{"id":34132,"date":"2018-10-30T15:59:15","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T10:29:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=34132"},"modified":"2018-10-30T15:59:15","modified_gmt":"2018-10-30T10:29:15","slug":"choking-on-air","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/choking-on-air\/","title":{"rendered":"Choking on Air"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/editorials\/delhi-air-pollution-winters-stubble-burning-construction-indutries-choking-on-air-2-4927205\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Choking on Air<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Context<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The post-Diwali smog never receded as the city registered \u201csevere\u201d on the Air Quality Index (AQI). \u201cEveryone may experience serious health effects\u201d, comments the AQI website.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Emergency measures taken<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Environment Pollution and Prevention Control Authority (EPCA), which enforced Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) two days before Diwali, has asked the Delhi government to put more emergency measures in place. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The SC-mandated body has suggested that parking fees be quadrupled. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A request to Delhi Metro to lower fares during non-peak hours for at least 10 days and introduce more coaches.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The EPCA, though, wanted to enforce the odd-even policy if the city\u2019s pollution levels aggravate. The SC-mandated body\u2019s other proposals will require at least 16 authorities to work together. The EPCA and the Delhi government have not devised a coordination mechanism between these bodies. It remains to be seen if the city\u2019s latest pollution crisis spurs them into action.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What possibly makes the air of the capital so polluted? <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At least four major government studies over the past decade have reached varying conclusions on what makes Delhi\u2019s air so foul.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2007 report concluded that control on emissions of pollutants from vehicular traffic necessitates the control on the new registration of commercial diesel vehicles in Delhi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008 report identified road dust as the biggest contributor (52.5%) to particulate matter in Delhi\u2019s air, followed by industries (22.1%). It attributed only 6.6% of particulate emissions to vehicles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2011 report conclusion that road dust from paved and unpaved roads contributed the largest share to air pollution (55%), followed by residential sources (15%), transport and vehicular pollution (13%), industrial sources (12%), and power (5%).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2016 report says that while underlining the role of road dust, also stressed on vehicular emissions moving vehicles, in fact, contributed to over half of Delhi\u2019s air pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>How is air pollution measured in India?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air pollution is measured by many parameters, like CO and PM2.5<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has come up with an Air Quality Index (AQI) to give an aggregate sense of the quality of air.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The formulation of the index was a continuation of the initiatives under Swachh Bharat Mission envisioned by the present Prime Minister of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are six AQI categories, namely Good, Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The proposed AQI will consider eight pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hourly averaging period) National Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What are the prime sources of air pollution in India?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Agricultural waste burning<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The burning of agricultural waste in three neighbouring states is responsible for the rise in Air Pollution levels in Delhi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are claiming to have taken several measures to discourage straw and stubble burning, but farmers say they have not received any assistance from their respective governments on an alternate method to clear the fields after the harvest<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Industrial chimney wastes:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are a number of industries which are source of pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chief gases are SO2and NO2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are many food and fertilizers industries which emit acid vapors in air.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Thermal power stations:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are number of power stations and super thermal power stations in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) is setting up four mammoth coal- powered power stations to augment the energy generation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chief pollutants are fly ash, SO2 and other gases and hydrocarbons.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Automobiles:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Toxic vehicular exhausts are a source of considerable air pollution<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In all the major cities of the country about 800 to 1000 tonnes of pollutants are being emitted into the air daily, of which 50% come from automobile exhausts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The exhaust produces many air pollutants including un-burnt hydrocarbons, CO, NOx and lead oxides.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What are the laws relating to air pollution in India?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Government of India under Article 253 of the Constitution of India enacted the Air Act, 1981 (\u201cAir Act\u201d) for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and further to implement the provisions of the Air Act<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Air Act consists of fifty four (54) Sections divided into seven (7) chapters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Air pollution, according to the Air Act means the presence of any \u201cair pollutant\u201d in the atmosphere. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Air Act confers the regulatory power to the Central Pollution Control Board (\u201cCPCB\u201d) and the State Pollution Control Board (\u201cSPCB\u201d) to prevent and control the air pollution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What are the various roles and functions of CPCB and SPCBs?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Section 18 (1) of the Air Act<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CPCB is bound by the direction of the Central Government and SPCB is bound by directions of the CPCB and the State Government<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The various functions and powers of the CPCB and the SPCB are respectively provided under Section 16 and Section 17 of the Air Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Functions and Power of CPCB:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advice the Central Government on improvement of air quality and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to provide training to persons engaged in such programs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prescribe the standards for air quality<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Execute nation-wide programs for prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and training to persons engaged in such programs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Give direction to SPCBs, co-ordinate between SPCBs and provide any technical assistance, guidance and resolve the disputes among SPCBs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Functions and Power of SPCB:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plan comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advice the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prescribe the standards for emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere in consultation with CPCB<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collaborate with CPCB in providing training to persons engaged in the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and also to organize mass education programs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Power of State Governments<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Section 19 (1) of the Air Act<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The State Governments has the power to declare any area as air pollution control area after consultation with the SPCB<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Section 20 of the Air Act<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The State Government also has the power to instruct the authority in charge of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 to adhere to the standards for emission of air pollutants from automobiles which are stipulated by the SBCB<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Choking on Air Context The post-Diwali smog never receded as the city registered \u201csevere\u201d on the Air Quality Index (AQI). \u201cEveryone may experience serious health effects\u201d, comments the AQI website. Emergency measures taken The Environment Pollution and Prevention Control Authority (EPCA), which enforced Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) two days before Diwali, has asked the&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/choking-on-air\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Choking on Air<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[555],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-test-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704625962},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34132"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34132\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}