{"id":34164,"date":"2018-10-30T16:08:36","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T10:38:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=34164"},"modified":"2018-10-30T16:08:36","modified_gmt":"2018-10-30T10:38:36","slug":"warring-over-disarmament-in-the-un","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/warring-over-disarmament-in-the-un\/","title":{"rendered":"Warring over disarmament in the UN:\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Opinion\/O2BR4xnolHKyzjPA2rWHsO\/Warring-over-disarmament-in-the-UN.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Warring over disarmament in the UN<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Context:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The United Nations diplomats from all member-states gather to deliberate on disarmament and international security, promote national interest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Introduction:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The deliberations of the First Committee have sought to bridge difference and seek common ground.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These events include tensions over North Korea between the US and China, differences over the Iran nuclear deal, and the Russian veto in the UN Security Council blocking the extension of the Joint Investigative Mechanism mandated to probe alleged chemical weapons use in Syria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The biggest factor behind this year\u2019s undiplomatic dust-up is the recently concluded Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW):<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For those nations that are party to it, the treaty prohibits the development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as assistance and encouragement to the prohibited activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was signed and approved by 122 of the 123 participant nations, representing two-thirds of the nations in the UN. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NWPT is the most significant multilateral development on nuclear arms control since the adoption of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. It has to be ratified by 50 countries to come into force.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treaty has exacerbated rifts not only between the nuclear-armed states and the non-nuclear armed states but also members of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and in some cases, between nuclear-armed states and their allies, which are protected by these weapons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The NWPT is the most significant multilateral development on nuclear arms control since the adoption of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. It has to be ratified by 50 countries to come into force.<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What\u2019s missing in the treaty?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It does not offer a practical approach on how to prod nuclear weapons states to join it.<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It contains no mechanism to verify the reduction and abolition of nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also does not provide a solution to the risk of nuclear weapons being used by accident or miscalculation, or by terrorists.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What can be the harmful threat of Nuclear Weapons?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>On Environment:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nuclear weapons are fundamentally different from conventional weapons because of the vast amounts of explosive energy they can release and the kinds of effects they produce, such as high temperatures and radiation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The prompt effects of a nuclear explosion and fallout are well known through data gathered from the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A special feature of a nuclear explosion is the emission of nuclear radiation, which may be separated into initial radiation and residual radiation. Initial radiation, also known as prompt radiation, consists of gamma rays and neutrons and \u00a0produced within a minute of the detonation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gamma rays and neutrons can produce harmful effects in living organisms, a hazard that persists over considerable distances because of their ability to penetrate most structures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Health effects of nuclear weapons:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The health effects of nuclear explosions are due primarily to air blast, thermal radiation, initial nuclear radiation, and residual nuclear radiation or fallout.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nuclear explosions produce air-blast effects similar to those produced by conventional explosives. The shock wave can directly injure humans by rupturing eardrums or lungs or by hurling people at high speed, but most casualties occur because of collapsing structures and flying debri.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thermal radiation. Unlike conventional explosions, a single nuclear explosion can generate an intense pulse of thermal radiation that can start fires and burn skin over large areas. In some cases, the fires ignited by the explosion can coalesce into a firestorm, preventing the escape of survivors. Though difficult to predict accurately, it is expected that thermal effects from a nuclear explosion would be the cause of significant casualties<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initial radiation. Nuclear detonations release large amounts of neutron and gamma radiation. Relative to other effects, initial radiation is an important cause of casualties only for low-yield explosions (less than 10 kilotons).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a nuclear detonation occurs close to the ground surface, soil mixes with the highly radioactive fission products from the weapon. The debris is carried by the wind and falls back to Earth over a period of minutes to hours.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cyber warfare emerged as a more potent tool as nations can be destroyed without killing a single human being.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Security concern: Nuclear weapons pose a direct threat to people everywhere. They breed fear and mistrust among nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another long-term health effect is the induction of eye cataracts. This effect has been noted in the Japanese studies and also in a study of the Chernobyl cleanup workers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>The immediate effects of radiation include the following:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central nervous system dysfunction (at very high doses);<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea from damage to the gastrointestinal tract, leading to potentially fatal dehydration and nutrition problems; and<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Destruction of the body\u2019s capacity to produce new blood cells, resulting in uncontrolled bleeding (because of the absence or severe reduction of platelets) and life-threatening infections (because of the absence or reduction of white blood cells<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Global steps to ban nuclear weapons:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recently, the United Nation signed pact to ban nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">122 nations of the world came together to accept legal ban over nuclear weapons of mass destruction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure of NPT, CTBT (1996) on the name of maintaining deterrence against opponent (MAD-Mutually agreed deterrence principle) cannot get more support from numerous countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is clear that these weapons of mass destruction reach are not confined to a geographical boundary or country itself.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The approval ban over use of nuclear weapon is a landmark or paradigm shift in the direction of disarmament.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it prohibits or ban in totality production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons even underground explosions in all circumstances<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also ensures strong provisions to protect victims of extreme radiation and contamination of environment<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It complements international ban on all categories of weapons of mass destruction following the prohibition of biological and chemical arms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is Nuclear Prohibition Treaty?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It creates a legal basis for proscribing nuclear weapons among adhering states.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons prohibits States Parties from developing, testing, producing, manufacturing, acquiring, possessing, or stockpiling nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signatories are barred from transferring or receiving nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices control over such weapons, or any assistance with activities prohibited under the Treaty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States are also prohibited from using or threatening to use nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States Parties cannot allow the stationing, installation, or deployment of nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices in their territory.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the Treaty\u2019s prohibitions, States Parties are obligated to provide victim assistance and help with environmental remediation efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Conclusion:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s resolution on the role of science and technology in the context of international security and disarmament, which was adopted by consensus not only highlights India\u2019s rule-shaping efforts but might also contribute to building a much-needed bonhomie among the disarmament community. This is a critical step to curb the war over disarmament.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Warring over disarmament in the UN:\u00a0 Context: The United Nations diplomats from all member-states gather to deliberate on disarmament and international security, promote national interest. Introduction: The deliberations of the First Committee have sought to bridge difference and seek common ground. These events include tensions over North Korea between the US and China, differences over&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/warring-over-disarmament-in-the-un\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Warring over disarmament in the UN:\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[555],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-test-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704624703},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34164","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34164"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34164\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34164"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34164"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34164"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}