission.html#:~:text=Indian%20Human%20Space%20Program%2C%20Gaganyaan,well%20as%20joint%20international%20efforts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. ;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.64)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With reference to India&#8217;s defense, consider the following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aircraft type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Description<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Dornier-228\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maritime patrol aircraft<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. IL-76\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supersonic combat aircraft<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. C-17 Globe<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Military transport master 3 aircraft<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India&#8217;s defence forces operate a diverse fleet of aircraft, each serving specific roles such as surveillance, combat, and transportation<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 1 is correct.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>Dornier 228<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a twin-engine turboprop aircraft utilized by the Indian Navy and Coast Guard for <\/span><b>maritime patrol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>surveillance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>search and rescue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>pollution control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> missions. Manufactured under license by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), it is equipped with advanced sensors and communication systems tailored for maritime operations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 2 is incorrect.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>Ilyushin Il-76<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><b>strategic airlifter<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not a supersonic combat aircraft. Designed by the Soviet Union&#8217;s Ilyushin design bureau, it serves roles such as <\/span><b>transporting heavy machinery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>aerial refueling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>emergency response<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is a four-engine turbofan aircraft capable of operating in rugged environments but lacks the speed and agility characteristic of supersonic combat aircraft.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Pair 3 is correct.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>C-17 Globemaster III<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a large military transport aircraft developed by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) for the United States Air Force and also operated by the Indian Air Force. It is designed for <\/span><b>rapid strategic airlift<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of troops and cargo to main operating bases or forward bases in the deployment area. The aircraft is capable of performing <\/span><b>tactical airlift<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>medical evacuation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>airdrops<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it a versatile asset in military logistics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indiancoastguard.gov.in\/air-craft#:~:text=Dornier%20228%20is%20a%20twin,speeds%20and%20fuel%20efficient%20uniqueness\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indiancoastguard.gov.in\/air-craft#:~:text=Dornier%20228%20is%20a%20twin,speeds%20and%20fuel%20efficient%20uniqueness<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aircharterservice.co.in\/aircraft-guide\/cargo\/ilyushin-russia\/ilyushinil-76tandil76-td\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.aircharterservice.co.in\/aircraft-guide\/cargo\/ilyushin-russia\/ilyushinil-76tandil76-td<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boeing.com\/defense\/c-17-globemaster-iii\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.boeing.com\/defense\/c-17-globemaster-iii<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.65)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Artificial way of causing rainfall to reduce air pollution makes use of<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) silver iodide and potassium iodide<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) silver nitrate and potassium iodide<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) silver iodide and potassium nitrate<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) silver nitrate and potassium chloride<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial rainfall, more commonly known as <\/span><b>cloud seeding<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is a technique used to induce or enhance precipitation from clouds. It is increasingly being explored in India as a way to combat severe <\/span><b>air pollution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in cities like Delhi where high levels of particulate matter and smog make air quality dangerous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The process of cloud seeding involves dispersing certain substances into the atmosphere that serve as <\/span><b>cloud condensation or ice nuclei<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These particles encourage water vapor in the atmosphere to condense into water droplets or ice crystals. When these droplets become heavy enough, they fall as rain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most commonly used chemicals for this purpose is <\/span><b>silver iodide (AgI)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This compound has a <\/span><b>crystalline structure similar to ice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which makes it effective in stimulating the formation of ice crystals within cold clouds. Once seeded, the silver iodide helps initiate the process of condensation and precipitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to silver iodide, <\/span><b>potassium iodide (KI)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is also used. It can serve a similar function by acting as a condensation nucleus, though it is less commonly used than silver iodide. Together, these chemicals can enhance the cloud&#8217;s ability to produce rainfall, helping to <\/span><b>clear out pollutants from the air<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by washing them down to the ground.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This method has been considered by Indian authorities during peak pollution seasons as a way to create artificial rain and thereby <\/span><b>reduce the concentration of pollutants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the lower atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/india-news\/what-is-cloud-seeding-all-about-artificial-rain-used-when-aqi-is-high-101732095089202.html#:~:text=is%20cloud%20seeding?-,Cloud%2Dseeding%20is%20a%20technique%20used%20to%20modify%20weather%20by,ice%20nucleation%20and%20subsequent%20precipitation\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/india-news\/what-is-cloud-seeding-all-about-artificial-rain-used-when-aqi-is-high-101732095089202.html#:~:text=is%20cloud%20seeding?-,Cloud%2Dseeding%20is%20a%20technique%20used%20to%20modify%20weather%20by,ice%20nucleation%20and%20subsequent%20precipitation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.timesnownews.com\/mirror-now\/in-focus\/article\/what-is-artificial-rain-will-it-solve-delhis-air-pollution-woes\/317375\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.timesnownews.com\/mirror-now\/in-focus\/article\/what-is-artificial-rain-will-it-solve-delhis-air-pollution-woes\/317375<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/india-news\/combating-air-pollution-with-artificial-rain-cloud-seeding-explained-123111000854_1.html\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/india-news\/combating-air-pollution-with-artificial-rain-cloud-seeding-explained-123111000854_1.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.66)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements with regard to pardoning power of the President of India:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The exercise of this power by the President can be subjected to limited judicial review.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The President can exercise this power without the advice of the Central Government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both 1 and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither 1 nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Under Article 72 of the Indian Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the President of India has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of an offence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This includes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Punishment by a Court Martial,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offences under Union law, and<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Death sentences.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The Supreme Court in the <\/span><b>Maru Ram v. Union of India (1980)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> case held that the President\u2019s power under Article 72 is subject to judicial review. Further, in <\/span><b>Shatrughan Chauhan v. Union of India (2014)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the court ruled that this power is not absolute. <\/span><b>Judicial review can be exercised to ensure that the power is not used arbitrarily, or in bad faith, or based on extraneous considerations.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement II is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As per <\/span><b>Article 74 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the Constitution, the President is bound to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. This includes the exercise of clemency powers under Article 72.<\/span><b> The President cannot exercise this power independently or without the advice of the government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6349%;\"><b>Type of Clemency<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.3946%;\"><b>Meaning<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.0635%;\"><b>Effect \/ Example<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6349%;\"><b>1. Pardon<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.3946%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It removes both the sentence and the conviction.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.0635%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The convict is fully absolved from all punishments and disqualifications.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6349%;\"><b>2. Commutation<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.3946%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter one.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.0635%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Death sentence \u2192 Rigorous imprisonment \u2192 Simple imprisonment.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6349%;\"><b>3. Remission<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.3946%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduction in the period of sentence without changing its nature.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.0635%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rigorous imprisonment for 2 years \u2192 Reduced to 1 year.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6349%;\"><b>4. Respite<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.3946%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Awarding a lesser sentence due to special circumstances.<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.0635%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A pregnant woman given life imprisonment instead of death.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6349%;\"><b>5. Reprieve<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.3946%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Temporary stay on the execution of a sentence (especially death).<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.0635%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Delay in execution to allow the convict to seek pardon or commutation.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: Mastering Indian Polity- 10 th Edition &#8211; Forum IAS<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.67)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. On the dissolution of the House of the People, the Speaker shall not vacate his\/her office until immediately before the first meeting of the House of the People after the dissolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. According to the provisions of the Constitution of India, a Member of the House of the People on being elected as Speaker shall resign from his\/her political party immediately.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. The Speaker of the House of the People may be removed from his\/her office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority of all the then Members of the House, provided that no resolution shall be moved unless at least fourteen days&#8217; notice has been given of the intention to move the resolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Speaker of the Lok Sabha plays a crucial role in maintaining the decorum of the House and in presiding over the proceedings. His\/her powers and conditions of office are derived from <\/span><b>Article 93 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and related provisions of the Constitution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>As per Article 94 of the Constitution, the Speaker does not vacate office on the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. He\/she continues until just before the first meeting of the newly constituted Lok Sabha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is to ensure continuity and proper transition\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>The Constitution does not require the Speaker to resign from his\/her political party after being elected. However, the Speaker is expected to act in a non-partisan manner. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Disqualification under the Tenth Schedule (anti-defection) does not apply merely because the Speaker remains a party member. However, in Britain, the Speaker is strictly a non-party man. There is a convention that the Speaker has to resign from his party and remain politically neutral<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>As per Article 94, the Speaker can be removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all the then members of the House. Fourteen days&#8217; notice is mandatory before such a resolution is moved<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This ensures a fair opportunity for the Speaker to defend himself\/herself.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20240716890312078.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20240716890312078.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mastering Indian Polity- 10th Edition &#8211; Forum IAS<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.68)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. If any question arises as to whether a Member of the House of the People has become subject to disqualification under the 10th Schedule, the President&#8217;s decision in accordance with the opinion of the Council of Union Ministers shall be final.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. There is no mention of the word &#8216;political party&#8217; in the Constitution of India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Tenth Schedule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution, also known as the <\/span><b>Anti-Defection Law<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, was added by the 52nd Amendment in 1985. It lays down the grounds for disqualification of MPs and MLAs on the basis of defection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement I is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Tenth Schedule <\/span><b>clearly states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that in case of any question on disqualification under it, the decision is to be made by the <\/span><b>Speaker or the Chairman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the House, <\/span><b>not the President<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is clearly provided under the Tenth Schedule. The President has no role in disqualification under the anti-defection law, unlike disqualification under <\/span><b>Articles 102 and 191 which are decided by the President\/Governor after consulting the Election Commission.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement II is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term <\/span><b>\u201cpolitical party\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is mentioned in the Constitution. It appears in the <\/span><b>Tenth Schedule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which refers to the role of political parties in determining defection. For example, a member is disqualified if they <\/span><b>voluntarily give up membership of the political party<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on whose ticket they were elected.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20240716890312078.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f\/uploads\/2024\/07\/20240716890312078.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mastering Indian Polity-10th Edition-\u00a0 Forum IAS<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.69)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In India, State Governments have no power for making rules for grant of concessions in respect of extraction of minor minerals even though such minerals are located in their territories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In India, the Central Government has the power to notify minor minerals under the relevant law.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The regulation of <\/span><b>mines and minerals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is governed by the <\/span><b>Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This law distinguishes between <\/span><b>major<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>minor minerals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement I is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the MMDR Act, the <\/span><b>state governments are empowered<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to make rules for <\/span><b>granting concessions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (like leases, licenses) and for <\/span><b>regulating mining operations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of <\/span><b>minor minerals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This power is granted under <\/span><b>Section 15<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Act. Hence, states have both administrative and rule-making powers concerning minor minerals within their territories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement II is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>central government<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has the power to <\/span><b>declare a mineral as a minor mineral<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by <\/span><b>notification<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the Official Gazette. This power flows from <\/span><b>Section 3(e)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the MMDR Act. So, what is classified as a minor mineral is decided centrally, but regulation of its extraction is done by the states.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/1421\/3\/A1957-67.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/1421\/3\/A1957-67.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/1421\/3\/A1957-67.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/arthapedia.in\/index.php\/Minor_Minerals<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.70)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Which organization has enacted the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) The European Union<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) The World Bank<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) The Food and Agriculture Organization<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Nature Restoration Law (NRL)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a landmark environmental regulation enacted by the <\/span><b>European Union (EU)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It aims to halt and reverse the degradation of ecosystems across the EU, addressing both climate change and biodiversity loss.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Key Features of the NRL:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Legally Binding Targets:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The law sets binding targets to restore degraded ecosystems, particularly those with high potential to capture and store carbon and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Restoration Goals:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Member States are required to implement restoration measures covering at least 20% of the EU&#8217;s land and sea areas by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Ecosystem Focus:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The law emphasizes restoring wetlands, rivers, forests, grasslands, marine ecosystems, and the species they host to increase biodiversity and secure ecosystem services like water and air purification, crop pollination, and flood protection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>Climate and Biodiversity Commitments:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The NRL supports the EU&#8217;s commitment to climate neutrality by 2050 and aligns with international biodiversity commitments under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/the-case-for-a-nature-restoration-law-in-india\/article68780219.ece#:~:text=The%20degradation%20of%20natural%20ecosystems,restoration%20fully%20restored%20by%202050\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/the-case-for-a-nature-restoration-law-in-india\/article68780219.ece#:~:text=The%20degradation%20of%20natural%20ecosystems,restoration%20fully%20restored%20by%202050<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.71)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Suppose the revenue expenditure is \u20b9 80,000 crores and the revenue receipts of the Government are \u20b9 60,000 crores. The Government budget also shows borrowings of \u20b9 10,000 crores and interest payments of \u20b9 6,000 crores. Which of the following statements are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Revenue deficit is \u20b9 20,000 crores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Fiscal deficit is \u20b9 10,000 crores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Primary deficit is \u20b9 4,000 crores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><b>Given Data:<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Revenue Expenditure = \u20b980,000 crores<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Revenue Receipts = \u20b960,000 crores<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Borrowings (Fiscal Deficit) = \u20b910,000 crores<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Interest Payments = \u20b96,000 crores<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: Revenue Deficit<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Definition:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Revenue Deficit = Revenue Expenditure \u2013 Revenue Receipts<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calculation:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Revenue Expenditure = \u20b980,000 crores<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Revenue Receipts = \u20b960,000 crores<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b> Revenue Deficit = \u20b980,000 \u2013 \u20b960,000 = \u20b920,000 crores<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: Fiscal Deficit<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Definition:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure \u2013 Total Receipts (excluding borrowings)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this question, total borrowings by the government are \u20b910,000 crores, which means the gap between the government&#8217;s total expenditure and its non-borrowed receipts is being met by borrowing \u20b910,000 crores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Fiscal Deficit is the total borrowing requirement of the government. In the given scenario, the borrowings directly represent the fiscal deficit.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Fiscal Deficit = Borrowings = 10,000 crores<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: Primary Deficit<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Definition:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit \u2013 Interest Payments<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Calculation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fiscal Deficit = \u20b910,000 crores<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Interest Payments = \u20b96,000 crores<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Primary Deficit = \u20b910,000 \u2013 \u20b96,000 = \u20b94,000 crores<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Hence, All three statements are correct.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/nios.ac.in\/media\/documents\/SrSec318NEW\/318_Economics_Eng\/318_Economics_Eng_Lesson29.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/nios.ac.in\/media\/documents\/SrSec318NEW\/318_Economics_Eng\/318_Economics_Eng_Lesson29.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/59908\/3\/Unit-15.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/www.egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/59908\/3\/Unit-15.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.72)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India is one of the founding members of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a multimodal transportation corridor, which will connect<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) India to Central Asia to Europe via Iran<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) India to Central Asia via China<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) India to South-East Asia through Bangladesh and Myanmar<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) India to Europe through Azerbaijan<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7,200-kilometer-long multimodal transportation network <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(including ship, rail, and road routes) that <\/span><b>connects India, Iran, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It was initiated by India, Iran, and Russia in 2000 and aims to improve trade connectivity by reducing the time and cost of transport.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The corridor starts in India, passes through Iran, and proceeds to Russia and Europe via Azerbaijan and Central Asia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It offers a shorter and more economical alternative to the traditional sea route via the Suez Canal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Russia, India and Iran signed preliminary agreements to develop the INSTC in 2002. Three years later, Azerbaijan signed up for the project. This agreement was eventually ratified by 13 countries \u2014 India, Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Tajikistan, Turkey and Ukraine.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/north-south-transport-corridor-connecting-continents\/article66875206.ece\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/north-south-transport-corridor-connecting-continents\/article66875206.ece<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.73)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Of the two major ethanol producers in the world, i.e., Brazil and the United States of America, the former produces more ethanol than the latter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Unlike in the United States of America where corn is the principal feedstock for ethanol production, sugarcane is the principal feedstock for ethanol production in Brazil.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II does not explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is not correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>United States is the largest producer of ethanol in the world, consistently accounting for over 50% of global ethanol production in recent years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, In 2024, the U.S. produced approximately 16.2 billion gallons of ethanol, accounting for about 52% of global production. In contrast, Brazil produced around 8.78 billion gallons, representing 28% of global output. Thus, the United States produces nearly twice as much ethanol as Brazil.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Statement II is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I<\/span><b>n the United States, ethanol is primarily produced from corn<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is abundantly cultivated in the Midwest and forms the backbone of the American ethanol industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast,<\/span><b> Brazil produces most of its ethanol from sugarcane<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which is well-suited to its tropical climate. Sugarcane-based ethanol is considered more energy-efficient and has a lower carbon footprint compared to corn-based ethanol.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence,<\/span><b> Statement I is not correct but Statement II is correct<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/ethanolrfa.org\/markets-and-statistics\/annual-ethanol-production\"><b>https:\/\/ethanolrfa.org\/markets-and-statistics\/annual-ethanol-production<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.74)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The World Bank warned that India could become one of the first places where wet-bulb temperatures routinely exceed 35 degree Celsius. Which of the following statements best reflect(s) the implication of the above-said report?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Peninsular India will most likely suffer from flooding, tropical cyclones and droughts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The survival of animals including humans will be affected as shedding of their body heat through perspiration becomes difficult.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Wet-bulb temperature <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a measure that <\/span><b>combines dry air temperature and humidity to indicate to reflect the lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by the evaporation of water<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In essence, it is a measure of heat-stress conditions on humans.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the wet-bulb temperature reaches 35\u202f\u00b0C, it becomes extremely dangerous for humans and animals because sweat can no longer evaporate to cool the body. The World Bank has warned that parts of India, due to rising global temperatures and increasing humidity, could be among the first regions in the world where wet-bulb temperatures routinely exceed 35\u202f\u00b0C, posing a grave risk to life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This statement accurately <\/span><b>reflects the broader climatic risks that Peninsular India faces due to climate change, which are interconnected with the rise in wet-bulb temperatures.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region&#8217;s tropical location makes it particularly <\/span><b>vulnerable to intensified monsoon variability, resulting in both extreme rainfall events causing floods and cyclones, as well as periods of inadequate rainfall leading to droughts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, while the World Bank\u2019s warning emphasizes the health hazards of extreme heat and humidity, it also implicitly highlights that the same underlying climate shifts will exacerbate Peninsular India&#8217;s susceptibility to these damaging hydrometeorological events.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: This statement accurately captures the core implication of the World Bank\u2019s warning.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>When wet-bulb temperatures exceed 35\u202f\u00b0C, the human body can no longer effectively cool itself through sweating and evaporation, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which are essential to regulate internal body temperature. This creates life-threatening conditions even for healthy individuals, and especially for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, outdoor workers, or those without access to cooling.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>same threat applies to many animal species, which also rely on various forms of heat dissipation.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence, this statement directly addresses the health and survival risks associated with extreme wet-bulb temperatures and correctly reflects the report\u2019s concern.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2022\/jul\/31\/why-you-need-to-worry-about-the-wet-bulb-temperature\"><b>https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2022\/jul\/31\/why-you-need-to-worry-about-the-wet-bulb-temperature<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/climate-change\/how-a-massive-anticyclone-caused-floods-in-dubai-and-humid-heat-in-mumbai-on-the-other-side-of-the-arabian-sea-95613\"><b>https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/climate-change\/how-a-massive-anticyclone-caused-floods-in-dubai-and-humid-heat-in-mumbai-on-the-other-side-of-the-arabian-sea-95613<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.75)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A country&#8217;s fiscal deficit stands at \u20b9 50,000 crores. It is receiving \u20b9 10,000 crores through non-debt creating capital receipts. The country&#8217;s interest liabilities are \u20b9 1,500 crores. What is the gross primary deficit?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) \u20b9 48,500 crores<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) \u20b9 51,500 crores<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) \u20b9 58,500 crores<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None of the above<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To find the Gross Primary Deficit, we need to use the following formula:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Gross Primary Deficit=Fiscal Deficit\u2212Interest Payments<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><b>Given:<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fiscal Deficit = \u20b950,000 crores<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interest Liabilities = \u20b91,500 crores<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-debt creating capital receipts are not needed to calculate the Primary Deficit directly. They are part of the financing of the fiscal deficit but do not affect the primary deficit calculation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Gross Primary Deficit = 50,000 \u2212 1,500 = 48,500 crores<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:Class 12 macroeconomy NCERT<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/nios.ac.in\/media\/documents\/SrSec318NEW\/318_Economics_Eng\/318_Economics_Eng_Lesson29.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/nios.ac.in\/media\/documents\/SrSec318NEW\/318_Economics_Eng\/318_Economics_Eng_Lesson29.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.76)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Which of the following statements with regard to recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission of India are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It has recommended grants of \u20b9 4,800 crores from the year 2022-23 to the year 2025-26 for incentivizing States to enhance educational outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. 45%of the net proceeds of Union taxes are to be shared with States.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. \u20b9 45,000 crores are to be kept as performance-based incentive for all States for carrying out agricultural reforms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>IV. Its reintroduced tax effort criteria to reward fiscal performance.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I, II and IV<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I, III and IV<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) II, III and IV<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 15th Finance Commission <\/span><b>recommended grants of Rs. 4,800 crore (Rs. 1,200 crore each year) from 2022-23 to 2025-26 for incentivizing states to enhance educational outcomes.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 15th Finance Commission recommended that <\/span><b>41% of the divisible pool of Central taxes be shared with the States for the period 2021-26<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is a 1% adjustment from the 42% recommended by the 14th Finance Commission, to account for the newly formed Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 15th Finance Commission <\/span><b>recommended Rs. 45,000 crore as a performance-based incentive for all states for carrying out agricultural reforms.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement IV is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 15th Finance Commission<\/span><b> reintroduced &#8216;Tax and Fiscal Efforts&#8217; as a criterion for horizontal devolution with a weightage of 2.5%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This criterion aims to reward states with higher tax collection efficiency. This criterion was previously used by the 11th and 12th Finance Commissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693868\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693868<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fincomindia.nic.in\/asset\/doc\/commission-reports\/XVFC-Complete-Report-1.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/fincomindia.nic.in\/asset\/doc\/commission-reports\/XVFC-Complete-Report-1.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.77)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements in respect of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD):<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It provides loans and guarantees to middle income countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. It works single-handedly to help developing countries to reduce poverty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. It was established to help Europe rebuild after the World War II.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a global development cooperative owned by 189 member countries and is also the largest development bank in the world<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The I<\/span><b>BRD primarily lends to middle-income countries and some creditworthy low-income countries.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It o<\/span><b>ffers financial products such as loans, guarantees, risk management products, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and advisory services to support development programs, infrastructure projects, and economic reforms. The goal is to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development in these countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>IBRD is not the only institution working on poverty reduction. It is one of five institutions that make up the World Bank Group, which includes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>IDA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (International Development Association) \u2013 for the poorest countries<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>IFC <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(International Finance Corporation) \u2013 for private sector development<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>MIGA <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) \u2013 for political risk insurance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>ICSID<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes) \u2013 for arbitration<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Together, these institutions work collaboratively, not &#8220;single-handedly,&#8221; to reduce poverty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and promote development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>IBRD was indeed established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference with the primary goal of financing the reconstruction of European nations devastated by World War II. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the post-war reconstruction, its mandate expanded to global economic development and poverty eradication.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/who-we-are\/ibrd\"><b>https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/who-we-are\/ibrd<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.78)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements in respect of RTGS and NEFT:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. In RTGS, the settlement time is instantaneous while in case of NEFT, it takes some time to settle payments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. In RTGS, the customer is charged for inward transactions while that is not the case for NEFT.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Operating hours for RTGS are restricted on certain days while this is not true for NEFT.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the name suggests, <\/span><b>RTGS transactions are processed in &#8220;real-time&#8221; and on a &#8220;gross&#8221; basis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means<\/span><b> each transaction is settled individually as it is received, with virtually no waiting period.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The beneficiary bank typically receives the funds in real-time, and the beneficiary&#8217;s account is credited within a short time (usually within 30 minutes of receiving the transfer message).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> NEFT operates on a &#8220;Deferred Net Settlement&#8221; (DNS) basis. This means <\/span><b>transactions are collected and processed in batches at specific intervals. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While NEFT is now available 24&#215;7, the <\/span><b>actual settlement still happens in half-hourly batches.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> So, it takes some time for the payment to be settled.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> According to RBI guidelines, <\/span><b>inward RTGS transactions <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(receiving money) <\/span><b>are free of charge.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Banks are not permitted to levy any charges on the beneficiary for receiving funds via RTGS. Similarly, i<\/span><b>nward NEFT transactions are also free of charge.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Previously, both RTGS and NEFT operated only during specific hours on working days. However, major reforms by the Reserve Bank of India have now made <\/span><b>both services available 24&#215;7, 365 days a year.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>NEFT became a round-the-clock service in 2019, followed by RTGS in 2020<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means that customers can now transfer funds using either system at any time of the day, on any day of the year, including weekends and bank holidays.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalbank.co.in\/difference-between-neft-and-rtgs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.federalbank.co.in\/difference-between-neft-and-rtgs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.79)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following countries:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. United Arab Emirates<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. France<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Germany<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Singapore<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V. Bangladesh<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many countries amongst the above are there other than India where international merchant payments are accepted under UPI?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the five<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of now, UPI (Unified Payments Interface) is accepted for international merchant payments in the following countries other than India:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Arab Emirates (UAE)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">France<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Singapore<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sri Lanka<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mauritius<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bhutan<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nepal<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence, among the countries mentioned in the question, <\/span><b>only<\/b> <b>three<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014<\/span><b>United Arab Emirates, France, and Singapore\u2014officially support UPI for international merchant payments. Germany and Bangladesh do not currently have UPI integration.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npci.org.in\/what-we-do\/upi-global\/upi-global-acceptance\/live-members\"><b>https:\/\/www.npci.org.in\/what-we-do\/upi-global\/upi-global-acceptance\/live-members<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/technology\/tech-news-technology\/upi-goes-global-supported-countries-9164907\/\"><b>https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/technology\/tech-news-technology\/upi-goes-global-supported-countries-9164907\/<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.80)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following statements about &#8216;PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana&#8217;:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. It targets installation of one crore solar rooftop panels in the residential sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy aims to impart training on installation, operation, maintenance and repairs of solar rooftop systems at grassroot levels.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. It aims to create more than three lakhs skilled manpower through fresh skilling, and upskilling, under scheme component of capacity building.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, launched in February 2024, is an ambitious initiative by the Government of India <\/span><b>aiming to install rooftop solar panels in one crore (10 million) households in the residential sector by March 2027<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This large-scale adoption of solar energy is a significant step towards achieving energy self-reliance and promoting sustainable energy practices across the nation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has emphasized the importance of capacity building under this scheme.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It plans to <\/span><b>provide training at the grassroots level on the installation, operation, maintenance, and repair of solar rooftop systems. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This initiative ensures that there is adequate skilled manpower to support the widespread adoption of solar energy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A critical component of the scheme is the development of a skilled workforce to support the solar energy sector. <\/span><b>The objectives include:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Training Over 3 Lakh Individuals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Through a combination of <\/span><b>fresh skilling and up-skilling programs.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Specialized Roles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Out of these, <\/span><b>at least 1 lakh individuals will be trained as Solar PV Technicians<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, specializing in photovoltaic systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These initiatives are part of the scheme&#8217;s capacity building component, aiming to empower individuals with the necessary skills to contribute to the solar energy ecosystem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s3716e1b8c6cd17b771da77391355749f3\/uploads\/2024\/07\/202407181728251154.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s3716e1b8c6cd17b771da77391355749f3\/uploads\/2024\/07\/202407181728251154.pdf<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2081250\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2081250<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.81)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With Reference to the Indian polity, consider the following statement :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. An Ordinance can amend any central Act.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. An Ordinance can abridge a Fundamental Right.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. An Ordinance can come into effect from a back date.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a. I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b. II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c. I and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d. I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As per <\/span><b>Article 123<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution, the President can promulgate an ordinance when Parliament is not in session. <\/span><b>An ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, and thus, it can amend or repeal any existing Central Act.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An ordinance is subject to the same constitutional limitation as an act of Parliament. Hence,<\/span><b> an ordinance cannot abridge or take away any of the fundamental rights<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement III is correct: As an ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament, ordinance can come into effect from a back date as the retrospective law.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: Indian Polity Laxmikanth- Chapter 17- President<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/india\/legislature-can-bring-laws-with-retrospective-effect-sc\/articleshow\/83972431.cms\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/india\/legislature-can-bring-laws-with-retrospective-effect-sc\/articleshow\/83972431.cms<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.82)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following pairs :<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 17.8005%;\"><b>State\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4059%;\"><b>Description<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 17.8005%;\"><b>1. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arunachal<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4059%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The capital is named after a fort, and the state has two National Parks<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pradesh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 17.8005%;\"><b>2. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nagaland<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4059%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The State came into Existence on the basis of a Constitutional Amendment Act.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 17.8005%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Tripura<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 81.4059%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially a Part \u2018C\u2019 State, it became a centrally administered territory with the reorganization of State in 1956 and later attained the status of a full-fledged State<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a. Only one\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b.\u00a0 Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c. All the three\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d. None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair I is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The capital of Arunachal Pradesh is <\/span><b>Itanagar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, located in the <\/span><b>Papumpare district<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The city derives its name from the historic <\/span><b>Ita Fort<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, meaning &#8220;Fort of Bricks,&#8221; which was built in the <\/span><b>14th century AD<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Arunachal Pradesh finds mention in ancient Indian texts such as the Kalika Purana and the Mahabharata, where it is referred to as the Prabhu Mountains in the Puranas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair II is correct: Nagaland <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was given statehood in 1963 through the State of Nagaland Act, 1962.\u00a0 In July, 1960, an agreement was reached by the Government of India with the leaders of the Naga Peoples Convention under which it was decided that Naga Hills-Tuensang Area (Nagaland), which is at present a Part &#8216;B&#8217; tribal area within the State of Assam, will be formed into a separate State in the Union of India. Thus, two motions were introduced together i.e. motions regarding the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Bill, 1962, and the State of Nagaland Bill, 1962. 13th Constitutional amendment Act was introduced to amend Article 371 and insertion of Artice 371 A. While State of Nagaland bill passage led to the formation of state of Nagaland.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair III is correct:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on the four-fold classification of the states and territories of the Indian Union in Indian Constitution in 1950,\u00a0 <\/span><b>Tripura was categorised as Part C state<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and later became the <\/span><b>Union territory based on State Reorganisation Act of 1956<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and finally<\/span><b> became the 20th state of India in 1972<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/arunachalgovernor.gov.in\/html\/history.htm#:~:text=Capital%20of%20the%20State%20is,the%20Prabhu%20Mountains%20of%20Puranas\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/arunachalgovernor.gov.in\/html\/history.htm#:~:text=Capital%20of%20the%20State%20is,the%20Prabhu%20Mountains%20of%20Puranas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laxmikant- Indian Polity- Appendix IV Constitutional Amendments at a Glance<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laxmikant- Indian Polity -EVOLUTION OF STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.83) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to India, consider the following :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I The Inter \u2013State Council<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The National Security Council<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Zonal Councils<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above were established as per the provisions of the Constitution of India?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option I is correct: <\/b><b>Article 263 of Constitution of India<\/b><b> provides for the establishment of Inter State Council of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to promote coordination and cooperation between the Centre and the States. It serves as a forum for discussing and resolving issues of common interest among the Union and State governments.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option II is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea of establishing a <\/span><b>National Security Council (NSC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India was first proposed during a 1968 seminar at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), which later submitted a formal proposal to the Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC).The concept gained momentum in 1990 when Prime Minister V.P. Singh, amid rising concerns over a possible Pakistani nuclear test.Eventually, the <\/span><b>NSC was formally established in 1999<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by an <\/span><b>executive order<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Government of India for national security and strategic affairs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option III is incorrect: Zonal Councils<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are statutory bodies <\/span><b>established under States Reorganisation Act, 1956 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to promote cooperative federalism by facilitating dialogue and coordination between states and the central government on key inter-state issues such as border disputes, inter-state transport, river water sharing, economic and social planning, and matters related to security and law and order.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/interstatecouncil.gov.in\/isc-genesis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/interstatecouncil.gov.in\/isc-genesis\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/orfamerica.org\/newresearch\/the-evolution-and-roles-of-indias-national-security-council\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/orfamerica.org\/newresearch\/the-evolution-and-roles-of-indias-national-security-council<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mha.gov.in\/en\/page\/zonal-council\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mha.gov.in\/en\/page\/zonal-council<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/orfamerica.org\/newresearch\/the-evolution-and-roles-of-indias-national-security-council\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/orfamerica.org\/newresearch\/the-evolution-and-roles-of-indias-national-security-council<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.84) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The Constitution of India explicitly mentions that in certain spheres the Governor of a State acts in his\/her own discretion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. The President of India can, of his\/her own, reserve a bill\u00a0 passed by a State Legislature for his\/her consideration without it being forwarded by the Governor of the State concerned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a. I Only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b. II Only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c. Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d. Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct:<\/b> <b>The Constitution of India explicitly mentions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that in certain matters, the Governor acts in his\/her discretion under <\/span><b>Article 163<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Article 163(1) of the Indian Constitution states that the Governor is to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, <\/span><b>except in matters where the Constitution requires him to act in his discretion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Furthermore, Article 163(2) clarifies that if any question arises regarding whether a matter falls within the Governor\u2019s discretionary powers, the Governor\u2019s decision shall be final, and the validity of any action taken by the Governor cannot be challenged on the grounds that he should or should not have exercised his discretion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0According to <\/span><b>Article 200 of Indian constitution <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>the Governor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has the power to reserve certain bills passed by the State Legislature for the <\/span><b>President&#8217;s consideration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.The President acts only when a bill is forwarded to him by the Governor and cannot reserve a state bill for consideration on his own.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/constitutionofindia.etal.in\/article_163\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/constitutionofindia.etal.in\/article_163\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/constitutionofindia.etal.in\/article_200\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/constitutionofindia.etal.in\/article_200\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.85) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Provision in the Constitution of India<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>State under<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>I. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Separation of Judiciary from the Executive in the Public services of the State<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Directive principles of the State policy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>II. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Valuing and preserving of the rich Heritage of our composite culture<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Fundamental Duties<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>III. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prohibition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Fundamental Rights<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a. Only one\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b. Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c. All the three\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d. None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair I is correct: Article 50<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution of India under <\/span><b>Part IV<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Directive Principles of State Policy) states that the State shall take steps to <\/span><b>separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair II is correct: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 51(f) of Indian Constitution provides that It shall be the <\/span><b>duty of every citizen of India to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair III is correct: Article 24 under Part III (Fundamental Rights) prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mines or any other hazardous employment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/images\/pdf1\/part3.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/images\/pdf1\/part3.pdf<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/images\/pdf1\/part4.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/images\/pdf1\/part4.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dsel.education.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Fundamental-Duties-English.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/dsel.education.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Fundamental-Duties-English.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.86) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to the Constitution of India, if an area in a State is declared as Scheduled Area under the Fifth Schedule<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. the State Government loses its executive power in such areas and local body assumes total administration\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. the Union Government can take over the total administration of such areas under certain circumstances on the recommendations of the Governor<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes in states except the four states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The President of India is empowered to declare an area to be a Fifth Scheduled Area.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>executive power of a State extends to the Fifth Scheduled Areas. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the Governor has a special responsibility regarding such areas. He has to submit a report to the President regarding the administration of such areas, annually or whenever so required by the President. The executive power of the Centre extends to giving directions to the States regarding the administration of such areas. Each state having scheduled areas has to establish a tribes advisory council to advise on welfare and advancement of the scheduled tribes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is incorrect.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> There is <\/span><b>no provision under the Fifth Schedule that allows the Union Government to take over the total administration of Scheduled Areas.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead, the Governor is empowered to direct that any particular act of Parliament or the state legislature does not apply to a scheduled area or apply with specified modifications and exceptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Polity by M.Laxmikant Chapter 41<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Subject: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Polity<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.87)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> With reference to India, consider the following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organization<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Union Ministry<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. The National Automotive Board<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministry of Commerce and Industry<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. The Coir Board<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministry of Heavy Industries<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. The National Centre for Trade Information<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 1 is incorrect. The National Automotive Board (NAB) functions under the Ministry of Heavy Industries. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The National Automotive Board was constituted in October 2012 and was registered under the Registration of Societies Act in August 2013. This organisation provides a single platform for dealing with all matters relating to the automotive sector especially on matters pertaining to testing, certification, homologation, administering the automotive labs etc. being set up under NATRIP. It aims to steer, coordinate and synergize all efforts of the government in the automotive sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 2 is incorrect. The Coir Board comes under the Ministry of Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSME). <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Coir Board was set up under the Coir Industry Act, 1953 by the Government of India for the overall sustainable development of coir industry in the Country. The functions of the Board as laid down under the Act include undertaking, assisting and encouraging scientific, technological and economic research, modernization, quality improvement, human resource development, market promotion and welfare of all those who are engaged in this industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 3 is incorrect. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T<\/span><b>he National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI) has been set up by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It has been set up to create institutional mechanisms for collection and dissemination of trade data and for improvement of business information services.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/heavyindustries.gov.in\/national-automotive-board#:~:text=This%20organisation%20will%20provide%20a,being%20set%20up%20under%20NATRIP\"><b>https:\/\/heavyindustries.gov.in\/national-automotive-board#:~:text=This%20organisation%20will%20provide%20a,being%20set%20up%20under%20NATRIP<\/b><\/a><b>.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/msme.gov.in\/\"><b>https:\/\/msme.gov.in\/<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.india.gov.in\/information-national-centre-trade-information\"><b>https:\/\/www.india.gov.in\/information-national-centre-trade-information<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Subject: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Polity<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.88) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Consider the following subjects under the Constitution of India :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. List I-Union List, in the Seventh Schedule<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Extent of the executive power of a State<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Conditions of the Governor&#8217;s office<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For a constitutional amendment with respect to which of the above, ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States is required before presenting the bill to the President of India for assent?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 368 of the Constitution of India determines the procedure for the amendment of the provisions of the Constitution.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 368 of the Constitution says that a Constitutional amendment bill must be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It further says that <\/span><b>if the bill seeks to amend the federal provisions of the Constitution, it must also be ratified by the legislatures of half of the states by a simple majority.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 1 is correct. Article 368 says that an amendment also require to be ratified by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States if it make changes to:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(a) article 54, article 55, article 73, <\/span><b>article 162,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> article 241 or article 279A; or\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI; or<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(c) <\/span><b>any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule; or<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(d) the representation of States in Parliament; or<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(e) the provisions of this article i.e. article 368<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 2 is correct. Article 162<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> says that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws. To amend this, <\/span><b>ratification by the legislatures of at least half of the States is required.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 3 is incorrect. Article 158 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">relates to the conditions of the Governor&#8217;s office. An amendment to Article 158 can be made by Parliament alone using the special majority procedure and does not require ratification by states.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Polity by M.Laxmikant Chapter 10<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/images\/pdf1\/part20.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/images\/pdf1\/part20.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Subject: Polity<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.89) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With reference to the Indian polity, consider the following statements:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. The Governor of a State is not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and duties of his\/her office.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. No criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against the Governor during his\/her term of office.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Members of a State Legislature are not liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything\u00a0 said within the House.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I and II only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II and III only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) I and III only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) I, II and III<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 1 is correct. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 361 of Indian Constitution provides that the President, or the <\/span><b>Governor of a State, shall not be answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his office<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or for any act done or purporting to be done by him in the exercise and performance of those powers and duties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 2 is correct.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Article 361 (2) says that <\/span><b>no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against the President, or the Governor of a State<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in any court <\/span><b>during his term of office.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement 3 is correct.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Constitution of India provides <\/span><b>immunity to a member<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of Parliament\/State Legislature from any proceedings in any court <\/span><b>in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the legislature or any committee thereof. Article 194 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the Constitution says that \u201cNo member of the Legislature of a State shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the Legislature or any committee thereof.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/Images\/pdf1\/Part19.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/Images\/pdf1\/Part19.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cms.rajyasabha.nic.in\/UploadedFiles\/Procedure\/RajyaSabhaAtWork\/English\/244-310\/CHAPTER8.pdf\"><b>https:\/\/cms.rajyasabha.nic.in\/UploadedFiles\/Procedure\/RajyaSabhaAtWork\/English\/244-310\/CHAPTER8.pdf<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Subject: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Polity<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.90)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Consider the following activities:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Production of crude oil<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Refining, storage and distribution of petroleum<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Marketing and sale of petroleum products<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Production of natural gas<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above activities are regulated by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board in our country? <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) All the four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) was constituted under the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006. The Act provides for the establishment of a Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board to protect the interests of consumers and entities engaged in specified activities relating to petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas and to promote competitive markets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Only options 2 and 3 are correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. As per the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, the board has been mandated<\/span><b> to regulate the refining, processing, storage, transportation, distribution, marketing and sale of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas excluding production of crude oil and natural gas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It thus aims to ensure uninterrupted and adequate supply of petroleum, petroleum products and natural gas in all parts of the country.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Source:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2108953\"><b>https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2108953<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pngrb.gov.in\/eng-web\/function.html\"><b>https:\/\/pngrb.gov.in\/eng-web\/function.html<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pngrb.gov.in\/eng-web\/story.html\"><b>https:\/\/pngrb.gov.in\/eng-web\/story.html<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Subject: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Polity<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.91<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8220;Sedition has become my religion&#8221; was the famous statement given by Gandhiji at the time of<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) the Champaran Satyagraha<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) publicly violating Salt Law at Dandi<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) attending the Second Round Table Conference in London<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) the launch of the Quit India Movement<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The famous statement <\/span><b>&#8220;Sedition has become my religion&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was made by <\/span><b>Mahatma Gandhi on 6th April 1930<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at <\/span><b>Dandi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, when he <\/span><b>broke the Salt Law<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as part of the <\/span><b>Civil Disobedience Movement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This act marked a <\/span><b>symbolic rejection of British authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and galvanized nationwide protests.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On 6th April, Gandhi Ji reached Dandi, picked up a handful of salt and broke the salt law as a symbol of the Indian People\u2019s refusal to live under British-made laws and therefore under British rule. Gandhi Ji declared :<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe British rule in India has brought about moral, material, cultural and spiritual ruination of this great country. I regard this rule as a curse. I am ought to destroy this system of Government. \u2026 Sedition has become my religion. Ours is a non-violent battle. We are not to kill anybody but it is our dharma to see that the curse of this Government is blotted out.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tws.edu.in\/blog\/the-civil-disobedience-movement-of-1930\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/tws.edu.in\/blog\/the-civil-disobedience-movement-of-1930\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.92)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The famous female figurine known as &#8216;Dancing Girl&#8217;, found at Mohenjo-daro, is made of<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) carnelian<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) clay<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) bronze<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) gold<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The &#8220;Dancing Girl&#8221; figurine, a famous artifact from the Indus Valley Civilization, was discovered in 1926 by archaeologist Ernest Mackay at Mohenjo-daro. This <\/span><b>bronze <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">statuette, depicting a nude young woman or girl, is 10.5 cm tall and is notable for its confident, naturalistic pose.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It depicts a young girl in a pose suggestive of dance, with one hand on her hip and a confident stance, showcasing both artistic sensibility and casting skill.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>material<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used to make the figurine is <\/span><b>bronze<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and it was created using the <\/span><b>lost-wax casting technique<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which was highly advanced for that era.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This artifact is considered a <\/span><b>masterpiece of Harappan craftsmanship<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and a symbol of the cultural sophistication of the Indus Valley people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indianculture.gov.in\/artefacts-museums\/dancing-girl#:~:text=dc.description-,This%20mesmerizing%20sculpture%2C%20famously%20known%20as%20'The%20Dancing%20Girl%2C,site%20came%20to%20be%20unearthed\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianculture.gov.in\/artefacts-museums\/dancing-girl#:~:text=dc.description-,This%20mesmerizing%20sculpture%2C%20famously%20known%20as%20&#8217;The%20Dancing%20Girl%2C,site%20came%20to%20be%20unearthed<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.93)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who provided legal defence to the people arrested in the aftermath of the Chauri Chaura incident?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) C. R. Das<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Krishna Kant<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Khwaja Hasan Nizami<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) M. A. Jinnah<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Madan Mohan Malaviya earned his law degree from Allahabad University in 1891 and practiced law at the Allahabad High Court. He was known as a brilliant Civil Lawyer and was highly respected by his peers. When he appeared in the High Court in 1923 after an interval of ten years, <\/span><b>it was to support the appeal of the 170 persons sentenced to death by the Session judge of Gorakhpur in the Chauri Chaura case. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this case 225 persons had been tried for setting fire to the police station of Chauri Chaura (in Deoria district) and causing the death of one Sub-Inspector and 21 constables trapped in it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/malaviyamission.org\/AboutMahamana\/Legal-Luminary-Detail.php?id=3\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.94)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Subsequent to which one of the following events, Gandhiji, who consistently opposed untouchability and appealed for its eradication from all spheres, decided to include the upliftment of \u2018Harijans&#8217; in his political and social programme?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) The Poona Pact<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) The Gandhi-Irwin Agreement (Delhi Pact)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Arrest of Congress leadership at the time of the Quit India Movement<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Promulgation of the Government of India Act, 1935<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mahatma Gandhi had always opposed <\/span><b>untouchability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and advocated for the upliftment of the <\/span><b>Depressed Classes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, whom he later referred to as <\/span><b>Harijans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (meaning &#8220;Children of God&#8221;). However, it was <\/span><b>after the Poona Pact of 1932<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that the <\/span><b>upliftment of Harijans became a central focus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of his social and political programme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following this event, Gandhi <\/span><b>intensified his efforts to abolish untouchability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He started a nationwide campaign for <\/span><b>Harijan welfare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including setting up the <\/span><b>Harijan Sevak Sangh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, writing in <\/span><b>Harijan journals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and engaging in public efforts to open temples and wells to the so-called untouchables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/33696\/1\/Unit-10.pdf\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unit-10.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.95)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following fruits:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Papaya<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Pineapple<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Guava<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above were introduced in India by the Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the early 1600s, during the period of Portuguese exploration and colonial expansion, a significant number of new crops were introduced to India from Europe, the Americas and other parts of the world. The Portuguese, through their maritime trade routes and settlements, brought various plants that transformed Indian agriculture, cuisine, and economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It includes the introduction of several crops in India from Portugal like sweet potato, arrowroot, cassava, tomato, chillies, pumpkin, <\/span><b>papaya, pineapple, guava<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, custard apple, groundnut, cashew nut, tobacco, American cotton, rubber.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/106631\/1\/Unit-1.pdf\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unit-1.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.96) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following countries:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. United Kingdom &#8211;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Denmark.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. New Zealand<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IV. Australia<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V. Brazil<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many of the above-countries have more than four time zones?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) All the five<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only four<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Only three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) b<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option b is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different countries may span multiple time zones due to their wide east-west geographical extent or because of overseas territories. However, not all large countries have more than four <\/span><b>actual operating<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> time zones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 1 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>UK has 9 time zones<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The UK spans nine time zones\u2014from the Pitcairn Islands (UTC-08:00) to the British Indian Ocean Territory (UTC+06:00)\u2014including places like the Cayman Islands, Bermuda, and Gibraltar. The main UK region, around London, is in the UTC\u00b100:00 time zone, showing the lasting impact of GMT\/UTC in global navigation<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 2 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Denmark has 5 time zones.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Denmark spans five time zones, including Greenland, which operates at UTC-04:00, while the main territory operates at UTC+01:00. Greenland itself has three additional time zones, mostly at UTC-03:00. Near the Arctic Circle, time becomes fluid, with summers of perpetual daylight and winters of prolonged darkness, making time zones crucial for communication and balance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 3 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><b>New Zealand has 5 time zones.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The UTC line between New Zealand&#8217;s islands of Niue and Tokelau seems arbitrary given their proximity. Despite a 24-hour difference justified by 700 miles of longitude separation, inhabitants practically experience the &#8216;same day.&#8217; This Pacific location was chosen in 1884 to avoid global frustration, although the line could have been drawn elsewhere, such as between Colorado and Kansas or Austria and Hungary. New Zealand&#8217;s three other time zones cover its main territory, the Cook Islands, and the Chatham Islands.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 4 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.-<\/span><b> Australia has 9 time zones.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Australia&#8217;s expansive territory includes its mainland and nearby islands. Settlement on the mainland dates back thousands of years, with British control established in 1788 through convict colonisation. Australia claims islands like Heard and McDonald Islands (UTC+05:00), Christmas Island (UTC+07:00), and Norfolk Island (UTC+11:00), while its mainland operates within time zones ranging from UTC+08:00 to UTC+10:00.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Option 5 is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Brazil has 4 time zones.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Brazil spans four time zones due to its immense size and inclusion of adjacent islands. The easternmost zone, UTC-02:00, covers the Rocas Atoll and Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. Moving west, the Amazonas territory falls under UTC-05:00, known for its vast jungle. This extends to the segment governed by UTC-04:00, while the southeastern region follows UTC-03:00.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/travel\/destinations\/countries-with-highest-number-of-time-zones\/photostory\/109942778.cms?picid=109942873\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/travel\/destinations\/countries-with-highest-number-of-time-zones\/photostory\/109942778.cms?picid=109942873<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/time-zones\/10-countries-with-the-most-time-zones.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/time-zones\/10-countries-with-the-most-time-zones.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.97) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">i. Anadyr in Siberia and Nome in Alaska are a few kilometers from each other, but when people are waking up and getting set for breakfast in these cities, it would be different days.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. When it is Monday in Anadyr, it is Tuesday in Nome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) I only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) II only<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Both I and II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Neither I nor II<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anadyr is a town located in the far eastern part of Russia in the region of <\/span><b>Chukotka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and Nome is a town in <\/span><b>western Alaska, USA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Although they are geographically close \u2014 separated only by the Bering Strait \u2014 they lie on <\/span><b>opposite sides of the International Date Line (IDL)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The IDL is an imaginary line, roughly along the 180\u00b0 longitude, where the calendar date changes by one day when crossed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement I is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>Anadyr in Russia and Nome in Alaska<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are geographically close and separated only by the <\/span><b>Bering Strait<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, they lie on <\/span><b>opposite sides of the International Date Line (IDL)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means that although it may be the same clock time, say, 8:00 AM in both places, the <\/span><b>calendar date would be different<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For example, if it&#8217;s <\/span><b>Monday morning in Anadyr<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it would still be <\/span><b>Sunday morning in Nome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The IDL causes this one-day difference despite the small distance between the two locations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Statement II is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><b>When it is Monday in Anadyr, it cannot be Tuesday in Nome. In fact, it&#8217;s the reverse. Nome lags behind Anadyr by a day. So if it is Monday in Anadyr, it is still Sunday in Nome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The International Date Line adds a day as one travels <\/span><b>westward<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and subtracts a day as one travels <\/span><b>eastward<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014 which makes Russia (west of the IDL) ahead of the U.S. (east of the IDL).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/geography\/international-date-line.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/geography\/international-date-line.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.ottsworld.com\/blogs\/anadyr-russia-travel\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.98) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Who among the following was the founder of the &#8216;Self-Respect Movement?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Periyar&#8217; E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) Bhaskarrao Jadhav<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) Dinkarrao Javalkar<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) a<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) Option a is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>The Self-Respect Movement was founded in 1925 by E.V. Ramasamy, popularly known as \u2018Periyar\u2019, in the Madras Presidency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The objective of the movement was to establish a society where lower castes, especially the non-Brahmins, could live with dignity and without social discrimination. <\/span><b>Periyar was deeply influenced by the principles of rationalism, anti-caste ideology, and social justice. He launched the movement as a direct attack on Brahmanical dominance, the caste system, and orthodox Hindu rituals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The movement encouraged people to abandon blind faith, promote women\u2019s rights, support inter-caste marriages, and reject the authority of the Vedas. It laid the ideological foundation for the later <\/span><b>Dravidian movement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which significantly reshaped Tamil Nadu\u2019s political and social landscape.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-history\/periyar-9572605\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/hess207.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ncert.nic.in\/textbook\/pdf\/hess207.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-history\/periyar-9572605\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-history\/periyar-9572605\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.99) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the following pairs :<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Country<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Resource -Rich in<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Botswana<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Diamond<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Chile<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lithium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Indonesia<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nickel<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) c<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option c is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 1 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Botswana is one of the <\/span><b>world&#8217;s largest producers of diamonds by value<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The discovery of diamonds in the 1960s transformed its economy. The country has maintained stable governance and efficient management of its diamond resources, especially through its partnership with De Beers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 2 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Chile forms part of the <\/span><b>&#8220;Lithium Triangle&#8221;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> along with Argentina and Bolivia. It has some of the <\/span><b>largest lithium reserves in the world<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, primarily extracted from salt flats (like Salar de Atacama). Lithium is vital for batteries in electric vehicles and electronics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 3 is correct<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Indonesia is the <\/span><b>world&#8217;s largest producer of nickel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It holds vast reserves and has become a major player in the global nickel supply chain, crucial for <\/span><b>stainless steel production and electric vehicle batteries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The country has also imposed export bans to encourage domestic processing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/botswana-the-country-with-the-biggest-diamonds-gets-an-improved-10-year-deal-with-miner-de-beers\/article69265986.ece#:~:text=Botswana%2C%20a%20sparsely%20populated%20and,to%20the%20International%20Monetary%20Fund\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/botswana-the-country-with-the-biggest-diamonds-gets-an-improved-10-year-deal-with-miner-de-beers\/article69265986.ece#:~:text=Botswana%2C%20a%20sparsely%20populated%20and,to%20the%20International%20Monetary%20Fund<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1996380#:~:text=Argentina%20is%20the%20part%20of,th%20largest%20production%20in%20world\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1996380#:~:text=Argentina%20is%20the%20part%20of,th%20largest%20production%20in%20world<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/mining\/booming-indonesian-nickel-industry-faces-challenges-ahead\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.downtoearth.org.in\/mining\/booming-indonesian-nickel-industry-faces-challenges-ahead<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.100) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the Following pairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Region<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><b>Country<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I. Mallorca<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Italy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">II. Normandy<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spain<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">III. Sardinia<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">France<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a) Only one<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">b) Only two<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c) All the three<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">d) None<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Ans) d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Exp) option d is the correct answer.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 1 is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Mallorca is the largest island in the <\/span><b>Balearic Islands archipelago<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, located in the <\/span><b>Mediterranean Sea<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It belongs to <\/span><b>Spain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not Italy. The island is a popular tourist destination, known for its beaches, limestone mountains, and historic architecture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 2 is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Normandy is located in <\/span><b>northern France<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, along the English Channel. It is historically significant for the <\/span><b>D-Day landings during World War II<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is not a part of Spain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Pair 3 is incorrect<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Sardinia is the <\/span><b>second-largest island in the Mediterranean<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, after Sicily. It is an <\/span><b>autonomous region of Italy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, not France. It lies to the west of the Italian Peninsula and south of the French island of Corsica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mallorca.es\/en\/about-mallorca\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mallorca.es\/en\/about-mallorca<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.normandie-tourisme.fr\/about-normandy\/some-landmarks\/where-is-normandy\/#:~:text=Where%20is%20Normandy%3F,beautiful%20landscapes%20and%20picturesque%20towns\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/en.normandie-tourisme.fr\/about-normandy\/some-landmarks\/where-is-normandy\/#:~:text=Where%20is%20Normandy%3F,beautiful%20landscapes%20and%20picturesque%20towns<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/d-day\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/d-day<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.italia.it\/en\/sardinia\/guide-history-facts#origins-and-history-of-sardinia\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.italia.it\/en\/sardinia\/guide-history-facts#origins-and-history-of-sardinia<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Importance of the UPSC <strong>Prelims Answer Key 2025<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Evaluation of Performance<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The UPSC Prelims Answer Key allows candidates to evaluate their performance by comparing their responses with the correct answers provided in the key.<\/li>\n<li>Candidates can calculate their estimated scores using the marking scheme, which helps in understanding their standing and chances of qualifying for the Mains exam.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2. Transparency and Accountability<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The release of the answer key promotes transparency in the examination process.<\/li>\n<li>It provides an official reference for candidates to verify their answers and ensures that the evaluation process is fair and unbiased.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>3. Learning Tool<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For candidates preparing for future attempts, the answer key serves as a valuable learning resource.<\/li>\n<li>By analyzing the official answers, candidates can identify areas of weakness and improve their preparation strategy for upcoming exams.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to Calculate Scores Using the <strong>UPSC Prelims 2025 Answer Key<\/strong>?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Marking Scheme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>General Studies Paper I:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Total Questions: 100<\/li>\n<li>Marks for Correct Answer: +2<\/li>\n<li>Negative Marks for Incorrect Answer: -0.66<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>CSAT (General Studies Paper II):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Total Questions: 80<\/li>\n<li>Marks for Correct Answer: +2.5<\/li>\n<li>Negative Marks for Incorrect Answer: -0.83<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Candidates can calculate their scores by applying the above marking scheme to their responses and summing up the total marks.<\/p>\n<h3>When <strong>UPSC Prelims 2025 Official Answer Key<\/strong> Will Be Released?<\/h3>\n<p>The UPSC usually releases the prelims answer key after the declaration of the final results of the examination. For the <strong>2024 prelims, the answer key<\/strong> was made available on the official website on 21st May 2024. Candidates can download the answer key for both General Studies Paper I and CSAT from the provided links.<\/p>\n<p><strong>For other updates related to UPSC Exam<\/strong> &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upsc-exam-alert\/\">Visit This Page<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>If you want to download QPs of prior to UPSC Prelims Question Paper 2025<\/strong>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/pyq\/\">Visit This Page\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>UPSC has successfully conducted the 1st session of the Civil Services Prelims Exam (CSE) for 2025. Now students would start waiting for the UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2025\u00a0for GS 1, to match their answers and take a guess on their future course of action. Therefore, we have come up with the\u00a0UPSC Prelims answer key 2025\u00a0in&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/upsc-prelims-answer-key-2025\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">UPSC Prelims Answer Key 2025 \u2013 Set A | Set B | Set C | Set D \u2013 Download PDF \u2013 With Detailed Explanations<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10357,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,8,11323,1,1228],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-337937","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academy","category-announcements","category-notification","category-uncategorized","category-upsc-exam-alert","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337937","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10357"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=337937"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337937\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=337937"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=337937"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=337937"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}