{"id":340496,"date":"2025-06-16T09:37:43","date_gmt":"2025-06-16T04:07:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=340496"},"modified":"2025-06-16T09:40:38","modified_gmt":"2025-06-16T04:10:38","slug":"psir-power-50-day-12-capsule-wpt-part-1-3-practice-qs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-12-capsule-wpt-part-1-3-practice-qs\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 12 Capsule: WPT- (Part-1\/3) + Practice Qs"},"content":{"rendered":"

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PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 12 Capsule: WPT- (Part-1\/3) + Practice Qs<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Hello everyone,<\/p>\n

Today it\u2019s the First part of Western Political thought\u2013Plato, Aristotle and Machiavelli. UPSC<\/strong> has asked 2 ten-mark, 5 fifteen-mark, and 5 twenty-mark questions <\/strong>in total in last 12 years.<\/p>\n

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1.Plato (428\/7-347 BCE<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Block \/ Cluster<\/strong><\/td>\nCore Content (concepts, arguments, devices)<\/strong><\/td>\nPrincipal Text-anchors & Historical Markers<\/strong><\/td>\nInfluences, Interlocutors & Critics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1. Space & Time<\/strong><\/td>\nAthens; Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) \u2022 Rule of Thirty Tyrants \u2192 democratic restoration; execution of Socrates<\/strong> shapes Plato\u2019s anti-democratic turn.<\/td>\nFormation years 404-399 BCE \u2022 Academy founded 387 BCE<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2. Intellectual Lineage<\/strong><\/td>\nPythagoras<\/strong> \u2013 harmony of spheres, transmigration, math order \u2022 Heraclitus<\/strong> \u2013 flux, logos<\/em> \u2022 Parmenides<\/strong> \u2013 distrust senses, changeless reality \u2022 Socrates<\/strong> \u2013 eudaimonism, unity of virtues, elenchus.<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\nMentions of Pythagorean brotherhood; Socratic dialogues Apology<\/strong>, Crito<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3. Methodological Arsenal<\/strong><\/td>\nDialectic (Socratic questioning) \u2022 Deductive\u2014from idea to application \u2022 Teleology (purpose-oriented analysis) \u2022 Analogy (Sun, Cave, Divided-Line).<\/td>\nMeno<\/em> (dialectic) \u2022 Republic<\/em> Bk VI (Sun \/ Line) \u2022 Republic<\/em> Bk VII (Cave).<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4. School \/ Perspective<\/strong><\/td>\nPolitical Idealism: empirical polis is defective; real polity = Form of the Good incarnate.<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5. Canon of Works<\/strong><\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> \u2022 Apology<\/em> \u2022 Crito<\/em> \u2022 Statesman<\/em> \u2022 Laws<\/em> (+ early \u201cSocratic\u201d dialogues).<\/td>\nc. 399-347 BCE<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6. Ontology & Epistemology<\/strong><\/td>\nTheory of Forms<\/strong> \u2013 two realms (Ideas vs. Matter) \u2022 Knowledge = apprehension of immutable Forms; sensory world = opinion.<\/td>\nSun-Line-Cave trio.<\/td>\nNietzsche<\/strong> (ideal vs real) \u2022 Whitehead<\/strong> (\u201cfootnotes to Plato\u201d).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7. Virtue = Knowledge<\/strong><\/td>\nHappiness (eudaimonia) via intellectual apprehension; virtues unified; wrong-doing = ignorance.<\/td>\nEarly dialogues (Protagoras<\/em>, Gorgias<\/em>).<\/td>\nSocratic heritage; contrasts Sophists<\/strong> (relativism, rhetoric).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8. Justice Theory<\/strong><\/td>\nJustice = each part doing its own work; city-soul analogy. Class virtues: Wisdom (Rulers), Courage (Guardians), Temperance (Producers).<\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> Bks I-IV; Myth of Metals.<\/td>\nRefutes Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, Glaucon; later critics Popper<\/strong>, Nietzsche<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9. Education Scheme<\/strong><\/td>\nState-funded, gender-neutral, staged (0-6 ethics, 7-18 music\/gym, 18-20 military, 20-30 math\/science, 30-35 dialectic, 35-50 practicum \u2192 Philosopher)<\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> Bks II-VII.<\/td>\nSpartan & Athenian models blended; praised by Barker<\/strong>, criticised by Russell<\/strong> (authoritarian, abstract), Aristotle<\/strong> (expense, rigidity).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10. Communism of Family & Property<\/strong><\/td>\nGuardians share property & wives; eugenic mating festivals; purpose = remove greed, nepotism.<\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> Bks V-VI.<\/td>\nAristotle<\/strong> (common neglect, \u201cworse than disease\u201d); Popper<\/strong> (utopian); comparison with Marx<\/strong> (class\/property distinctions, revolution vs education).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11. Philosopher-King \/ Queen<\/strong><\/td>\nOnly those who know the Good should rule; knowledge > law; rulers live communally, no wealth\/family.<\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> Bks VI-VII.<\/td>\nLater expanded by Statesman<\/strong> (law-bound statesman) & Laws<\/em> (second-best law-bound mixed regime). Critics: Popper<\/strong> (closed society), Russell<\/strong> (over-trust in wisdom), abuse-of-power lacuna.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12. Statesman & Laws<\/strong><\/td>\nTypology: lawful vs lawless; six regimes (monarchy\/tyranny, aristocracy\/oligarchy, moderate\/extreme democracy). Laws<\/em> builds mixed constitution: rule of law, private property with ceilings, population control, detailed education.<\/td>\nStatesman<\/em> \u2022 Laws<\/em> (last work).<\/td>\nAdopted by Aristotle<\/strong> (polity classification).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13. Gender Equality<\/strong><\/td>\nSame education & military training for women; possibility of Philosopher-Queen<\/strong>; biological \u201cdeformity\u201d removable via learning.<\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> V.<\/td>\nEarly \u201cfeminist\u201d note; rare in Greek thought.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14. Democracy Critique & Relevance<\/strong><\/td>\nUnlimited freedom \u2192 anarchy \u2192 demagogue \u2192 tyranny; ignorance of expertise.<\/td>\nRepublic<\/em> VIII-IX; reference to Athens\u2019 fall.<\/td>\nModern echoes: Freedom House 2022; Hitler example; but rebutted via Mandela<\/strong>, Wa\u0142\u0119sa<\/strong>, strong constitutional democracies.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15. Open vs Closed Society Debate<\/strong><\/td>\nKarl Popper<\/strong>: Plato = enemy of open society, blueprint for totalitarianism. Rebuttal<\/strong>: guardians renounce luxury, equal educational ladder, no secret police; idealist physician not tyrant.<\/td>\nPopper\u2019s Open Society and Its Enemies<\/em> (1945).<\/td>\nOther detractors: Chapman<\/strong>, Fite<\/strong>, Crossman<\/strong>; defenders cite holistic reform aim.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16. Legacy Labels<\/strong><\/td>\n\u201cFather of Political Philosophy & Political Idealism\u201d (tradition) \u2022 Guiding star (Vivekananda); \u201cPlato is philosophy\u201d (Emerson).<\/td>\nWestern canon; Academy lineage.<\/td>\nA. N. Whitehead, W.K.C. Guthrie, A.E. Taylor, E. Barker validate depth; Churchill quote on democracy used to test relevance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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2.Aristotle (384-322 BCE)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Block \/ Cluster<\/strong><\/td>\nCore Content (concepts, arguments, devices)<\/strong><\/td>\nText \/ Empirical Anchor<\/strong><\/td>\nInfluences \/ Interlocutors \/ Critics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1 Setting & Persona<\/strong><\/td>\nStagira \u2192 Academy pupil \u2192 Lyceum founder \u2022 Father of Political Science<\/em> & Political Realism<\/em> \u2022 \u201cDear is Plato, but dearer is truth.\u201d<\/td>\nLife span overlaps late Classical polis, Macedonian ascendancy.<\/td>\nPlato<\/strong> (idealism foil); cited by Coleridge<\/strong>, Ebenstein<\/strong>, Will Durant<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 Methodological Arsenal<\/strong><\/td>\nScientific<\/em> (systematic causality) \u2022 Empirical\/Observational<\/em> (158 constitutions) \u2022 Induction & Deduction<\/em> blend \u2022 Historical<\/em> & Comparative<\/em> study \u2022 Teleology<\/em> (\u201cNature does nothing in vain\u201d).<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> I-III; Nicomachean Ethics<\/em>; Constitution-programme.<\/td>\nMethodology praised by Barker<\/strong>; contrast to Platonic deductivism.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3 Contrast with Plato<\/strong><\/td>\nIdeas inhere in matter; seeks Golden Mean<\/em>; unity-in-diversity vs Platonic monism; polis organic not engineered.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> II critiques Republic<\/em>.<\/td>\nPlato-Aristotle polarity (Coleridge maxim).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4 Theory of State<\/strong><\/td>\nNatural, evolutionary \u201cassociation of associations\u201d \u2192 family \u2192 village \u2192 polis; state prior to individual teleologically; provides eudaimonia<\/em>.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> I.<\/td>\nModern critics: state-over-individual tension.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 \u201cMan a Political Animal\u201d<\/strong><\/td>\nLogos<\/em> (reason\/speech) \u21d2 social bonds (philia, trust); political life essential for virtue.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> I.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 Most Practical \/ Best Achievable State<\/strong><\/td>\nSmall self-sufficient polis; mixed class (middle-class polity) ; moderate wealth; trust-based.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> IV-VI.<\/td>\nRealism praised; size criterion deemed archaic for modern nations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7 Citizenship Theory<\/strong><\/td>\nCitizen = one who rules and is ruled; participation in deliberative & judicial offices; needs leisure & property; non-essentials: descent, residence. Excludes women, children, elders, slaves, aliens.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> III.<\/td>\nCritiqued for elitism; contrasted with Mill<\/strong> (gender equality).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8 Slavery & Freedom<\/strong><\/td>\n\u201cNatural slaves\u201d lack deliberative soul; slavery useful to both parties; anticipates emancipation & mechanisation. Freedom = self-rule + restraint; property\/leisure prerequisite.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> I; Ethics<\/em> V.<\/td>\nCondemned by Kant<\/strong> (ends-in-themselves), MacIntyre<\/strong>, Martha Nussbaum<\/strong>, Charles Taylor<\/strong>, Bernard Williams<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9 Family & Women<\/strong><\/td>\nFamily (oikos<\/em>) primary socialisation; spousal philia<\/em> ethical base. Patriarchal: man active, woman passive, lacking deliberative virtue.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> I-II; Economics<\/em>.<\/td>\nCritiqued by modern feminists; contrasted with Plato\u2019s guardian women.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10 Property Doctrine<\/strong><\/td>\nPrefers private ownership \/ common use; rejects communism (neglect, quarrels); condemns usury & excess wealth.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> II.<\/td>\nPositive by Barker<\/strong>; common-ownership critique cites tragedy-of-commons.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11 Justice Typology<\/strong><\/td>\nGeneral<\/em> (complete virtue toward others) \u2022 Particular<\/em>: \u25a0 Rectificatory (correct wrongs) \u25a0 Distributive (geometric equality by merit\/virtue).<\/td>\nEthics<\/em> V; Politics<\/em> III.<\/td>\nBlend of oligarchic & democratic elements noted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12 Rule of Law & Constitutionalism<\/strong><\/td>\nLaw = reason without passion; collective wisdom > individual wisdom; advocates isonomia<\/em>.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> III.<\/td>\nFoundations for modern constitutionalism.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13 Constitutional Classification & Cycle<\/strong><\/td>\nLaw-abiding vs lawless;
\n\u2022 One: Monarchy \/ Tyranny
\n\u2022 Few: Aristocracy \/ Oligarchy
\n\u2022 Many: Polity (mixed) \/ Democracy.
\nDegenerative cycle.<\/td>\n		Politics<\/em> III-VI; 158-constitution study.<\/td>\nModern critique: confuses \u201cstate\u201d & \u201cgovernment\u201d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14 Theory of Revolution<\/strong><\/td>\n(briefly referenced) Revolts arise from inequality & faction; remedy via middle class & rule of law.<\/td>\nPolitics<\/em> V.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 Relevance & Legacy<\/strong><\/td>\nSeeds of constitutional rule, mixed government, middle-class polity, virtue ethics; empirical template for comparative politics.<\/td>\nCited by modern constitutional democracies.<\/td>\nInfluence spans Aquinas<\/strong>, Locke<\/strong>, MacIntyre<\/strong>; realist lineage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16 Global Critique Ledger<\/strong><\/td>\n\u2013 Exclusionary citizenship, patriarchy, slavery.
\n\u2013 Small-polis model obsolete.
\n\u2013 Property criteria elitist.
\n+ Empirical rigour, rule-of-law doctrine enduring.<\/td>\n		Critics list: Kant, MacIntyre, Nussbaum, Taylor, Williams<\/strong>; feminist & egalitarian schools; modern state theorists.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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3.Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli (1469-1527)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Block \/ Theme<\/strong><\/td>\nSub-points & Key Ideas<\/strong><\/td>\nTexts \/ Empirical Anchors<\/strong><\/td>\nInfluences \u00b7 Interlocutors \u00b7 Critics<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1 Space & Time<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorence Republic; diplomatic career 1498-1512; Medici coup, exile (1513) \u2192 writing phase<\/td>\nLetters; Autobiographical<\/em> fragments<\/td>\nItalian city-state anarchy; France\/Spain intrusions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2 Renaissance Matrix<\/strong><\/td>\n\u2022 \u201cNew Age\u201d break with medieval
\n\u2022 Humanism, individualism, glorification of Nuovo Uomo<\/em>
\n\u2022 Commerce, banking, money economy
\n\u2022 Printing press (ideas diffusion)
\n\u2022 Geographic discoveries (knowledge explosion)<\/td>\n		\u2014<\/td>\nHarold Laski<\/strong> (\u201cwhole Renaissance in him\u201d); Dunning<\/strong> (borderline of ages)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3 Italy\u2019s Fragmentation<\/strong><\/td>\nFlorence\u2013Milan\u2013Venice\u2013Naples rivalries; papal politics; foreign invasions \u2192 need for unit\u00e0<\/strong><\/td>\nDispatches; History of Florence<\/em><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4 Methodology<\/strong><\/td>\nHistorical<\/strong> (Roman & Italian precedents) \u2022 Empirical\/observational<\/strong> \u2022 Realist<\/strong> (facts > ideals) \u2022 \u201cEnlighten present through past\u201d \u2022 Rejects scholastic\/juridical abstractions<\/td>\nThe Prince<\/em> ch. 1-8; Discourses<\/em> Preface<\/td>\nParallel to Aristotle<\/strong> (induction), but pragmatic not normative; Dunning<\/strong>: art of government \u2260 theory of state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5 School<\/strong><\/td>\nClassical Realism<\/strong>: \u201cends justify means\u201d \u00b7 \u201cnecessity knows no law\u201d \u00b7 \u201cmight is right\u201d<\/td>\n\u2013<\/td>\nSeeds of realist tradition in IR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6 Fundamental Premises<\/strong><\/td>\nMoral indifference<\/strong> (amoral stance) \u2022 Universal egoism<\/strong> (\u201cmen ungrateful, fickle, deceitful\u2026\u201d) \u2022 Autonomy of politics<\/strong> (la ragion di Stato) \u2022 Secularism<\/strong> (religion tool, not compass)<\/td>\nPrince<\/em> ch. 15-19; Discourses<\/em> I-12<\/td>\nLeo Strauss<\/strong> (\u201cteacher of evil\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7 Key Works<\/strong><\/td>\nThe Prince<\/em> (1513; pub. 1532) \u2014 manual for new prince
\nDiscourses on Livy<\/em> (c. 1517) \u2014 republican manifesto
\nHistory of Florence<\/em>; Art of War<\/em>; Mandragola<\/em> (satire)<\/td>\n		\u2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8 Advice to the Prince<\/strong><\/td>\n\u2022 Reality \u226b ideal (\u201chow men live vs ought to\u201d)
\n\u2022 Traits: lion\u2019s courage + fox\u2019s cunning; be feared > loved (but avoid hatred); cold-blooded opportunism
\n\u2022 State survival = supreme law; expansion or perish; neighbors = natural enemies
\n\u2022 Maintain nationalised citizen army<\/strong>, not mercenaries
\n\u2022 Grand enterprises, low taxes, hands-off property & women<\/td>\n		Prince<\/em> ch. 3-10, 17-19, 21<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9 Virt\u00f9, Potere & Fortuna<\/strong><\/td>\nVirt\u00f9 = adaptive strategic excellence; situational ethics; mastery of power
\nFortuna = capricious woman\/nature; must be \u201cbeaten & dominated\u201d by impetuous actors
\nVirt\u00f9 is preparation to duel with Fortuna<\/td>\n		Prince<\/em> ch. 6, 25; Disc.<\/em> II.29<\/td>\nContrast to Aristotle\u2019s<\/strong> teleological virtue & Socratic<\/strong> ethics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10 Religion<\/strong><\/td>\nUtilitarian; disciplinary force; church should not rule state; precursor of modern secularism<\/strong>; Italian corruption traced to papacy<\/td>\nDisc.<\/em> I.12; Prince<\/em> ch. 11<\/td>\nIndian \u201cone-way separation\u201d analogue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11 Grandi vs Popolo<\/strong><\/td>\nTwo humours: nobles seek domination, people desire non-oppression; interests irreconcilable
\nPrince<\/em>: ruler restrains Grandi, courts Popolo
\nDiscourses<\/em>: republican institutions channel conflict (tribunes, mixed constitution)<\/td>\n		Disc.<\/em> I.4, I.37<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12 Roman Republican Model<\/strong><\/td>\nRome great because nobles allowed masses political share; collective virtue in common danger; republican liberty ultimate goal<\/td>\nDisc.<\/em> Book I-III<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13 Monarch-Republic Dialectic<\/strong><\/td>\nPrince<\/em> = emergency handbook for unifier; Discourses<\/em> = long-run mixed republic \u2192 \u201cmonarchy as transitory phase\u201d<\/strong>; humanism the common thread<\/td>\nSabine notes dual admiration; scholars defend coherence<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14 Machiavellianism (term)<\/strong><\/td>\nPopular misuse = ruthless cynicism; genuine doctrine = realist prudence for civic greatness; human agency central<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15 Evaluation \/ Critique<\/strong><\/td>\nSabine<\/strong>: parochial, dated, blind to religion\u2019s future, pessimistic human view
\nL. Strauss<\/strong>: norm-shattering evil
\nLaski<\/strong>: epitome of Renaissance
\nLimits: no systematic psychology (cf. Hobbes<\/strong>); medieval vs modern state distinctions.
\nMerits: anticipates sovereign centralised state<\/strong>, national army, secular politics, pragmatic \u201cpolitical science,\u201d rescued thought from scholasticism.<\/td>\n		<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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Scholars Index<\/strong>
\nA. N. Whitehead\u2002|\u2002A. E. Taylor\u2002|\u2002Alasdair MacIntyre\u2002|\u2002Aristotle\u2002|\u2002Bernard Williams\u2002|\u2002Bertrand Russell\u2002|\u2002Cephalus\u2002|\u2002Chapman\u2002|\u2002Charles Taylor\u2002|\u2002Coleridge\u2002|\u2002Crossman\u2002|\u2002Dunning\u2002|\u2002Ebenstein\u2002|\u2002Emerson\u2002|\u2002Ernest Barker\u2002|\u2002Fite\u2002|\u2002Friedrich Nietzsche\u2002|\u2002George H. Sabine\u2002|\u2002Glaucon\u2002|\u2002Harold Laski\u2002|\u2002Heraclitus\u2002|\u2002Immanuel Kant\u2002|\u2002John Stuart Mill\u2002|\u2002Karl Marx\u2002|\u2002Karl Popper\u2002|\u2002Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa\u2002|\u2002Leo Strauss\u2002|\u2002Martha Nussbaum\u2002|\u2002Nelson Mandela\u2002|\u2002Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli\u2002|\u2002Parmenides\u2002|\u2002Plato\u2002|\u2002Polemarchus\u2002|\u2002Pythagoras\u2002|\u2002Socrates\u2002|\u2002Swami Vivekananda\u2002|\u2002Thomas Aquinas\u2002|\u2002Thomas Hobbes\u2002|\u2002Thrasymachus\u2002|\u2002W. K. C. Guthrie\u2002|\u2002Will Durant\u2002|\u2002Winston Churchill<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Practice Questions (Write before 4 p.m.)<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Question 1<\/strong>.<\/strong> Comment on Machiavelli’s secularism. [2020\/10m]<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Question 2.<\/strong> Critically examine Plato’s theory of Forms. [2024\/15m]<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Question 3. <\/strong>Explain the Aristotelian view of politics. To what extent do you think it has contributed to the development of modern-day constitutional democracies? [2024\/20m]<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\ud83d\udccc Model answers drop this evening on the Telegram channel:<\/em> https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 keep notifications on.<\/p>\n

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See you tomorrow on Day 13. Keep practicing!<\/p>\n

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\u2014Amit Pratap Singh<\/strong> & Team<\/p>\n

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A quick note on submissions of copies and mentorship<\/strong><\/p>\n