{"id":341894,"date":"2025-07-02T23:56:44","date_gmt":"2025-07-02T18:26:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=341894"},"modified":"2025-07-16T17:06:22","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T11:36:22","slug":"psir-power-50-day-26-capsule-social-movements-practice-qs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-26-capsule-social-movements-practice-qs\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 26 Capsule: Social Movements + Practice Qs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hello aspirants,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers <strong>Social Movements.<\/strong> There are <strong>one 20-markers, six 15-markers, and two six-markers<\/strong> from this topic in the last 12 years.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> What is a Social Movement?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Scholar \/ Source<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key lines<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Doug McAdam<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u201cOrganised effort by <em>excluded groups<\/em> to change or resist social structures through <strong>non-institutional<\/strong> politics.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>3 Pillars<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Collective action + Common purpose + Social change<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>\u201cSocial\u201d vs \u201cPolitical\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Rudolf Heberle<\/strong> \u2013 every movement has political fallout.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Andre Gunder Frank &amp; Marta Fuentes<\/strong> \u2013 social movements differ because they don\u2019t chase state power.<\/li>\n<li><em>NY Times<\/em> \u2013 they seek <em>autonomy<\/em>, not <em>authority<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Three Broad Types<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Transformative<\/strong> \u2013 change inner mindsets (e.g., <strong>Narayana Guru<\/strong> and Ezhava self-reform).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reformist<\/strong> \u2013 piecemeal system tweaks (linguistic-state re-organisation 1950-60s; Right-to-Information).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Revolutionary<\/strong> \u2013 overturn relations, seize power (Bolshevik 1917; India\u2019s <strong>Naxalite<\/strong> upsurge).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Tactics: Institutional vs Direct Action<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Institutional<\/strong> = petitions, votes, court cases (legal, \u201cinside the rules\u201d).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Extra-constitutional \/ Direct Action<\/strong> (<strong>Rajni Kothari<\/strong>) = sit-ins, boycotts, gheraos, strikes aimed straight at the state\u2019s will.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Five Moving Parts of Any Movement<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Objective<\/strong> (short &amp; long term).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ideology<\/strong> (may pre-exist <em>or<\/em> grow during struggle).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Programme \/ Strategy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Leadership<\/strong> (articulates ideas, plans action).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organisation<\/strong> (loose to tight; central to decentral).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>All five mutate as the campaign unfolds.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Old vs New Social Movements (Rajendra Singh; Cohen\u2019s \u201cself-limiting radicalism\u201d)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dimension<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Old (Industrial-class)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>New (Post-industrial identity)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Goal<\/td>\n<td>Re-order power &amp; property<\/td>\n<td>Quality-of-life, autonomy, ecology<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Base<\/td>\n<td>Workers \/ peasants (\u201cclass\u201d)<\/td>\n<td>Mixed statuses \u2013 gender, tribe, sexuality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ideology<\/td>\n<td>Marxism, socialism<\/td>\n<td>Loose, cultural, networked<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Scope<\/td>\n<td>National, single issue<\/td>\n<td>Local <em>and<\/em> trans-national, multi-issue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Example<\/td>\n<td>Indian National Congress mass line<\/td>\n<td>LGBT rights, environmental defence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> India\u2019s Ecological Currents<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Ramachandra Guha<\/strong> \u2013 India shows \u201c<em>varieties<\/em> of environmentalism\u201d, mostly led by women &amp; the poor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Five Strands (Gadgil &amp; Guha)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Crusading Gandhian<\/strong> \u2013 moral critique of modernity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ecological Marxist<\/strong> \u2013 roots crisis in unequal resource access.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appropriate-Technology<\/strong> \u2013 demo small-scale alternatives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wilderness Enthusiasts<\/strong> \u2013 scientific &amp; ethical plea for parks.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scientific Conservationists<\/strong> \u2013 managerial efficiency.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Iconic Campaigns<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chipko<\/strong> (1973, Garhwal) \u2013 tree-hugging, eco-feminist spark.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Appiko<\/strong> (Karnataka twin).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Silent Valley<\/strong> (Kerala; dam halted, 1985 NP).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Narmada Bachao Andolan<\/strong> (1985-, large dams v\/s displacement).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recent hashtags<\/strong> \u2013 #ClimateStrike, #SaveAarey, #SaveDehingPatkai, #RightToBreathe, #SaveSundarban.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key Ideas<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Deep vs Shallow Ecology<\/strong> (Naess).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vandana Shiva<\/strong> \u2013 women &amp; nature share non-exploitative bond.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bina Agarwal<\/strong> \u2013 warns against one-size romanticism; class\/caste matter.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u201cNew Environmentalism\u201d<\/strong> \u2013 blend of local knowledge, market tools, shifting facts (mentioned explanation).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong> Civil Liberties &amp; Human-Rights Stream<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Classic liberties (rule of law, movement, property, conscience, speech).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Movements\u2019 timeline<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>19th c. press &amp; equality petitions<\/strong> (Nilanjan Dutta).<\/li>\n<li><strong>1919 Rowlatt-Act protest<\/strong> \u2192 mass rights consciousness.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ICLU 1936<\/strong> \u2013 first formal watchdog.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Post-1947<\/strong> dispersed committees (CLC Bengal).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Naxalite 1960s repression<\/strong> \u2192 APCLC 1974, APDR 1972, AFDR Punjab.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Emergency 1975-77<\/strong> \u2013 censorship &amp; arrests; united civil-liberty front.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Globalisation 1990s<\/strong> (Upendra Baxi \u201chuman-rights markets\u201d) \u2013 NHRC 1993; Amnesty foot-print in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Judiciary as Sentinel<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Art 32 &amp; 226 writs (habeas corpus etc.).<\/li>\n<li>Expanded rights via PILs: livelihood, speedy-trial, education, health, clean environment, privacy (<strong>Puttaswamy 2017<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>Digital-age risk: AI face-scan, Pegasus, \u201csurveillance democracy\u201d; flagged by <strong>Judge A.P. Shah Committee<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>HRW <em>World Report 2023<\/em> Highlights<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clamp-down on NGOs\/media.<\/li>\n<li>Positive: SC widened abortion rights; broader \u201cfamily\u201d; banned two-finger test.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong> Major Identity &amp; Sectoral Movements<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong> Women\u2019s Waves (Gail Omvedt typology)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Reform (education, Sati ban).<\/li>\n<li>Nationalist participation.<\/li>\n<li>1975-85 \u201cautonomous\u201d phase \u2013 <strong>Anti-Arrack<\/strong>, anti-dowry, anti-rape (Mathura 1972), #MeToo.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Issues today: girl-child, GBV, globalisation, caste\u2013gender overlap (<strong>Neera Desai &amp; Usha Thakkar<\/strong> on identity \/ ideology splits).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Eco-Feminism<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chipko as precedent; <strong>Shiva vs Agarwal<\/strong> debate on gender-nature link.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> LGBTQ+<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Struggle to scrap IPC 377; push for marriage equality; critics call it urban-elite but democratic equality demands inclusion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Labour<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bombay Mill Workers\u2019 Assn (Lokhande 1890s)<\/strong> \u2192 AITUC 1920 \u2192 splits (NTUF, AIRTUC) \u2192 Bombay textile strike 1982 \u2192 post-1991 gig-economy unionism.<\/li>\n<li>Big federations: AITUC, INTUC, BMS, CITU, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong> Social Movements &amp; Democracy \u2013 Gains &amp; Caveats<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>Positives<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Heighten political awareness (Huntington, Kothari).<\/li>\n<li>Widen participation; hold rulers to account.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Risks<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Counter-movements<\/strong> (anti-reservation, Hindutva mobilisations).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rajni Kothari<\/strong> \u2013 direct action only good if it enlarges freedom.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bipan Chandra<\/strong> on JP 1974: vague agenda + loose structure \u2192 paved way to Emergency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cOBJECTIVE-IDEOLOGY-PROGRAMME-LEADERS-ORG\u201d<\/strong> \u2192 keep checking all five whenever you analyse any Indian movement\u2014old or new.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Scholars Index<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Bina Agarwal\u2002|\u2002Upendra Baxi\u2002|\u2002Bipan Chandra\u2002|\u2002Cohen\u2002|\u2002Nilanjan Dutta\u2002|\u2002Andre Gunder Frank\u2002|\u2002Marta Fuentes\u2002|\u2002Madhav Gadgil\u2002|\u2002Ramachandra Guha\u2002|\u2002Narayana Guru\u2002|\u2002Rudolf Heberle\u2002|\u2002Rajni Kothari\u2002|\u2002Doug McAdam\u2002|\u2002Arne Naess\u2002|\u2002Gail Omvedt\u2002|\u2002A.P. Shah\u2002|\u2002Vandana Shiva\u2002|\u2002Rajendra Singh<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Practice Questions<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>Women&#8217;s role in anti-arrack movement. [2024\/10 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 2. <\/strong><strong>Dr. Ambedkar&#8217;s clarion call, &#8220;Educate, Agitate and Organize&#8221;, strategizes the Dalit movement towards achieving civil liberty. Discuss. [2023\/15 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 3. <\/strong><strong>Discuss the role of environmental movements in shaping the environmental governance in India. [2024\/20m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <em>Model answers drop this evening on the Telegram channel:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 keep notifications on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See you tomorrow on Day 27. Keep practicing!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<strong>Amit Pratap Singh &amp; Team<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>A quick note on submissions of copies and mentorship<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2025 Mains writers<\/strong>: <strong>Cohort 1 of O-AWFG<\/strong> started on <strong>12 June<\/strong> and <strong>ATS<\/strong> on <strong>15 June<\/strong>. The above practice set will serve as your <em>revision tool<\/em>, just <strong>do not miss booking your mentorship sessions<\/strong> for personalised feedback especially for starting tests. Come with your evaluated test copies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2026 Mains writers &#8211; <\/strong>keep uploading through your usual dashboard. Act on the feedback and improve consistently.<\/li>\n<li>Alternate between mini-tests <strong>(O-AWFG)<\/strong> and full mocks <strong>(ATS)<\/strong> has been designed to tackle speed, content depth, and structured revision\u2014line-by-line evaluation pinpoints your weaknesses and errors. Follow your <strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS <\/strong>schedule and use the model answers to enrich your content, as rankers recommended based on their own success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hello aspirants, &nbsp; Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers Social Movements. There are one 20-markers, six 15-markers, and two six-markers from this topic in the last 12 years. &nbsp; \u00a0 What is a Social Movement? \u00a0 Scholar \/ Source Key lines Doug McAdam \u201cOrganised effort by excluded groups to change or resist social&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-26-capsule-social-movements-practice-qs\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 26 Capsule: Social Movements + Practice Qs<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10394,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12128,9],"tags":[12012,12133],"class_list":["post-341894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-psir-optional","category-public","tag-psir-forumias","tag-psir-optional","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/341894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10394"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=341894"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/341894\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=341894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=341894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=341894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}