{"id":340840,"date":"2025-06-19T10:00:59","date_gmt":"2025-06-19T04:30:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=340840"},"modified":"2025-06-19T10:00:59","modified_gmt":"2025-06-19T04:30:59","slug":"psir-power-50-day-15-capsule-indian-nationalism-part1-2-practice-qs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-15-capsule-indian-nationalism-part1-2-practice-qs\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 15 Capsule: Indian Nationalism Part1\/2 + Practice Qs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hello everyone, we start <strong>Section B of Paper 1<\/strong>, Indian Nationalism- <strong>Rise and Factors of Indian Nationalism<\/strong>, , <strong>Political Strategies of Freedom Struggle<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There are <strong>5 ten-mark, 3 fifteen-mark, and 1 twenty-mark questions <\/strong>in the last 12 years PYQs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>THE QUESTION OF NATIONALISM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u2003From Parishes to Peoples<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u200318\u1d57\u02b0-20\u1d57\u02b0 c. local communities fused into <em>nations<\/em>\u2014large, impersonal solidarities imagined through print and shared symbols (<strong>Benedict Anderson<\/strong>, <em>imagined communities<\/em>).<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003New norm: the <em>state<\/em> must mirror the <em>nation<\/em> (<strong>Ernest Gellner<\/strong>, \u201cpolitical and national unit should be congruent\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>2.\u2003What Counts as a <em>Nation<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Scholar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key Criterion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Limits<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ernest Renan<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Will, memory, daily plebiscite<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Too inclusive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Joseph Stalin<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Language, territory, economy, culture<\/td>\n<td>Too rigid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ernest Gellner<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Nations are <em>products<\/em> of nationalism<\/td>\n<td>Explains late formation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Working definition<\/strong>\u2003A nation is a large, anonymous community bound by subjective (will, memory), objective (history, language, territory, economy, culture) and ideological (<em>nationalism<\/em>) ties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u2003Why Does Nationalism Arise? \u2013 Competing Schools<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Non-modernist<\/em> \u2013 naturalist (inborn sentiment), perennialist\/evolutionist (<strong>Anthony D. Smith<\/strong>).<br \/>\n<em>Modernist<\/em> \u2013<br \/>\n\u2022 Doctrine-based (<strong>Elie Kedourie<\/strong>)\u2003\u2022 Industrial-structural (<strong>Ernest Gellner<\/strong>)\u2003\u2022 Anti-imperialist (<strong>Tom Nairn<\/strong>, colonial elites vs. core capitalism).<\/p>\n<p>No single model fits every case; contexts differ.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u2003Indian Nationalism \u2013 A Territorial, Plural Project<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2003Nation emerges under British rule, not in antiquity.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Refutes colonial sceptics (<strong>John Strachey<\/strong>, <strong>J. R. Seeley<\/strong>) by calling India a <em>nation-in-the-making<\/em>.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Celebrates plurality, consensus, future-oriented unity (echoed by <strong>M. K. Gandhi<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5.\u2003Mass Stirring before Congress<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2003Revolts: Sanyasi\u2013Fakir, Santhal, the <em>Great Revolt 1857<\/em>; Indigo (1859), Pabna League (1873), Deccan riots (1875).<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003English education + vernacular press (Bengalee, Kesari, Hindu) nurture critical intelligentsia.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Provincial bodies\u2014British Indian Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (<strong>M. G. Ranade<\/strong>), Indian Association (<strong>Surendranath Banerjea<\/strong>)\u2014test political mobilisation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>6.\u2003Indian National Congress (1885)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2003Convened by <strong>A. O. Hume<\/strong>; presided by <strong>W. C. Bonnerjee<\/strong>; leaders <strong>Dadabhai Naoroji<\/strong>, <strong>Pherozeshah Mehta<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Goals: legislative reform, anti-racial solidarity, political education.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Method: petitions and debate\u2014foundation for later mass politics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>7.\u2003Historians Debate the Early INC<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Elite bargaining <strong>Anil Seal<\/strong>, <strong>C. A. Bayly<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\u2022 Sincere nation-building <strong>J. R. McLane<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\u2022 Explicit anti-colonial front <strong>Bipan Chandra<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>8.\u2003Cultural\u2013Ideological Resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bhikhu Parekh<\/strong>: traditionalists | modernists | critical traditionalists | critical modernists.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003<em>Mimicry<\/em> as ambivalent resistance (<strong>Homi K. Bhabha<\/strong>); <em>modernity<\/em> dissected (<strong>Anthony Giddens<\/strong>).<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Reformers fuse reason with faith\u2014<strong>Raja Rammohan Roy<\/strong>, <strong>Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar<\/strong>, <strong>Dayanand Saraswati<\/strong>, <strong>Keshub Chandra Sen<\/strong>, <strong>M. G. Ranade<\/strong>, <strong>Swami Vivekananda<\/strong>\u2014attacking superstition, caste and gender hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9.\u2003Legacy by the 1880s<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2003Popular uprisings expose colonial exploitation.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Press and universities spread rational critique.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Associations and the INC supply national forums.<br \/>\n\u2022\u2003Rational-universalist reform crafts a multi-cultural civic identity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Net result:<\/strong> India now possessed the organisations, ideas and shared grievances needed for a nation-wide anti-imperial struggle\u2014a struggle that would ultimately end British rule.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Swadeshi to Satyagraha &amp; Socialism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>1\u2002Partition of Bengal <\/strong><strong>\u2192<\/strong><strong> Swadeshi Movement (1905-08)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Trigger<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Programme<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Four currents (per Sumit Sarkar)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Organisations &amp; icons<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Limits<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Lord Curzon<\/strong>\u2019s partition plan (administrative pretext, \u201cdivide-and-rule\u201d reality)<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Boycott<\/strong> of Lancashire cloth, British schools &amp; councils<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Swadeshi<\/strong> industry (Bengal Chemicals, National Jute, porcelain)<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>National education<\/strong>: <strong>Satish Chandra Mukherjee\u2019s<\/strong> Dawn Society, <strong>Brahmabandhab Upadhyay\u2019s<\/strong> Saraswat Ayatan, <strong>Rabindranath Tagore\u2019s<\/strong> Shantiniketan<\/td>\n<td>\u2460 <strong>Moderate<\/strong> petitions (<strong>Surendranath Banerjee<\/strong>)<br \/>\n\u2461 <strong>Constructive<\/strong> swadeshi (self-help)<br \/>\n\u2462 <strong>Political extremism<\/strong> (passive resistance) \u2013 <strong>Bal Gangadhar Tilak \u00b7 Bipin Chandra Pal<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2463 <strong>Revolutionary nationalism<\/strong> (secret violence)<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Anushilan Samiti<\/strong> (Calcutta\/Dhaka)<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Swadesh Bandhab Samiti<\/strong> in Bakarganj<br \/>\n\u2022 Mass festivals using <strong>Hindu Shakti\/Sakta<\/strong> imagery, <strong>Tagore\u2019s<\/strong> \u0100tma-Shakti call<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Alienated many <strong>Muslims<\/strong>, <strong>Rajbanshis<\/strong>, <strong>Namasudras<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Costly swadeshi cloth; coercive picketing hurt poor buyers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Khudiram Bose-Prafulla Chaki<\/strong> (1908) &amp; <strong>Manicktala Bomb<\/strong> trials pushed radicals underground but kept the idea of armed struggle alive (defended by <strong>Chittaranjan Das<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.\u2002First World War &amp; Home-Rule ferment (1914-18)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Wartime issues<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Home Rule Leagues (1916-17)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Lucknow Pact (Dec 1916)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Heavy taxes, price-rise, conscription \u2192 anger among peasants, workers (strikes in Bombay, Madras).<br \/>\nModerates hoped loyalty would fetch reforms (<strong>Montagu-Chelmsford<\/strong> proved meagre).<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Annie Besant<\/strong> (all-India, Madras HQ, <em>New India<\/em>)<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Tilak<\/strong> (western India)<br \/>\n60 000 members; mass lectures, vernacular pamphlets.<br \/>\n<strong>Peter Robb<\/strong>: Government split on how hard to hit the movement; Besant interned (1917) then made INC President.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Wazir Hasan<\/strong>\u2019s \u201cYoung Party\u201d aligns <strong>Muslim League<\/strong> with Congress.<br \/>\nCongress accepts <strong>separate electorates<\/strong> to cement Hindu-Muslim unity.<br \/>\nSeat quotas criticised by UP <strong>Hindu Sabhas<\/strong>, but pact stands as joint demand for self-government.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u2002Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala &amp; nation-wide Satyagraha (1919)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>The law<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s steps<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Regional flash-points<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Justice Sidney Rowlatt<\/strong> committee \u2192 detention without trial, press gag. All Indian members oppose.<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Satyagraha Sabha<\/strong> (Bombay)<br \/>\n\u2022 Leaflets, hartal (6 Apr 1919)<br \/>\n\u2022 Gandhi arrested (9 Apr) \u2013 sparks protests.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Delhi<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Swami Shraddhananda<\/strong> rallies Hindus &amp; Muslims.<br \/>\n<strong>Lahore<\/strong> \u2013 Hartal + <strong>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/strong>\u2019s march; martial law.<br \/>\n<strong>Amritsar<\/strong> \u2013 Deportation of <strong>Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew \u00b7 Dr Satyapal<\/strong> \u2192 mass at <strong>Jallianwala Bagh<\/strong> (13 Apr). <strong>Gen Dyer<\/strong> fires: 379 killed; <strong>Rabindranath Tagore<\/strong> returns knighthood.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Effect<\/em>: Gandhi emerges as pan-Indian leader; shows both power &amp; perils of mass passion \u2192 he suspends agitation to preserve non-violence.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>4.\u2002Gandhi\u2019s village laboratory (1917-18)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Champaran<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Kheda<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ahmedabad<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Raj Kumar Shukla<\/strong> invites Gandhi; exposes indigo <strong>Tinkathia<\/strong>.<br \/>\nRefuses magistrate\u2019s expulsion order, joins enquiry \u2192 <strong>Champaran Agrarian Act 1918<\/strong> ends system. <strong>Judith Brown \u00b7 Jacques Pouchepadass<\/strong>: peasants active agents, Gandhi negotiator.<\/td>\n<td>Drought-struck peasants (with <strong>Mohanlal Pandya \u00b7 Shankarlal Parikh<\/strong>) demand tax remission.<br \/>\nNon-payment pledge \u2192 Govt suspends revenue. <strong>David Hardiman<\/strong>: no clear economic win, but Gandhi gains Gujarat base.<\/td>\n<td>Mill workers\u2019 wage dispute vs owners (<strong>Ambalal &amp; Anasuya Sarabhai<\/strong>). Gandhi mediates, fasts \u2192 35 % rise. First political use of <strong>hunger-strike<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Analysts<\/em>: <strong>A.L. Basham<\/strong> traces roots in Hindu\u2013Jain ahimsa; <strong>Sumit Sarkar<\/strong> notes peasants\u2019 own consciousness beyond Gandhi\u2019s emissaries.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5.\u2002From romantic terror to socialist revolution (1907-31)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Phase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>People \/ groups<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Acts &amp; trials<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ideological arc<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Religious\u2013romantic (1907-15)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Chapekar brothers \u00b7 Khudiram Bose \u00b7 Prafulla Chaki \u00b7 Satish Chandra Basu<\/strong>; <strong>Anushilan Samiti<\/strong>, <strong>Abhinav Bharat<\/strong> (<strong>V.D. Savarkar<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td>Muzaffarpur bombing; Alipore conspiracy; Delhi Bomb 1912 (<strong>Rash Behari Bose<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td><strong>Bankim Chandra<\/strong>\u2019s <em>Anandamath<\/em>, <strong>Swami Vivekananda<\/strong>\u2019s Shakti-manliness; worship of <strong>Durga \/ Kali<\/strong>. Hindu symbolism alienates many <strong>Muslims<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ghadar wave (1913-17)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Lala Hardayal \u00b7 Barkatullah Khan \u00b7 Raja Mahendra Pratap<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Plans to arm revolt from Punjab, failed due to leaks.<\/td>\n<td>Anti-colonial republicanism, hints of socialism.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>HRA <\/strong><strong>\u2192<\/strong><strong> HSRA (1924-31)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Ram Prasad Bismil \u00b7 Ashfaqulla Khan \u00b7 Chandrashekhar Azad \u00b7 Sachindranath Sanyal<\/strong> form <strong>Hindustan Republican Association<\/strong> (United Provinces). After Kakori, leadership passes to <strong>Bhagat Singh \u00b7 Sukhdev \u00b7 Shiv Verma<\/strong>; rename to <strong>Hindustan Socialist Republican Association<\/strong> at Feroz Shah Kotla (1928).<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Kakori train raid<\/strong> (1925) \u2013 Bismil, Ashfaq hanged.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Saunders assassination<\/strong> (Dec 1928) avenging <strong>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Assembly bomb<\/strong> (Apr 1929) by <strong>Bhagat Singh \u00b7 Batukeshwar Dutt<\/strong> (\u201cmake the deaf hear\u201d).<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Lahore Conspiracy Case<\/strong> \u2013 hunger strike martyr <strong>Jatin Das<\/strong>; execution of Bhagat, Sukhdev, Rajguru (23 Mar 1931).<\/td>\n<td>Gazettes <em>The Revolutionary<\/em> (Nietzsche quote). Explicit <strong>socialism<\/strong>, secularism, class war; <strong>Naujawan Bharat Sabha<\/strong> mobilises youth across creed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Eastern guerrilla<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Surya Sen (Masterda)<\/strong>, <strong>Kalpana Datta<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Chittagong Armoury Raid<\/strong> (Apr 1930) \u2192 long jungle warfare; Sen hanged Jan 1934.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Intellectual well-springs<\/em>: <strong>Mazzini \u00b7 Garibaldi \u00b7 American revolution \u00b7 Irish struggle \u00b7 Japanese victory 1905 \u00b7 Russian Revolution 1917<\/strong>. Later revolutionaries study Marxism; embrace worker-peasant alliances.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>6.\u2002Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Launch &amp; trigger<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Mass actions<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Regional spin-offs<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Social reach<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>End-game<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>INC Lahore Session (Dec 1929)<\/strong> under <strong>Jawaharlal Nehru<\/strong> proclaims <strong>Purna Swaraj<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>M.K. Gandhi<\/strong> issues <strong>eleven-point ultimatum<\/strong> to <strong>Viceroy Lord Irwin<\/strong> \u2192 ignored.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Salt Satyagraha \/ Dandi March<\/strong> (12 Mar \u2013 6 Apr 1930).<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 Mass <strong>salt-law<\/strong> violations from <strong>C. Rajagopalachari<\/strong> in Vedaranyam to <strong>K. Kelappan<\/strong> in Malabar.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>No-tax<\/strong> drives (e.g. <strong>Chowkidari Tax<\/strong> in Bihar, Union-Board tax Bengal).<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>No-rent \/ no-revenue<\/strong> (Bardoli, Kheda \u2013 led by <strong>Vallabhbhai Patel<\/strong>).<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Forest-law<\/strong> defiance (Maharashtra, Karnataka).<br \/>\n\u2022 Defence of the <strong>tricolour<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Tota Narasaiah Naidu<\/strong>, <strong>P. Krishna Pillai<\/strong>; <strong>Vanara Sena<\/strong> kids.<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Chittagong Armoury Raid<\/strong> (<strong>Surya Sen<\/strong>, Apr 1930).<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Peshawar<\/strong>: arrest of <strong>Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan<\/strong>; Gurkha troops refuse to fire.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Sholapur<\/strong> parades create a \u201cparallel govt.\u201d<\/td>\n<td>\n<strong>Women<\/strong>: picketing &amp; revolutionaries <strong>Kalpana Datta, Pritilata Waddedar<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Business<\/strong>: early backing by <strong>G.D. Birla<\/strong> &amp; Marwari houses, waning by 1932 (<strong>Homi Mody<\/strong> leads opposition).<br \/>\n<strong>Peasants<\/strong>: sturdy in Gujarat, Bihar, U.P.<br \/>\n<strong>Muslims<\/strong>: thinner than 1920-22 owing to communal strain.<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Gandhi-Irwin Pact<\/strong> (5 Mar 1931) \u2013 salt for personal use, prisoners freed.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>2nd Round-Table Conference<\/strong> (Sep\u2013Dec 1931) fails \u2192 crackdown.<br \/>\n\u2022 Re-launch 1932; Congress outlawed; repression fierce \u2192 Gandhi suspends May 1933, <strong>withdraws Apr 1934<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Assessments<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Judith Brown<\/strong> \u2013 Gandhi\u2019s charisma welded diverse groups.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Claude Markovits \u00b7 Basudev Chatterjee<\/strong> \u2013 uneasy Congress-capitalist alliance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R.J. Moore \u00b7 Sumit Sarkar \u00b7 A.D.D. Gordon<\/strong> \u2013 bourgeois fears of disorder hastened the 1931 compromise.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bipan Chandra<\/strong> &amp; <strong>David Hardiman<\/strong> stress tactical pause \/ peasant stamina.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>7.\u2002Ideological spectrum inside nationalism, 1930s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Axis-1 : Gandhi\u2019s \u201cconstructive, village-centred\u201d core<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Belgaum-1924 president once; real architect via AICC\/Working Committee<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Judith Brown<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>Vision of <strong>Swaraj<\/strong> as moral-social revolution (<strong>Anthony Parel<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>Political theatre of <strong>Salt March<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Dennis Dalton<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Axis-2 : Liberal \u2018negotiators\u2019<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Tej Bahadur Sapru \u00b7 V.S. Srinivasa Sastri<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mediate at <strong>Simon Commission \/ Round-Tables<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Anil Seal<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>Mass base weak; eclipsed by 1937 elections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Axis-3 : Congress-Left<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bloc<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Leaders<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Line<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Congress Socialist Party (1934)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Jayaprakash Narayan \u00b7 Acharya Narendra Deva \u00b7 Ram Manohar Lohia \u00b7 Basawon Singh<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Socialist programme within INC; popular-front tactics (\u200a<strong>Christophe Jaffrelot<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Communist Party of India<\/strong> (1925; re-org 1933)<\/td>\n<td><strong>S.A. Dange \u00b7 M.N. Roy \u00b7 P.C. Joshi<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>From \u201cbourgeois-congress\u201d critique \u2192 Comintern popular-front (\u200a<strong>John Patrick Haithcox<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Forward Bloc (1939)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Subhas Chandra Bose<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Militancy + socialism; left consolidation (\u200a<strong>Leonard Gordon<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Axis-4 : Revolutionary youth<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Bhagat Singh \u00b7 Chandrashekhar Azad \u00b7 Surya Sen<\/strong>; HSRA blends nationalism with <strong>socialism &amp; secularism<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Sumit Sarkar<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.\u2002Quit India Movement (1942-45)<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Pre-war build-up<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>British moves<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>8-Aug-1942 \u201cDo or Die\u201d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Underground &amp; regionals<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Scholarship<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2022 Congress ministries resign (Dec 1939).<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Individual Satyagraha<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Visalakshi Menon<\/strong>).<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>Cripps Mission<\/strong> fails; Gandhi calls offer \u201cpost-dated cheque\u201d.<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 <strong>Viceroy Linlithgow<\/strong> ordinances; bolster <strong>Muslim League<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Anita Inder Singh<\/strong>).<br \/>\n\u2022 Wartime \u201cDenial policy\u201d, Bengal shortages (\u200a<strong>Madhushree Mukerjee<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>AICC at Bombay: <strong>Gandhi<\/strong>\u2019s mantra <strong>\u201cQuit India\u201d<\/strong>; arrests within hours.<br \/>\nOrdinances: Revolutionary Movements &amp; Special Criminal Courts <strong>1942<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Gujarat<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Chhotubhai Purani<\/strong>\u2019s Vyayam Mandal; \u201cAzad Sarkar\u201d (\u200a<strong>David Hardiman<\/strong>).<br \/>\n<strong>Bihar-UP<\/strong> \u2013 Guerrilla by <strong>Jayaprakash Narayan \u00b7 Rammanohar Lohia<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Bengal<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar<\/strong>, martyr <strong>Matangini Hazra<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Hiteshranjan Sanyal<\/strong>).<br \/>\n<strong>Satara<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Prati Sarkar<\/strong> rooted in <strong>Satyashodhak Samaj<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Gail Omvedt<\/strong>).<br \/>\nRumours &amp; famine feed revolt (\u200a<strong>Crispin Bates<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>\u2022 \u201cSpontaneous\u201d vs organized debate \u2013 <strong>Francis Hutchins \u00b7 Gyanendra Pandey<\/strong>.<br \/>\n\u2022 Shows limits of Raj\u2019s power; sets stage for transfer.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>9.\u2002Peasants &amp; Nationalism<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Phase<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Peasant thrust<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Congress stance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key historians<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pre-1917<\/td>\n<td>Indigo, tribal risings (<strong>Birsa Munda<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Minimal; industrialist fears.<\/td>\n<td><strong>R.P. Dutt \u00b7 A.R. Desai<\/strong> stress bourgeois caution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Champaran (1917)<\/strong> &amp; <strong>Kheda (1918)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Anti-indigo <strong>Tinkathia<\/strong>; tax remission.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Gandhi<\/strong> links local misery to Raj; keeps class-peace.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Mridula Mukherjee<\/strong>: nationalism awakened peasantry; <strong>D.N. Dhanagare \u00b7 Kapil Kumar<\/strong>: \u201ctension management\u201d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1920-22<\/td>\n<td><strong>Awadh Kisan Sabha<\/strong> (<strong>Baba Ramachandra<\/strong>); Eka (<strong>Madari Pasi<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Support until violence (Chauri Chaura) \u2013 movement called off.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Sumit Sarkar<\/strong> on Congress limits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1930s<\/td>\n<td><strong>All-India Kisan Sabha 1936<\/strong> (<strong>Swami Sahajanand \u00b7 N.G. Ranga \u00b7 Indulal Yagnik<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<td>Congress agrarian resolution; wary of zamindar clash; bans dual membership 1938.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Left-peasant studies<\/strong>; <strong>Subaltern school<\/strong> (\u200a<strong>Ranajit Guha \u00b7 Shahid Amin \u00b7 Partha Chatterjee<\/strong>).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1940s<\/td>\n<td><strong>Tebhaga<\/strong> (Bengal), <strong>Telangana<\/strong> (Hyderabad).<\/td>\n<td>Approves zamindari abolition but compensates landlords.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Kapil Kumar<\/strong> on Congress compromises.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.\u2002Working-class &amp; Nationalism<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Milestone<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Leaders \/ unions<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Congress link<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Scholars<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Early clubs<\/strong> (1870-90)<\/td>\n<td><strong>Sasipada Banerjee \u00b7 Narayan Meghaji Lokhande<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Congress indifferent; opposes Factory Acts.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Dipesh Chakrabarty \u00b7 Bipan Chandra<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Swadeshi surge<\/strong> (1905-08)<\/td>\n<td>Bombay &amp; Calcutta strikes backing <strong>Tilak<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>Nationalists court labour for boycott.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Sabyasachi Bhattacharya<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>AITUC 1920<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Lala Lajpat Rai, B.P. Wadia, Anasuya Sarabhai<\/strong>; Ahmedabad Majur Mahajan (Gandhian).<\/td>\n<td>Gandhi urges conciliation; wary of communists.<\/td>\n<td><strong>Chitra Joshi<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Left ascendancy 1927-37<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed<\/strong>; Bombay Girni strike 1928; <strong>Meerut Conspiracy<\/strong> 1929.<\/td>\n<td>INC uneasy; splits AITUC (Indian TUF 1929, Red TUC 1931).<\/td>\n<td><strong>Rajnarayan Chandavarkar<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>WW-II &amp; after<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Jute strike \u201937, Bombay anti-war strikes \u201939; RIN Mutiny support \u201946.<br \/>\nUnions fracture into <strong>INTUC (1947) \u00b7 HMS (1948) \u00b7 UTUC (1949)<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td>Congress ministries regulate labour; INTUC becomes party arm.<\/td>\n<td><strong>S.K. Chaube \u00b7 E.M.S. Namboodiripad<\/strong> critique bourgeois orientation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key take-aways across sections<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Gandhian mass-line<\/strong> combined ethical protest with tactical retreats; yet business, communal and class pressures shaped every cease-fire.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Left currents<\/strong>\u2014CSP, CPI, Forward Bloc\u2014pushed socialism, trade-unionism and radical peasant agendas, forcing Congress to adopt the <strong>Karachi Resolution 1931<\/strong> &amp; later zamindari abolition.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Regional \u201cparallel governments\u201d<\/strong> from <strong>Tamralipta<\/strong> to <strong>Prati Sarkar<\/strong> demonstrated local initiative beyond central directives.<\/li>\n<li>Peasants and workers were never passive; they re-interpreted nationalist idioms to fight <strong>tax, rent, wage and land<\/strong> grievances, sometimes outrunning Congress control.<\/li>\n<li>Scholarly debate\u2014<strong>Brown, Moore, Sarkar, Markovits, Hardiman, Mukherjee, Chandavarkar<\/strong>\u2014revolves around whether Congress channelled or contained these radical energies.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Thus the 1930-47 decade shows an ever-widening social coalition, but also the constant negotiation between moral-symbolic mobilisation and hard economic\/class realities.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Scholars Index;<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Muzaffar Ahmed\u2002|\u2002Shahid Amin\u2002|\u2002Benedict Anderson\u2002|\u2002Chandrashekhar Azad\u2002|\u2002Surendranath Banerjea\u2002|\u2002Sasipada Banerjee\u2002|\u2002A.L. Basham\u2002|\u2002Satish Chandra Basu\u2002|\u2002Crispin Bates\u2002|\u2002C. A. Bayly\u2002|\u2002Homi K. Bhabha\u2002|\u2002Sabyasachi Bhattacharya\u2002|\u2002G.D. Birla\u2002|\u2002Ram Prasad Bismil\u2002|\u2002W. C. Bonnerjee<br \/>\nSubhas Chandra Bose\u2002|\u2002Rash Behari Bose\u2002|\u2002Khudiram Bose\u2002|\u2002Judith Brown\u2002|\u2002Reginald Dyer\u2002|\u2002S. K. Chaube\u2002|\u2002Claude Markovits\u2002|\u2002Prafulla Chaki\u2002|\u2002Dipesh Chakrabarty\u2002|\u2002Partha Chatterjee\u2002|\u2002Basudev Chatterjee\u2002|\u2002Bankim Chandra Chatterjee\u2002|\u2002Bipan Chandra\u2002|\u2002Bipin Chandra\u2002|\u2002Bipin Chandra Pal<br \/>\nJacques Pouchepadass\u2002|\u2002David Hardiman\u2002|\u2002Dayanand Saraswati\u2002|\u2002Dennis Dalton\u2002|\u2002A. R. Desai\u2002|\u2002Dadabhai Naoroji\u2002|\u2002Ranajit Guha\u2002|\u2002John Patrick Haithcox\u2002|\u2002Christophe Jaffrelot\u2002|\u2002Francis Hutchins\u2002|\u2002Ernest Gellner\u2002|\u2002Anthony Giddens\u2002|\u2002Leonard Gordon\u2002|\u2002A.D.D. Gordon\u2002|\u2002Giuseppe Garibaldi<br \/>\nGiuseppe Mazzini\u2002|\u2002Gyanendra Pandey\u2002|\u2002Wazir Hasan\u2002|\u2002Lala Hardayal\u2002|\u2002Matangini Hazra\u2002|\u2002A. O. Hume\u2002|\u2002Lord Irwin\u2002|\u2002Elie Kedourie\u2002|\u2002K. Kelappan\u2002|\u2002Barkatullah Khan\u2002|\u2002Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan\u2002|\u2002Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew\u2002|\u2002Kapil Kumar\u2002|\u2002Lord Linlithgow\u2002|\u2002Ram Manohar Lohia<br \/>\nMadhushree Mukherjee\u2002|\u2002Mridula Mukherjee\u2002|\u2002Mahatma Gandhi\u2002|\u2002M.N. Roy\u2002|\u2002Mohanlal Pandya\u2002|\u2002Muzaffar Ahmed\u2002(duplicate removed) | N. G. Ranga\u2002|\u2002Peter Robb\u2002|\u2002P. C. Joshi\u2002|\u2002P. Krishna Pillai\u2002|\u2002Pherozeshah Mehta\u2002|\u2002Raja Mahendra Pratap\u2002|\u2002Raj Kumar Shukla\u2002|\u2002Raja Rammohan Roy\u2002|\u2002Ram Prasad Bismil (duplicate removed)<br \/>\nR. J. Moore\u2002|\u2002R.P. Dutt\u2002|\u2002Sachindranath Sanyal\u2002|\u2002Satish Chandra Mukherjee\u2002|\u2002Hiteshranjan Sanyal\u2002|\u2002Tej Bahadur Sapru\u2002|\u2002Dayanand Saraswati (duplicate removed) |\u2002S. A. Dange\u2002|\u2002John Strachey\u2002|\u2002Sidney Rowlatt\u2002|\u2002Anthony D. Smith\u2002|\u2002Tom Nairn\u2002|\u2002Tota Narasaiah Naidu\u2002|\u2002V. D. Savarkar\u2002|\u2002V.S. Srinivasa Sastri<br \/>\nSumit Sarkar\u2002|\u2002Swami Sahajanand\u2002|\u2002Swami Shraddhananda\u2002|\u2002Swami Vivekananda\u2002|\u2002Surya Sen\u2002|\u2002Keshub Chandra Sen\u2002|\u2002Surendranath Banerjea (duplicate removed) |\u2002Shahid Amin (duplicate removed) |\u2002Shankarlal Parikh\u2002|\u2002Shiv Verma\u2002|\u2002Sukhdev\u2002|\u2002Bal Gangadhar Tilak\u2002|\u2002Brahmabandhab Upadhyay\u2002|\u2002Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar\u2002|\u2002Indulal Yagnik<br \/>\nVallabhbhai Patel\u2002|\u2002Visalakshi Menon\u2002|\u2002Gail Omvedt\u2002|\u2002Jawaharlal Nehru\u2002|\u2002Jayaprakash Narayan\u2002|\u2002Annie Besant\u2002|\u2002Peter Robb (duplicate removed) |\u2002Anthony Parel\u2002|\u2002Anil Seal\u2002|\u2002C. Rajagopalachari\u2002|\u2002Lord Curzon\u2002|\u2002Lord Linlithgow<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Practice Questions<\/u><\/strong><strong><u> (Write before 4 p.m.)<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>Comment on Satyagraha and Indian Nationalism. [2023\/10m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 2.<\/strong> <strong>Differentiate moderate nationalism from extremist \/ militant nationalism in terms of their objectives and means.. [2017\/15m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 3. <\/strong><strong>National movement in India was anti-imperialist and increasingly radical in its socio economic and political programmes. Discuss. [2019\/20m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <em>Model answers drop this evening on the Telegram channel:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 keep notifications on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See you tomorrow on Day 16. Keep practicing!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<strong>Amit Pratap Singh<\/strong> &amp; Team<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>A quick note on submissions of copies and mentorship<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2025 Mains writers<\/strong>: <strong>Cohort 1 of O-AWFG<\/strong> started on <strong>12 June<\/strong> and <strong>ATS<\/strong> on <strong>15 June<\/strong>. The above practice set will serve as your <em>revision tool<\/em>, just <strong>do not miss booking your mentorship sessions<\/strong> for personalised feedback especially for starting tests. Come with your evaluated test copies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2026\u00a0 Mains writers &#8211; <\/strong>keep uploading through your usual dashboard. Act on the feedback and improve consistently.<\/li>\n<li>Alternate between mini-tests <strong>(O-AWFG)<\/strong> and full mocks <strong>(ATS)<\/strong> has been designed to tackle speed, content depth, and structured revision\u2014line-by-line evaluation pinpoints your weaknesses and errors. Follow your <strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS <\/strong>schedule and use the model answers to enrich your content, as rankers recommended based on their own success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hello everyone, we start Section B of Paper 1, Indian Nationalism- Rise and Factors of Indian Nationalism, , Political Strategies of Freedom Struggle: &nbsp; There are 5 ten-mark, 3 fifteen-mark, and 1 twenty-mark questions in the last 12 years PYQs. &nbsp; THE QUESTION OF NATIONALISM 1.\u2003From Parishes to Peoples \u200318\u1d57\u02b0-20\u1d57\u02b0 c. local communities fused into&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-15-capsule-indian-nationalism-part1-2-practice-qs\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 15 Capsule: Indian Nationalism Part1\/2 + Practice Qs<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10394,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[108,12128,9],"tags":[12012,12132],"class_list":["post-340840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-political-science","category-psir-optional","category-public","tag-psir-forumias","tag-psir-psir-forumias","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/340840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10394"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=340840"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/340840\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=340840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=340840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=340840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}