{"id":343373,"date":"2025-07-24T09:50:26","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T04:20:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=343373"},"modified":"2025-07-24T09:50:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T04:20:26","slug":"psir-power-50-day-35-capsule-united-nations-practice-qs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-35-capsule-united-nations-practice-qs\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 35 Capsule: United Nations+ Practice Qs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Hello aspirants,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers<strong> United Nations<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong>There are <strong>four 20-markers, five 15-markers, and six 10-markers<\/strong> from this topic in the last 12 years.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>United Nations<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Genesis, Mandate<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Key Milestones<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Significance<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>San<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Francisco Conference<\/em> (Apr\u2011Jun\u202f1945)<\/td>\n<td>50 states draft &amp; sign the UN\u202fCharter.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Entry into force \u2013 <strong>24<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Oct<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>1945<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>51 founding members.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>UN at <strong>80<\/strong> (2025)<\/td>\n<td>Now <strong>193<\/strong> members; the only <em>truly universal<\/em> inter\u2011governmental body.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Summit<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>of<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>the<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Future<\/em> (Sept\u202f2024)<\/td>\n<td><em>Pact<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>for<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>the<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Future<\/em> endorsed: embeds a <strong>Global<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Digital<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Compact<\/strong>, fresh SDG\u2011financing pledges &amp; a Declaration on Future Generations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Charter purposes (Art.<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>1)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Maintain international peace &amp; security<\/li>\n<li>Foster friendly relations &amp; self\u2011determination<\/li>\n<li>Promote human\u2011rights, socio\u2011economic &amp; humanitarian co\u2011operation<\/li>\n<li>Provide a centre for harmonising state action<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Six Principal Organs \u2013 Structure &amp; 2025 Realities<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Organ<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Core Function (Charter)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2025 \/ Issues<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>General Assembly<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Deliberative, budgetary, elective; <em>one\u2011state\u2011one\u2011vote<\/em>.<\/td>\n<td>79th session (2024\u201125) includes \u201crevitalisation\u201d agenda: more interactive dialogues, stricter mandate\u2011review.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Security Council<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Primary responsibility for peace &amp; security; 15\u202fmembers (P5\u202f+\u202f10).<\/td>\n<td><em>Gridlock<\/em>: &gt; 7 Security Council Vetoes Between Feb 2022 and Feb 2024 ( 4- Russia, 3-US) on Ukraine and Gaza related drafts. France\/Mexico\u2011ACT code\u2011of\u2011conduct on veto restraint now backed by 106\u202fstates.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ECOSOC<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Coordinate UN\u2011system economic &amp; social work.<\/td>\n<td>Quadrennial <em>High\u2011Level Political Forum<\/em> reviews SDG mid\u2011term: only c.15\u202f% targets \u201con track\u201d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Secretariat<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Administers programmes; Sec\u2011Gen as chief diplomat.<\/td>\n<td>Ant\u00f3nio\u202fGuterres (2nd term, 2022\u201126) drives three reform tracks: *<em>peace\u2011&amp;\u2011security<\/em> re\u2011org, management simplification, and \u2018Our Common Agenda\u2019 follow\u2011up.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ICJ<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Judicial settlement &amp; advisory opinions.<\/td>\n<td>Issued landmark <em>provisional\u2011measures<\/em> orders: <strong>Ukraine<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>v.<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Russia<\/strong> (2022) &amp; <strong>South<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Africa<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>v.<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Israel<\/strong> (Jan\/Mar\u202f2024) under Genocide\u202fConvention.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Trusteeship Council<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Dormant since 1994.<\/td>\n<td>Debate on repurposing for <em>Global<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Commons<\/em> governance revived in 2024 Pact.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> UN \u201cFamily\u201d \u2013 Agencies &amp; Funds (selected highlights)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>WHO<\/strong> \u2013 led May\u202f2025 adoption of a <em>Pandemic Agreement<\/em> anchoring equitable access &amp; surveillance financing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>WFP<\/strong> \u2013 Nobel Peace Prize 2020; delivering record assistance to Gaza, Sudan &amp; Ukraine in 2024\u201125.<\/li>\n<li><strong>UNDP \/ UN\u2011Women \/ UNEP<\/strong> \u2013 align all programming to 17\u202fSDGs; 2023 midpoint stock\u2011take warns of a US$4\u202ftrn annual SDG finance gap.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Specialised Agencies <\/strong><strong>\u2013<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Mandates &amp; 2025 update<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Agency (HQ)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Charter\u2011level Aim<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2024\u201125 Highlight<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>FAO<\/strong> (Rome)<\/td>\n<td>Eliminate hunger &amp; improve agriculture, fisheries\u202f&amp; forestry.<\/td>\n<td><em>One Health<\/em> initiative with WHO\u202f&amp;\u202fWOAH to curb zoonotic outbreaks.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ILO<\/strong> (Geneva)<\/td>\n<td>Set &amp; supervise international labour standards; promote decent work.<\/td>\n<td>Global Coalition for Social Justice launched\u202f2023; ratification drive on Convention\u202f190 (violence\/harassment).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>WHO<\/strong> (Geneva)<\/td>\n<td>Attain highest possible health for all peoples.<\/td>\n<td>Pandemic Agreement text finalised May\u202f2025; rollout of Universal Health Threats Dashboard.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>UNESCO<\/strong> (Paris)<\/td>\n<td>Education, science, culture co\u2011operation; heritage protection.<\/td>\n<td>1\u202f000th World\u2011Heritage inscription (Great\u202fGreen\u202fWall cultural landscape, Sahel).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>WFP<\/strong> (Rome)<\/td>\n<td>Provide food assistance &amp; nutrition in emergencies.<\/td>\n<td>Digital beneficiary registry passed 50\u202fmillion mark; Gaza &amp; Sudan top operations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>WBG<\/strong> (Washington)<\/td>\n<td>Poverty reduction &amp; development finance.<\/td>\n<td>Evolution Road\u2011Map 2024 adds <em>livability<\/em> &amp; <em>global public\u2011goods<\/em> pillar; 70\u202f% lending climate\u2011aligned by 2025.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Peace &amp; Security Record \u2013 Successes, Shortfalls, New Tests<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Positive Contributions<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Persistent Failures \/ Lessons<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Traditional peace\u2011keeping (since<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>1948)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>72\u202foperations; 120+ countries have contributed troops; deaths cut by c.70\u202f% in Liberia, Sierra\u202fLeone, C\u00f4te\u202fd\u2019Ivoire.<\/td>\n<td>Equipment gaps &amp; $1.9\u202fbn arrears (2025); 309 uninformed MINUSMA personnel died between Aug 2013 and December 2023, including 174 killed by hostile acts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Cease\u2011fire diplomacy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Successful mediation in Iran\u2011Iraq (1988), El\u202fSalvador (1992), Kenya (2008).<\/td>\n<td>UNSC paralysis over Syria, Ukraine, Gaza; vetoes block sanctions &amp; tribunals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Norm\u2011setting<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>NPT (1968), Land\u2011Mines (1997), ATT (2013).<\/td>\n<td>Nuclear\u2011weapon\u2011states boycott TPNW (2017); DPRK, Iran, AUKUS tensions strain regime.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Responsibility to Protect (R2P)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Kenya 2008 (diplomatic prevention); C\u00f4te\u202fd\u2019Ivoire 2011; Libya 2011 (initially).<\/td>\n<td>Libya mission overshoot eroded trust; Russia &amp; China veto R2P\u2011grounded action on Syria; Gaza 2023\u201124 exposes normative divide.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>ECOSOC<\/strong><strong>\u2019<\/strong><strong>s Technical Machinery<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Commission \/ Body<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Core Focus<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Functional C\u02bcns<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Statistical<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Custodian of SDG indicators; sets global classifications (e.g., ISIC\u202fRev.5, 2024).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><em>CSW<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Norm\u2011setting on gender equality; negotiates <em>Agreed Conclusions<\/em> annually.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><em>UNFF<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Sustainable forest management; Global Forest Finance Facilitation Network.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Regional Commissions<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>ECLAC<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Integrates Latin\u2011American economies; 2024 pact on digital taxation rules.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><em>ESCAP<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Asia\u2011Pacific transport corridors; early\u2011warning tech for SIDS.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><em>ECA \/ ECE \/ ESCWA<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Respectively drive AfCFTA analytics, circular\u2011economy regulation &amp; Arab energy\u2011transition financing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Human Rights &amp; International Law<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>International Bill of Human Rights<\/strong> + nine core treaties now enjoy near\u2011universal ratification.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ICJ revitalisation<\/strong> \u2013 44\u202fcontentious cases active mid\u20112025; Court\u2019s emergency orders on Ukraine (2022) &amp; Gaza (2024) underscore judicial pathway when Council is blocked.<\/li>\n<li><strong>ICC<\/strong> \u2013 17 live investigations incl. Sudan, Ukraine, Palestine; US &amp; Russia still non\u2011parties, limiting enforcement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>International Court of Justice <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Theme<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Detail<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Jurisdiction Triggers<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Special agreement<\/em>; compromissory clause; optional\u2011clause declarations (now 74 states); <em>forum prorogatum<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Select Achievements<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Nicaragua<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>v.<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>USA<\/em> (1986) clarified non\u2011intervention norm; <em>Burkina<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Faso\/Niger<\/em> (2013) solved 700\u2011km frontier peacefully; <em>Jadhav (India<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>v.<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Pakistan)<\/em> (2019) upheld consular\u2011access rights.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Structural Limits<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>No compulsory jurisdiction; enforcement tied to UNSC (prone to veto); individuals &amp; firms lack standing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2024\u201125<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>Mexico<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>v.<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Ecuador<\/em> (diplomatic\u2011premises raid); <em>Gambia<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>v.<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Myanmar<\/em> genocide merits; advisory opinion on climate\u2011change obligations (UNGA request\u202f2023) under deliberation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> Development, Climate &amp; Humanitarian Action<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Track<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>1945\u20112015<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>2015\u201125 (SDG decade)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Poverty &amp; Health<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>MDG era cut extreme poverty from 36\u202f% \u2192 10\u202f%.<\/td>\n<td>Pandemic &amp; wars push 75\u202fmillion back into poverty; WHO\u2011led <em>Pandemic Agreement<\/em> aims to avoid repeat supply inequities.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Climate &amp; Environment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>UNFCCC (1992) \u2192 Kyoto (1997).<\/td>\n<td>COP28 Dubai (2023) \u2013 first global pledge to \u201ctransition away from fossil fuels\u201d. Loss\u2011&amp;\u2011damage fund operationalised 2024; high\u2011ambition finance target to be fixed at COP29 (Baku, Nov\u202f2024).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Financing &amp; Reform Drive<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Bretton Woods dominance.<\/td>\n<td><em>Pact for the Future<\/em> presses for Bretton\u2011Woods quota re\u2011balance, SDG\u2011Stimulus &amp; debt restructuring; G20 2023 endorsed multilateral\u2011bank capital boosts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong> Reform Debates \u2013 UNSC &amp; Beyond<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Proposal &amp; Sponsors<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Core Ask<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Political Status (July<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>2025)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>G\u20114 (India, Japan, Germany, Brazil)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>6 new permanent seats (4\u202fG\u20114 +\u202f2\u202fAfrica)\u202f+\u202f4\u20115 non\u2011permanent.<\/td>\n<td>Backed by France, UK; opposed by <em>Uniting<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>for<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Consensus<\/em> (Italy, Pakistan, etc.).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Ezulwini Consensus (AU)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>2\u202fAfrican permanents <em>with veto<\/em> +\u202f2 elected seats.<\/td>\n<td>Renewed AU\u2011G\u20114 \u201cconvergence paper\u201d 2025, but veto remains stumbling block.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Veto restraint initiatives<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ACT Code of Conduct; France\u2011Mexico political declaration.<\/td>\n<td>106\u202fsignatories; Russia, China, US yet to join.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Secretariat\/Management<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Guterres\u2019 reforms cut 1\u202f000 rules, created DSG\u2011level <em>Development<\/em><em>\u202f<\/em><em>Coordination Office<\/em>; data\u2011driven budgeting.<\/td>\n<td>Implementation phase\u2011III (2024\u201126) focuses on field\u2011level agility &amp; digital public goods.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Trusteeship <\/strong><strong>\u2192<\/strong><strong> Global Commons Council<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Academia &amp; SIDS call to task it with oceans, climate &amp; AI governance.<\/td>\n<td>Discussed in Pact annex; inter\u2011gov negotiations start 2026.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other related aspects<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Uniting<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>for<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Consensus (Italy\u2011Pakistan\u2011Mexico etc.)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><em>No<\/em> new permanents; raise non\u2011permanent seats from 10\u202f\u2192\u202f20; allow immediate re\u2011election.<\/td>\n<td>G\u20114 &amp; AU reject \u201csecond\u2011class\u201d status; deadlock in Inter\u2011Governmental Negotiations (IGN).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>SIDS<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>LDC Caucus<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rotating <em>Small\u2011Island<\/em> seat in non\u2011permanent category.<\/td>\n<td>Larger states fear precedent for micro\u2011group entitlements.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Veto\u2011Reform Packages<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>a) Complete abolition; b) voluntary veto\u2011restraint in mass\u2011atrocity cases; c) double\u2011majority override (2\/3 UNGA\u202f+\u202f10\u202fSC votes).<\/td>\n<td>P5 unanimity requirement (Art.108) blocks charter change; only voluntary restraint feasible short\u2011term.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong> Collective Security \u2013 Existing Constraints<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Great\u2011Power unanimity<\/strong> rule (veto) still un\u2011reformed; Ukraine &amp; Gaza show cost.<\/li>\n<li>No standing UN rapid\u2011reaction force; peace ops depend on ad\u2011hoc troop commitments (India, Bangladesh, Rwanda, Nepal top contributors 2024).<\/li>\n<li>Rise of regional\u2011led coalitions (AU in Somalia, ECOWAS security mission 2024, ASEAN in Myanmar) partially compensates for Council stasis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong> Systemic Shortcomings &amp; Critiques<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><strong>Illustrative Issues<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Scholar \/ Report Commentary<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Collective\u2011Security Deficit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Veto stalemate (Ukraine, Gaza); no standing force.<\/td>\n<td>Richard\u202fFalk: \u201cstate sovereignty still trumps human security.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>North\u2011South Legitimacy Gap<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Bretton\u2011Woods voting imbalance; only 1\u202fAfrican on P5.<\/td>\n<td>Samir\u202fAmin: existing order \u201cperpetuates economic colonialism.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Operational Fragmentation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>40+ entities in development pillar \u00e0 duplication &amp; competition for funds.<\/td>\n<td>UN <em>Quadrennial Comprehensive Review<\/em> urges <em>delivering as one<\/em> approach.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Funding Reliance<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>58\u202f% of regular budget financed by ten donors; US share 22\u202f%.<\/td>\n<td>Ant\u00f3nio\u202fGuterres calls system \u201cmorally bankrupt\u201d without predictable financing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Accountability &amp; Abuse<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Peacekeeper sexual\u2011exploitation scandals (DRC, Haiti); WHO harassment cases.<\/td>\n<td>Independent panels recommend survivor\u2011centred investigation &amp; immunity waivers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u202f<\/strong><strong>Responsibility to Protect (R2P) <\/strong><strong>\u2013<\/strong><strong> Framework &amp; Trajectory<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2005 Outcome Doc.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Operational Mechanism<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Case\u2011Study Outcome<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 State\u2019s duty to protect populations<\/td>\n<td>Domestic prevention (rule\u2011of\u2011law, early\u2011warning).<\/td>\n<td><em>Kenya<\/em> (2008): Electoral\u2011violence contained via national pact.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0International assistance &amp; capacity\u2011building<\/td>\n<td>UN\u2011assessed risk, advisory missions, development aid.<\/td>\n<td><em>CAR<\/em> (2013\u201114): AU\u2011UN <em>MINUSCA<\/em> deployment stabilised Bangui.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Collective action when state manifestly fails<\/td>\n<td>UNSC measures \u2011 sanctions, ICC referral, military force (last resort).<\/td>\n<td><em>Libya<\/em> (2011): Res.1973 averted Benghazi massacre but mission\u2011creep eroded consensus; Russia\/China now cite precedent to resist Syrian action.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Brazil\u2019s \u201cResponsibility While Protection\u201d (2011)<\/strong> adds post\u2011intervention accountability &amp; proportionality tests; still informally referenced in Council debates.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong> Appraisal<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>The UN is no panacea,<\/em> yet compared with its League\u2011of\u2011Nations predecessor it has:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>prevented great\u2011power war<\/strong>,<\/li>\n<li>decolonised 80\u202fterritories,<\/li>\n<li>vaccinated billions &amp; fed millions,<\/li>\n<li>codified an unprecedented body of international law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Its <strong>legitimacy<\/strong> now depends up on aligning 1945 structures to 21st\u2011century power, financing and digital realities\u2014<em>\u201creform or risk irrelevance.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe Bretton Woods system and the Security Council still mirror 1945. Reform is essentially a <strong>redistribution of power<\/strong> in line with today\u2019s world.\u201d \u2013 Shashi Tharoor<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Socio\u2011Economic Development record<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dimension<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Landmark UN Gains (1945\u20112023)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Outstanding Gaps (2025)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Poverty &amp; Hunger<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>MDG era halved extreme\u2011poverty; WFP reaches\u202f80\u202fM people\/yr.<\/td>\n<td>Conflict\u2011climate shocks push 342\u202fM to acute food insecurity; SDG\u202f1 off\u2011track.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Health<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Smallpox eradication; 90\u202f% child vaccination coverage vs polio.<\/td>\n<td>Unequal pandemic\u2011preparedness; 17\u202f% of Africans still without basic immunisation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Gender<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>CEDAW (1979); 150\u202fcountries adopt laws against domestic violence.<\/td>\n<td>Women hold 27\u202f% parliamentary seats (2025); digital gender gap widening.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Education<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>UNESCO\u2019s Global Education Monitoring Reports guide policy; literacy up from 55\u202f% (1950)\u202f\u2192 87\u202f%.<\/td>\n<td>244\u202fM children out of school; COVID\u2011learning losses may cut lifetime earnings by $17\u202ftn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Climate &amp; Environment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>UNFCCC \u2192 Paris Agreement; Montreal Protocol averted 2\u202f\u00b0C extra warming.<\/td>\n<td>Emissions still rising; adaptation finance to developing states &lt;$25\u202fbn vs $212\u202fbn need.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Practice Questions<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 1<\/strong> <strong>What is the structure and functions of International Court of Justice? [2023\/10 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 2. Do you agree with the view that despite the limitations in the functioning of the UN, it has distinguished and unique achievements to its credit? [2017\/15 m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Question 3. Discuss the significance and urgency of the UN Security Council reforms. Explain the relevance of the reform proposals made by the UN Secretary General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres for the developing countries. [2020\/15m]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <em>Model answers available on the Telegram channel:<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap\"><strong>https:\/\/t.me\/psirbyamitpratap<\/strong><\/a> \u2013 keep notifications on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>See you tomorrow on Day 36. Keep practicing!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u2014<strong>Amit Pratap Singh &amp; Team<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>A quick note on submissions of copies and mentorship<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2025 Mains writers<\/strong>: <strong>Cohort 4 of ATS starts<\/strong> on <strong>27th July<\/strong>. The above practice set will serve as your <em>revision tool<\/em>, just <strong>do not miss booking your mentorship sessions<\/strong> for personalised feedback especially for starting tests. Come with your evaluated test copies.<\/li>\n<li><strong>2026 Mains writers \u2013 Cohort 4 of <\/strong><strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS starts on 24<sup>th<\/sup> July 2025. <\/strong>keep uploading through your usual dashboard. Act on the feedback and improve consistently.<\/li>\n<li>Alternate between mini-tests <strong>(O-AWFG)<\/strong> and full mocks <strong>(ATS)<\/strong> has been designed to tackle speed, content depth, and structured revision\u2014line-by-line evaluation pinpoints your weaknesses and errors. Follow your <strong>PSIR O-AWFG &amp; ATS <\/strong>schedule and use the model answers to enrich your content, as rankers recommended based on their own success.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Hello aspirants, &nbsp; Today\u2019s revision capsule of PSIR optional preparation covers United Nations.There are four 20-markers, five 15-markers, and six 10-markers from this topic in the last 12 years. \u00a0 United Nations\u202f &nbsp; Genesis, Mandate Key Milestones Significance San\u202fFrancisco Conference (Apr\u2011Jun\u202f1945) 50 states draft &amp; sign the UN\u202fCharter. Entry into force \u2013 24\u202fOct\u202f1945&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/psir-power-50-day-35-capsule-united-nations-practice-qs\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PSIR Power 50 \u2013 Day 35 Capsule: United Nations+ Practice Qs<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10394,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12128,9],"tags":[12012,12133],"class_list":["post-343373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-psir-optional","category-public","tag-psir-forumias","tag-psir-optional","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10394"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=343373"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/343373\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=343373"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=343373"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=343373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}