{"id":34476,"date":"2018-10-30T13:30:47","date_gmt":"2018-10-30T08:00:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=34476"},"modified":"2018-10-31T10:35:29","modified_gmt":"2018-10-31T05:05:29","slug":"answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-october-29-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-october-29-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 October 29, 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/mains-marathon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Archives<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>Q.1) The Directive Principles may not be legally enforceable in the court of justice but they are politically and morally enforceable in the court of people. Comment.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DPSPs denote the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws. They are non-justiciable in nature. Therefore, the government cannot be compelled to implement them. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Though they are not legally enforceable, they are important because:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They constitute a very comprehensive economic, social and political programme for a modern democratic State.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They aim at realising the high ideals of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as outlined in the Preamble to the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They embody the concept of a \u2018welfare state\u2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They seek to establish economic and social democracy in the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 37 of the Constitution itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. The Supreme Court has ruled many a \u00a0times that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a Directive Principle, it may consider such law to be \u2018reasonable\u2019 in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. SC has ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a Directive Principle, it may consider such law to be \u2018reasonable\u2019 in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As Dr B R Ambedkar said, a government which rests on popular vote can hardly ignore the Directive Principles while shaping its policy. If any government ignores them, it will certainly have to answer for that before the electorate at the election time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.2) \u201cGenetically engineered crops can reduce some environmental risks associated with conventional agriculture, but will also introduce new challenges that must be addressed\u201d- Discuss<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>GE crops reduce environmental risks in agriculture:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GM crops can withstand adversities of weather like drought, heat, frost, acid or salty soil. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants can be genetically modified to be tolerant to a specific weedkiller.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants can be genetically modified to be resistant to bacterial, fungal or viral infestation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It addresses potential challenges to food security in the future arising from climate change and its impacts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>New challenges posed by it:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plants which carry Bt gene produce a toxin that kills insect pests that feed upon them, but is harmless to humans and other species which are not considered insect pests. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Potential of the introduced genes to outcross to weedy relatives as well as the potential to create weedy species<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Direct effects on non-target organisms<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development of insect resistance<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollution arising from the use of harmful chemicals may increase or decrease.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.3) \u201cCrime by juveniles is a harsh reality in India\u201d Discuss the major causes of juvenile delinquency.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Critically evaluate the decision to trial juveniles 16 years or older as adults for heinous offences like rape and murder.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Causes of juvenile delinquency:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Socio-cultural environment, both inside and outside of home, plays significant role in shaping one\u2019s life and overall personality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the most common causes which are associated with juvenile crimes are: Poverty; Drug Abuse; Anti-social Peer Group; Easy availability of firearms; Abusive parents; Single-parent child; Nuclear Family; Family Violence; Child sexual abuse and Role of Media.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effect of media, especially the social-media make juveniles more inclined towards criminal activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Poverty is one of the biggest causes which force a child to get involved in criminal acts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Trial of juveniles as adults:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The JJ Act, 2016 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">permits juveniles between the ages of 16-18 years to be tried as adults for heinous offences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Positives:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Takes into consideration the reality of today\u2019s technology driven society and the maturity levels of children.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act confines severe punishment only for heinous crimes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Children have been involved in several major crimes to avoid punishment under JJ law.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Negatives:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It assumes that sending children to the adult criminal justice system would solve the problem of juvenile crime as well as women safety.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assessment of individual maturity and mental capacity is extremely difficult. The process may be arbitrary or may be influenced by biases &amp; is likely to be erroneous.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This deprives the chance to reform for a majority of children in conflict with the law. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is in direct violation of the provisions of right to equality under Article 14 and special protection for children under Article 15(3) of Constitution of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adolescence is a period where children are not fully capable of thinking through their actions.They are highly susceptible to negative influence, lack of foresight and inability to estimate risks which lead them to make poor decisions. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to NCRB data in 2013, the number of reported incidents of IPC offences by adults was reported at 3,523,577 whereas those by juveniles were reported at 38,765. Thus, the proportion of juvenile to adult crime is just 1.09%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Q.4) The world\u2019s cities occupy just 3% of the Earth\u2019s land, but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. What are the threats faced by urban centres from climate change. Suggest strategies for sustainable development and adaptation to climate change in your answer. (GS- 3)<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Threats face by urban centers:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sea level rise &#8211; One of the alarming prospects of climate change will be its impact on the rise in sea level. Major cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai are on the coast and are likely to suffer from flooding of lands particularly during high tide, salinization of water sources, destruction of ecosystems and natural resources that supply them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Changes in precipitation patterns and water cycle will increase the already existing problems of water supply and quality in urban areas, especially in big cities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate change is expected to increase environment-related diseases. Warmer and\/or wetter period of breeding due to global warming will provide ideal conditions for expansion of mosquito-borne diseases as puddles, in which malaria carrying mosquitoes breed, are created either by excessive rainfall or by droughts in rivers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lack of sanitation and potable water will increase contaminated water and food-borne diseases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global warming will be felt more in cities because of the \u201curban heat island effect\u201d that makes cities warmer than their surrounding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storms, floods, cyclones, coastal flooding that are expected to be more frequent put infrastructure at great risk.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Strategies for sustainable development:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducing carbon emissions through increasing public transport, better vehicle standards etc.,<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate adaptation strategies life afforestation and local water harvesting systems as solutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Better urban planning to incorporate disasters in development process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reducing various types of pollutions in a holistic manner to arrest deterioration of vital ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coastal and marine conservation project to plant mangrove trees along the coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy efficiency program for buildings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Archives Q.1) The Directive Principles may not be legally enforceable in the court of justice but they are politically and morally enforceable in the court of people. Comment. Answer: DPSPs denote the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws. They are non-justiciable in nature. Therefore, the government cannot&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-october-29-2018\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 October 29, 2018<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":2292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mains-marathon-answers","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pen-paper-laptop.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704879112},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34476"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34476\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}