{"id":342570,"date":"2025-07-09T23:13:13","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T17:43:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=342570"},"modified":"2025-07-16T17:00:28","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T11:30:28","slug":"psir-power-50-day-30-capsule-globalisation-practice-qs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-30-capsule-globalisation-practice-qs\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 30 Capsule: GLOBALISATION + Practice Qs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hello aspirants,<\/p>\n<p>Download PDF- https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\/290<\/p>\n<p>Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers <strong>GLOBALISATION.<\/strong> There are <strong>two 20-markers, three 15-markers, and five 10-markers<\/strong> from this topic in the last 12 years.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Core Definition &amp; Long\u2010Wave History<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Item<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Content &amp; Scholars<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Globalization = \u201cwidening, deepening, speeding-up of worldwide interconnectedness\u201d (Held). Giddens \u2192 <em>\u201cdecoupling of space &amp; time.\u201d<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Early Visionaries<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Grotius \/ Kant<\/strong> \u2013 \u2018society of states\u2019, interdependence, int\u2019l law &amp; perpetual peace.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>4 Historical Phases<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>16 C<\/strong> mercantile expansion after Magellan \u2022 <strong>Late-19 C<\/strong> industrial\/imperial surge (ends 1914-30s crisis) \u2022 <strong>Post-1945<\/strong> Bretton Woods + MNC take-off + decolonisation \u2022 <strong>Post-1989<\/strong> \u201cTriumph of capitalism\u201d: Cold-War end, WTO, internet.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Six Competing Theses<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>School<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key Voices<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Main Claims (\u2193 state \u2194\ufe0e \u2191 state?)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>1. Hyper-globalist<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Kenichi <strong>Ohmae<\/strong>, Robert <strong>Reich<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Global markets trump politics; states \u2198 sovereignty, become tax\/dereg \u201ctransmission belts\u201d. Borderless world, knowledge class winners, consumerist culture.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2. Skeptical<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Paul <strong>Hirst<\/strong> &amp; Grahame <strong>Thompson<\/strong>; Alan <strong>Rugman<\/strong>; Robert <strong>Wade<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u201cMyth\u201d: 19 C integration was deeper; today = regional blocs (Triad). States still steer &amp; shield; core\u2013periphery gap widens; globalization = neo-imperial US-led order.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>3. Transformationalist \/ Complex<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>David <strong>Held<\/strong>, Peter <strong>Dicken<\/strong>, Roland <strong>Robertson<\/strong>, Robert <strong>Keohane<\/strong> &amp; Joseph <strong>Nye<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Not demise but <em>mutation<\/em> of state; blurred domestic\/foreign; historically novel flows; outcome indeterminate; \u201ccomplex interdependence\u201d. Robertson: rising <em>global consciousness<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>4. New-Institutionalist<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Peter <strong>Hall<\/strong> &amp; David <strong>Soskice<\/strong> (\u201cVarieties of Capitalism\u201d), Geoffrey <strong>Garrett<\/strong>, Linda <strong>Weiss<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Robust domestic institutions mediate shocks; states can <em>gain<\/em> capacity via strategic adaptation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>5. Ideational<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Colin <strong>Hay<\/strong>, David <strong>Marsh<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Globalization also = discourse; elites choose neo-liberal paths because they <em>believe<\/em> competitiveness myths \u2013 a \u201cself-imposed constraint.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>6. Critical \/ Dependency<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Andr\u00e9 <strong>Gunder Frank<\/strong>, Raymond <strong>Vernon<\/strong>, Robert <strong>Cox<\/strong>, Paul <strong>Kennedy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Globalization = rebranded imperialism; SAPs, debt-crisis &amp; MNCs entrench core dominance, dismantle welfare, fuel inequality, farmer suicides (Andhra\/Vidarbha). Kennedy: labour protection erodes; Cox: \u201cglobal governance\u201d limits autonomy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> What Happens to State Sovereignty? (Held\u2019s 3 Challenge Arenas)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>World Economy<\/strong> \u2013 footloose capital, MNC planning, mobile finance, tech shrink space; Keynesian tools blunted.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Int\u2019l Organisations<\/strong> \u2013 IMF, World Bank, WTO, UN &amp; <strong>EU<\/strong> exercise shared rule (sovereignty \u2260 indivisible).<\/li>\n<li><strong>International Law &amp; Rights<\/strong> \u2013 ICC, ECHR: individuals sue states; Westphalian immunity diluted.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Result:<\/strong> Toward <em>\u201cneo-medieval\u201d overlapping authority<\/em> (Held), <em>hybrid sovereignty<\/em>; but states still powerful (regional leverage, US\/EU).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Domestic Repercussions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sphere<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key Points &amp; Scholars<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Democracy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>External conditionalities (IMF SAPs) erode consent chain; liberal-democratic theory must adjust.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ethnic Resurgence<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Global pull \u21c6 local push; identities are <em>\u201cimagined\u201d<\/em> (Benedict Anderson) not primordial; secession, nationalism, marginal-group assertion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Shift to Governance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>From single-level <em>government<\/em> to multi-level <em>governance<\/em> (EU prototype).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Community &amp; Rights<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Citizenship vs \u201ccommunity of sentiment\u201d blur; universal human rights create <em>post-national<\/em> membership.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Anti-Globalization Politics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Left-wing (Alter-global)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Right-wing (National-populist)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zapatistas (1994), Battle of Seattle (1999), <strong>World Social Forum<\/strong>, Occupy, Syriza. Focus: corporate power, austerity, open borders, climate justice.<\/td>\n<td>UKIP, AfD, Generation Identity, Trump, Modi, Bolsonaro. Focus: anti-immigration, ethnos, \u201cglobalists\u201d, anti-left. Social-media mobilised (Web 2.0).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> COVID-19 Lens \u2013 IR Theories React<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Realist<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Stephen Walt<\/strong>: pandemic proves states still supreme; borders tighten.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Liberal<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Joseph Nye<\/strong>: need stronger WHO &amp; cooperation; US unilateralism hurts.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Post-colonial<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Gurminder Bhambra<\/strong>: colonial legacies \u2192 racialised impact.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Marxist<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>Mike Davis<\/strong>: capitalism breeds plagues; vaccine R&amp;D unprofitable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Constructivist\/Post-structural<\/strong> \u2013 securitisation language shapes response.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Feminist<\/strong> \u2013 human-security lens reveals surge in gender violence; Panama gendered lockdown blunder.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong> Globalization &amp; Development: Winners, Losers, Inequality<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Scholar \/ Report<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Key Findings<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Deepak Nayar<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Uneven regional gains: East\/South Asia surge, many African LDCs lag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Catherine Mann<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Problem = <em>too little<\/em> inclusive globalization; revive with risk-sharing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dani Rodrik<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Post-1990 model favoured MNCs; advocates \u201cthinner\u201d globalization to rebuild domestic social contracts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Banerjee &amp; Duflo<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Need safety-nets; myths about migrants\/job losses overstated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Adrian Wood<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Tech-biased trade widens skill wage gap in South.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bernhard G. Gunter<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>1985-2015: 29\/118 states saw export\/GDP fall; education &amp; macro-stability key to joining trade boom; some HICs marginalised, LICs like Bangladesh &amp; Vietnam surged.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>2008 Crash<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>deregulated finance \u2192 contagion; rich-world QE vs EU austerity; EMs hurt by strong-currency, high-rate orthodoxy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Poverty &amp; Inequality<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&lt;$1\/day share fell 40 \u2192 21 % (1981-2001) mainly Asia; but &lt;$2\/day numbers rose; Africa worsened.<br \/>\n\u2022 Resource-rich states often more unequal (\u201cparadox of plenty\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong> Key Policy Prescriptions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Domestic<\/strong> \u2013 invest in human capital, inclusive growth, labour rights, social safety-nets, nurture SMEs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Global\/Regional<\/strong> \u2013 reform IMF\/WB; coordinated taxation; regulate MNCs; build Globalisation 4.0 governance for AI\/IoT era.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Balance Openness &amp; Autonomy<\/strong> \u2013 \u201cembedded liberalism\u201d redux to avoid backlash.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong> Scholar Index <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Anderson \u2022 Bhambra \u2022 Banerjee \u2022 Cox \u2022 Dicken \u2022 Duflo \u2022 Frank \u2022 Garrett \u2022 Giddens \u2022 Gunter \u2022 Hall \u2022 Hay \u2022 Held \u2022 Hirst \u2022 Kennedy \u2022 Keohane \u2022 Mann \u2022 Marsh \u2022 Mike Davis \u2022 Nayar \u2022 Nye \u2022 Ohmae \u2022 Reid (Reich) \u2022 Robertson \u2022 Rodrik \u2022 Rugman \u2022 Soskice \u2022 Thompson \u2022 Vernon \u2022 Wade \u2022 Walt \u2022 Weiss \u2022 Wood.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Practice Questions<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1.<\/strong> <strong>What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation? [2022\/10 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 2. What is globalisation? Why is there an intense debate about globalisation and its consequences?. [2021\/15 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 3. &#8220;Deglobalisation is displacing globalisation.&#8221; Comment. [2024\/20m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <em>Model answers available on the Telegram channel:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 keep notifications on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See you tomorrow on Day 31. Keep practicing!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<strong>Amit Pratap Singh &amp; Team<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>A quick note on submissions of copies and mentorship<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2025 Mains writers<\/strong>: <strong>Cohort 2 of ATS starts<\/strong> on <strong>13 July<\/strong>. The above practice set will serve as your <em>revision tool<\/em>, just <strong>do not miss booking your mentorship sessions<\/strong> for personalised feedback especially for starting tests. Come with your evaluated test copies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2026 Mains writers &#8211; <\/strong>keep uploading through your usual dashboard. Act on the feedback and improve consistently.<\/li>\n<li>Alternate between mini-tests <strong>(O-AWFG)<\/strong> and full mocks <strong>(ATS)<\/strong> has been designed to tackle speed, content depth, and structured revision\u2014line-by-line evaluation pinpoints your weaknesses and errors. Follow your <strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS <\/strong>schedule and use the model answers to enrich your content, as rankers recommended based on their own success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hello aspirants, Download PDF- https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\/290 Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers GLOBALISATION. There are two 20-markers, three 15-markers, and five 10-markers from this topic in the last 12 years. Core Definition &amp; Long\u2010Wave History Item Content &amp; Scholars Definition Globalization = \u201cwidening, deepening, speeding-up of worldwide interconnectedness\u201d (Held). Giddens \u2192 \u201cdecoupling of space&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-30-capsule-globalisation-practice-qs\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 30 Capsule: GLOBALISATION + Practice Qs<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10394,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,11323,12128,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-342570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academy","category-notification","category-psir-optional","category-uncategorized","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342570","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10394"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=342570"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342570\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=342570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=342570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=342570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}