{"id":342993,"date":"2025-07-18T00:41:17","date_gmt":"2025-07-17T19:11:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=342993"},"modified":"2025-07-18T09:37:53","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T04:07:53","slug":"psir-power-50-day-33-capsule-changing-international-political-order-practice-qs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-33-capsule-changing-international-political-order-practice-qs\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 33 Capsule: Changing International Political Order \u00a0+ Practice Qs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\/305\">Download the PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hello aspirants,<\/p>\n<p>Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers<strong><u> Changing International Political Order. <\/u><\/strong>There are <strong>five 20-markers, twelve 15-markers, and five 10-markers<\/strong> from this topic in the last 12 years. <strong>Changing International Political Order Practice Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h1><strong><u>Changing International Political Order<\/u><\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>1 From Bipolar <em>Cold War<\/em> to Post-Cold-War Flux<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Origins &amp; phases.<\/strong> Orwell coins \u201cCold War\u201d; George F. Kennan\u2019s <em>Long Telegram<\/em> births containment; crises from Berlin (1948) to Cuban missiles illustrate bipolar \u201chot spots.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00e9tente &amp; collapse.<\/strong> SALT-I, Ostpolitik and the Sino-Soviet split soften rivalry; but Afghanistan, star-wars spending and Mikhail Gorbachev\u2019s <em>glasnost &amp; perestroika<\/em> ignite systemic implosion. Gorbachev\u2019s reforms unleash Baltic secession; 1989 revolutions topple Ceausescu and bring down the Berlin Wall, while a hollow Soviet consumer economy seals the Union\u2019s dissolution in 1991.<\/li>\n<li><em>John Lewis Gaddis<\/em> calls nuclear parity \u201cmutually assured peace\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>2 Competing Visions of the New Order<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Model \/ Author(s)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Core Proposition<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Counter-Critique<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u201cEnd of History\u201d \u2013 Francis Fukuyama<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Liberal-capitalist democracy marks the <em>\u201cendpoint of mankind\u2019s ideological evolution.\u201d<\/em><\/td>\n<td><em>Jacques Derrida<\/em> rues capitalism\u2019s unseen misery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Three-Bloc Geo-economics \u2013 Walter Russell Mead, Jeffrey Garten, Edward Luttwak, Lester Thurow<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Geopolitics yields to Pacific, NAFTA &amp; EU trade blocs.<\/td>\n<td><em>Joseph Nye<\/em> says tech-driven global markets defy bloc autarky<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Revitalised Balance of Power \u2013 Henry Kissinger, Richard Rosecrance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Multipolar quartet (US-China-Russia-EU) revives 19 C balancing.<\/td>\n<td>Nye calls 19 C analogies \u201cfalse\u201d; Rosecrance fears US-Japan antagonism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u201cClash of Civilisations\u201d \u2013 Samuel P. Huntington<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Future wars ride cultural fault-lines.<\/td>\n<td>Sunni\u2013Shia &amp; ISIS vs al-Qaeda show <em>intra<\/em>-civilisational conflict<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>\u201cUnipolar Moment\u201d \u2013 Charles Krauthammer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>US enjoys decades-long solo supremacy.<\/td>\n<td>\u201cDeclinists\u201d (e.g., <em>Robert Pape<\/em>) foresee economic over-reach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cold War 2.0? \u2013 Stephen Walt, Alexei Arbatov<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Warn against simplistic US-China\/Russia bipolar label; complexity of \u201cmulti-alignment\u201d today. Russia-Ukraine war (2022 \u2013 present) keeps the analogy alive but within a far more multipolar setting.<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Zones of Peace\/Turmoil \u2013 Max Singer, Aaron Wildavsky, Robert D. Kaplan<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>OECD core stable; Global South faces anarchy<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><strong>\u00a0 3. U.S. Hegemony: Rise, Triumph &amp; Strains<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Drivers of ascent.<\/strong> Ocean moats, late entry in both World Wars, Bretton-Woods dollar, NATO\/ANZUS basing, \u201cmilitary-technical revolution\u201d of Gulf War \u201991.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Triumphalism.<\/strong> Fukuyama\u2019s \u201cend,\u201d neocons (<em>Kristol\/Kagan<\/em>) equate globalisation with U.S. leadership.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Challenges &amp; 2025 response.<\/strong> War-fatigue post-9\/11, 2008 financial crisis, China\u2019s BRI surge, India\u2019s quiet rise, pandemic credibility shock <strong>and a 2025 U.S. National Security Strategy that doubles down on \u201cintegrated deterrence\u201d against the tightening China\u2013Russia alignment.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong><br \/>\n<h2><strong>4. Concepts: Power &amp; Polarity<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Classical &amp; Neo-realists.<\/strong> <em>Hans Morgenthau<\/em> (\u201cstruggle for power\u201d); <em>Kenneth Waltz<\/em> (bipolar stability); <em>Robert Gilpin<\/em> (hegemonic war); <em>John Mearsheimer<\/em> (offensive dominance).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Relational definitions.<\/strong> <em>Robert Dahl<\/em> \u2013 \u201cA gets B to do what B would not do\u201d; <em>Joseph Nye &amp; Robert Keohane<\/em> link asymmetric interdependence to \u201csoft-power\u201d leverage.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Great-power yardsticks.<\/strong> <em>Paul Kennedy<\/em> &amp; <em>Kenneth Waltz<\/em> list five requisites; <em>Martin Wight<\/em> on \u201cdominant power.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>Polarity.<\/strong> <em>Nuno Moneteiro<\/em>\u2019s traits of unipolarity; classic bipolar (Cold War) and fluid multipolarity today.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\n<h2><strong> Emerging Centres &amp; Strategic Projects (2025 figures)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"table-responsive\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Power<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Hard &amp; Soft Assets<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Initiatives \/ 2025 Note<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>China<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>~17 % of world GDP; modernised PLA &amp; tech edge<\/td>\n<td>Belt-and-Road now features <strong>\u201cBRI Green Investment Principles 2.0\u201d<\/strong> (Oct 2023) + new debt-restructuring facility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Russia<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Energy leverage; second-largest nukes<\/td>\n<td>Crimea annexation, Near-abroad doctrine, Syria entry, ongoing Ukraine war<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>India<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>World\u2019s 3rd-largest economy<\/strong> (IMF\/World Bank FY 24\/25); largest democracy<\/td>\n<td>\u201cAct East,\u201d Quad, Asia\u2013Africa Growth Corridor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>European Union<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>~15 % of world trade; regulatory \u201csoft giant\u201d<\/td>\n<td><strong>EU Strategic Compass 2025 Review pledges a 5 000-troop Rapid-Deployment Capacity by 2027<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>BRICS +<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>11 full members after 2024-25 enlargement (adds Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia) + Nigeria as \u201cpartner\u201d; \u224836 % global GDP, &gt;45 % population<\/td>\n<td>NDB &amp; CRA scale-up; China-centric asymmetry persists<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\n<h2><strong> Co-operation Architectures &amp; NATO<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Multilateral shift from Bretton Woods to WTO, SCO, BRICS \u2013 <em>Miles Kahler<\/em> and <em>John Gerard Ruggie<\/em> stress new regime complexity and non-state interface.<\/li>\n<li><strong>NATO @ 75 <\/strong><strong>\u2192<\/strong><strong> @ 32.<\/strong> Finland joined on 4 Apr 2023, Sweden on 7 Mar 2024, raising the alliance to <strong>32 members.<\/strong> The <strong>July 2025 summit communiqu\u00e9<\/strong> notes that <em>all<\/em> allies are projected to hit or exceed the <strong>2 %-of-GDP defence benchmark<\/strong>, up from just three in 2014; Article 5 solidarity endures while Turkey\u2019s S-400 tilt still tests cohesion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\n<h2><strong> The 1990-91 <em>Gulf War<\/em> \u2013 First Post-bipolar Test<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Iraq\u2019s debt-driven annexation of Kuwait meets US-led 28-nation coalition; Soviet concurrence signals UN-authorised collective security in new era.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\n<h2><strong> <em>Non-Aligned Movement<\/em> (NAM): History, Critique, Renewal<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Roots.<\/strong> Bandung \u201955 Ten Principles; Belgrade \u201961 (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Nkrumah, Sukarno) formalise NAM.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Achievements.<\/strong> Accelerated decolonisation, anti-apartheid, NIEO demand at Algiers \u201973, nuclear-disarmament advocacy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scholarly debates.<\/strong> <em>Peter Willetts<\/em> calls 1961 its brief zenith; <em>Keethaponcalan<\/em> insists NAM\u2019s Bandung DNA; <em>T. V. Paul<\/em> frames NAM as \u201csoft balancing\u201d; <em>Sally Morphet<\/em>, <em>Ran Kochan<\/em>, <em>Christopher Waters<\/em>, <em>Carsten Rauch<\/em> trace ideological evolution.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Contemporary relevance.<\/strong> Multipolar uncertainty, South-South equity, climate justice and digital divides rekindle Bandung spirit; diplomat <strong>N. Krishnan<\/strong> warns globalisation breeds new inequities. <strong>The Third South Summit (G-77 &amp; NAM, Kampala \u2013 Jan 2024) adopted the \u201cKampala Outcome Document,\u201d prioritising digital-divide financing, debt relief and climate-loss compensation.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Important points (2025 context)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Order is provisional and contested.<\/strong> Unipolar, multipolar and civilisational frames coexist as NATO grows to 32, BRICS morphs into <strong>BRICS +<\/strong>, and non-aligned coalitions push equity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Power is relational &amp; multi-dimensional.<\/strong> Hard, soft and regulatory tools overlap: India\u2019s leap to #3 GDP rank, EU\u2019s budding rapid-deployment force, China\u2019s green-BRI finance.<\/li>\n<li><strong>U.S. primacy is contested, not collapsed.<\/strong> 2025 \u201cintegrated deterrence\u201d strategy shows adaptation under strain from China\u2013Russia coordination.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rising powers craft counter-architectures.<\/strong> BRICS +, SCO and BRI Green 2.0 diversify rulemaking beyond the West.<\/li>\n<li><strong>NAM\u2019s soft-balancing and multilateral ethics retain value and relevance,<\/strong> bolstered by Kampala\u2019s digital-debt-climate agenda for the Global South.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Scholars Index:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Alexei Arbatov\u2002|\u2002 Nicolae Ceausescu\u2002|\u2002Robert Dahl\u2002|\u2002Jacques Derrida\u2002|\u2002Francis Fukuyama\u2002|\u2002John Lewis Gaddis\u2002|\u2002Jeffrey Garten\u2002|\u2002Robert Gilpin\u2002|\u2002Mikhail Gorbachev\u2002|\u2002Samuel P. Huntington\u2002|\u2002Robert Kagan\u2002|\u2002Miles Kahler\u2002|\u2002Robert D. Kaplan\u2002|\u2002S. Keethaponcalan\u2002|\u2002George F. Kennan\u2002|\u2002Henry Kissinger\u2002|\u2002William Kristol\u2002|\u2002Charles Krauthammer\u2002|\u2002Edward Luttwak\u2002|\u2002Walter Russell Mead\u2002|\u2002John Mearsheimer\u2002|\u2002N. Krishnan\u2002|\u2002Nuno P. Monteiro\u2002|\u2002Sally Morphet\u2002|\u2002Hans Morgenthau\u2002|\u2002Kwame Nkrumah\u2002|\u2002Jawaharlal Nehru\u2002|\u2002Gamal Abdel Nasser\u2002|\u2002Joseph Nye\u2002|\u2002George Orwell\u2002|\u2002Robert Pape\u2002|\u2002T. V. Paul\u2002|\u2002Carsten Rauch\u2002|\u2002Richard Rosecrance\u2002|\u2002John Gerard Ruggie\u2002|\u2002Max Singer\u2002|\u2002Sukarno\u2002|\u2002Lester Thurow\u2002|\u2002Josip Broz Tito\u2002|\u2002Stephen Walt\u2002|\u2002Kenneth Waltz\u2002|\u2002Christopher Waters\u2002|\u2002Martin Wight\u2002|\u2002Aaron Wildavsky\u2002|\u2002Peter Willetts<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Practice Questions <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1<\/strong> <strong>The expansionist tendencies of the current Russian regime indicate its intentions for the realisation of a Greater Russia on the lines of the Soviet era. Comment. [2024\/10 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 2. Do you agree with the view that the USA uses NATO as a traditional tool of strategy to perpetuate its hegemony in the world? [2024\/15 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 3. Critically examine the rise of People\u2019s Republic of China (PRC) as a great power and its implications on Asian Political order. [2022\/20m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <em>Model answers available on the Telegram channel:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 keep notifications on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See you tomorrow on Day 34. Keep practicing!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<strong>Amit Pratap Singh &amp; Team<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>A quick note on submissions of copies and mentorship<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2025 Mains writers<\/strong>: <strong>Cohort 2 of ATS starts<\/strong> on <strong>13 July<\/strong>. The above practice set will serve as your <em>revision tool<\/em>, just <strong>do not miss booking your mentorship sessions<\/strong> for personalised feedback especially for starting tests. Come with your evaluated test copies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2026 Mains writers \u2013 Cohort 4 of <\/strong><strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS starts on 24<sup>th<\/sup> July 2025. <\/strong>keep uploading through your usual dashboard. Act on the feedback and improve consistently.<\/li>\n<li>Alternate between mini-tests <strong>(O-AWFG)<\/strong> and full mocks <strong>(ATS)<\/strong> has been designed to tackle speed, content depth, and structured revision\u2014line-by-line evaluation pinpoints your weaknesses and errors. Follow your <strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS <\/strong>schedule and use the model answers to enrich your content, as rankers recommended based on their own success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Download the PDF Hello aspirants, Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers Changing International Political Order. There are five 20-markers, twelve 15-markers, and five 10-markers from this topic in the last 12 years. Changing International Political Order Practice Questions \u00a0 Changing International Political Order &nbsp; 1 From Bipolar Cold War to Post-Cold-War Flux Origins&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-33-capsule-changing-international-political-order-practice-qs\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 33 Capsule: Changing International Political Order \u00a0+ Practice Qs<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10394,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12128,9],"tags":[12012,12133],"class_list":["post-342993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-psir-optional","category-public","tag-psir-forumias","tag-psir-optional","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10394"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=342993"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/342993\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=342993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=342993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=342993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}