{"id":34202,"date":"2018-10-30T16:18:16","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T10:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=34202"},"modified":"2018-10-30T16:18:16","modified_gmt":"2018-10-30T10:48:16","slug":"the-rise-and-rise-of-xi-jinpings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-rise-and-rise-of-xi-jinpings\/","title":{"rendered":"The rise and rise of Xi Jinpings"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/opinion\/lead\/the-rise-and-rise-of-xi-jinping\/article19977457.ece\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The rise and rise of Xi Jinpings<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Context<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China showcased <\/span><b>the primacy of President Xi Jinping<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The event focused on his vision and his status thus, restoring its global leadership role on full display.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Significant importance of Me. Xi ruling<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While this self-elevation, Mr. Xi will become the principal mediator of China\u2019s future directions over the next five years and possibly beyond.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With Mr. Xi steadily accumulating controls of authority and eliminating rivals, there has been a shift towards personalized rule in his first term and now at the Party Congress. The erosion of checks that it involves has attendant risks for China.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mr. Xi has been included in the new line-up of the PBSC. This has kept open the possibility of him staying on as the <\/span><b>paramount leader<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or the power behind the throne well beyond 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His preference for maintaining a strong state and party role in the economy with minimal privatization of state-owned assets and firm control over social and financial risks is unlikely to change in the wake of the Congress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He is also positioning China as a defender of globalization, it comes with a strong dose of mercantilism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For India, one key outcome of the party meeting is the <\/span><b>articulation of China\u2019s increasingly explicit great power ambitions.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>preoccupation with building up global combat<\/b> <b>capabilities <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to safeguard China\u2019s overseas interests also figures prominently in Mr. Xi\u2019s vision.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mr. Xi has set the goal of completing modernization of the armed forces by 2035 and transforming the PLA into a world-class military by 2050.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China is likely to intensify its efforts to shape its periphery and forge a \u201cworld community of shared destiny\u201d centred around it. With the U.S. in temporary retreat and the West distracted by internal challenges, China considers this to be a period of strategic opportunity to take its great power project to the next level in the new era that Mr. Xi has envisioned.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>The BRI gauntlet<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mr. Xi\u2019s <\/span><b>Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the key instrument embedded in the party constitution. <\/span><b>There is nothing to suggest that China is inclined to address India\u2019s concerns about the BRI.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a development possibly linked to China\u2019s enhanced global agenda, for the first time since 2003, the Politburo includes a diplomat, <\/span><b>State Councillor Yang Jiechi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as the Chinese special representative for boundary talks with India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may also be noted that <\/span><b>since his 2014 visit to India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, President Xi has emerged as the <\/span><b>principal Chinese interlocutor for Prime Minister Narendra Modi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Way ahead<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A more assertive China will be one of the most critical factors shaping <\/span><b>India\u2019s external environment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, apart from engendering new challenges in the management of bilateral relations, more so as the footprints of the two re-emergent countries will increasingly overlap.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>India \u2013 China<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Background<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India \u2013 China relations have undergone dramatic changes over the past five decades, ranging from the 1950\u2018s with a deep hostility in the 1960\u2018s and 1970\u2018s to a rapprochement in the 1980\u2018s and a readjustment since the demise of Soviet Union.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The modern relationship began in 1950 when India was among the first countries to end formal ties with the Republic of China and recognize the PRC as the legitimate government of Mainland China. China and India are the two most populous countries and fastest growing major economies in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India and China are playing an increasingly important role in the world economy. A better relationship would boost trade ties, investments and employment in the two countries, and even augment global growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>India \u2013 China Policies<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the independence of the Republic of India and the formation of the People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) in the year 1949, one of the policies for the Indian government was that of maintaining cordial relations with China<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When China announced that it would be occupying Tibet, India sent a letter of protest proposing negotiations on the Tibet issue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China was even more active in deploying troops on the Aksai Chin border than India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India was so concerned about its relations with China that it did not even attend a conference for the conclusion of a peace treaty with Japan because China was not invited.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India even strove to become China\u2019s representative in matters related to world since China had been isolated from many issues<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1954, China and India concluded the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Panchsheel, under which, India acknowledged Chinese rule in Tibet.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was at this time when former Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru promoted the slogan \u201cHindi-Chini bhai-bhai\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In July 1954, Nehru wrote a memo directing a revision in the maps of India to show definite boundaries on all frontiers; however, Chinese maps showed some 120,000 square kilometres of Indian territory as Chinese. On being questioned, Zhou Enlai, the first Premier of People\u2019s Republic of China, responded that there were errors in the maps<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Top People\u2019s Republic of China leader, Mao Zedong felt humiliated by the reception Dalai Lama obtained in India when he fled there in March 1959.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China\u2019s perception of India as a threat to its rule of Tibet became one of the most prominent reasons for the Sino-Indian War<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In October 1959, India realized that it was not ready for war after a clash between the two armies at Kongka Pass, in which nine Indian policemen were killed; the country assumed responsibility for the border and pulled back patrols from disputed areas<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Various conflicts and military incidents between India and China flared up throughout the summer of 1962<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On July 10, 1962, around 350 Chinese troops surrounded.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Commercial relations<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade volume between the two countries in the beginning of the century, year 2000, stood at US$ 3 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2008, bilateral trade reached US$ 51.8 billion with China replacing the United States as India\u2019s largest \u201cGoods trading partner.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2011 bilateral trade reached an all-time high of US$ 73.9 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2016, India\u2019s top exports to China included diamonds, cotton yarn, iron ore, copper and organic chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2016, China exports of electrical machinery and equipment saw an increase of 26.83%to US$ 16.98 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India was the largest export destination of Fertilizers exports from China.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are three border trade points between India and China viz. Nathu La Pass (Sikkim), Shipki La Pass (Himachal Pradesh) and Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Investments<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to data released by China\u2019s Ministry of Commerce, the Chinese investment in India in Jan-Mar 2017 were to the tune of US$ 73 million.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cumulative Investment in India till March 2017 stood at US$ 4.91 billion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to data released by China\u2019s Ministry of Commerce, the cumulative Indian investment in China till March 2017 reached US$705 million.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Economic Relations<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India-China economic relations constitute an important element of the strategic and cooperative partnership between the two countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several institutional mechanisms have been established for enhancing and strengthening economic cooperation between the two countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In accordance with the MoU signed during Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao\u2019s visit to India in April 2005, the two sides have since successfully held eight Financial Dialogues in April 2006, December 2007, January 2009, September 2010, November 2011, September 2013, December 2014 and August 2016 respectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Recent developments<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two developments could lead to even greater momentum for Sino-Indian economic integration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Larger companies in both countries are increasingly acquiring third-country companies that already have a presence in China and India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China hopes for better ties with India in future by resolving differences over India\u2019s admission into elite <\/span><b>Nuclear Suppliers Group<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and listing of JeM chief Masood Azhar as terrorist by the UN as the two nations signed off their most engaging year bogged down by the twin issues.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The year 2017 has seen a steady development of China-India relations, with the two countries marching towards the goal of building a more closely-knit partnership.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The rise and rise of Xi Jinpings Context The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China showcased the primacy of President Xi Jinping. The event focused on his vision and his status thus, restoring its global leadership role on full display. Significant importance of Me. Xi ruling While this self-elevation, Mr. Xi will&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/the-rise-and-rise-of-xi-jinpings\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The rise and rise of Xi Jinpings<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[555],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-test-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704704689},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34202"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34202\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34202"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34202"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}