{"id":34604,"date":"2018-10-31T12:10:01","date_gmt":"2018-10-31T06:40:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=34604"},"modified":"2018-10-31T12:10:01","modified_gmt":"2018-10-31T06:40:01","slug":"elevated-enzyme-for-cancer-diagnosis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/elevated-enzyme-for-cancer-diagnosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Elevated enzyme for cancer diagnosis:"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.co.in\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi0jrb20PHWAhXDLI8KHb11DHkQqOcBCCUwAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Felevated-enzyme-for-cancer-diagnosis%2Farticle19861648.ece&amp;usg=AOvVaw3GZEcOec5ca-U6LhKKqFvQ\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elevated enzyme for cancer diagnosis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Context<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The application of the elevated enzyme technique may be used during surgery to know tumour spread. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers have utilised the <\/span><b>overexpression of biotin receptors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on cancer cells and enhanced production of <\/span><b>thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in cancer cells for cancer diagnosis. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Breast and cervical cancer cell line studies shows encouraging results.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>More about the research and findings <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers developed a hybrid assembly by <\/span><b>binding naphthalimide moiety to carbon dots<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> using disulphide covalent bond. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Naphthalimide analogues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are used as anticancer agents. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the presence of normal amount of TrxR enzyme seen inside normal cells, the carbon dots behave as an energy donor and the naphthalimide moiety as an acceptor, thus establishing <\/span><b>fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a typical <\/span><b>yellow emission when irradiated with visible light<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But in the presence of elevated levels of TrxR enzyme, which is seen in cancer cells, the disulphide covalent bond gets disrupted freeing the naphthalimide moiety from the surface of carbon dots. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, the <\/span><b>FRET gets disrupted and there is blue emission when the cells are irradiated with visible light<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In normal cells, the amount of TrxR enzyme is very little and hence the FRET mechanism is not eliminated, resulting in yellow emission.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a physical phenomenon whereby <\/span><b>energy created by fluorescence excitation of one molecule is transferred to an adjacent molecule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basically, FRET is a special technique to gauge the distance between two chromophores, called a <\/span><b>donor-acceptor pair<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the two molecules are fluorophores, excitation of the first molecule results in fluorescence emission of the second molecule.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Distinguishing cancer cells using colour of the emission <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We can distinguish cancer cells from normal cells by the colour of the emission. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>presence of yellow emission indicates normal cells<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while <\/span><b>blue indicates cancer cells<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Note<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: i) Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have large number of <\/span><b>biotin receptors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Since biotin is present on the surface of carbon dots, the hybrid assembly is absorbed in large numbers by cancer cells. ii) When the bond is intact the emission comes from the naphthalimide moiety, and when the bond is broken, the emission comes from the carbon dots<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within 45 minutes of treatment, we could see the change in emission from yellow to blue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since <\/span><b>visible light cannot penetrate human tissue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the potential application of this technique may be during surgery to know tumour spread.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Therapeutic Use of this technique<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>naphthalimide <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">used here can function as a <\/span><b>cancer therapeutic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nanosensor was found to <\/span><b>reduce the viability of cancer cells up to 70%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The naphthalimide that gets released when the disulfide bond is broken is responsible for the destruction of cancer cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher concentration of naphthalimide is used to kill 70% of cancer cells. Usually, much lower concentration of drug is used for therapeutic purposes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Way Forward <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since naphthalimide is expensive, the <\/span><b>researchers are trying to develop a<\/b> <b>cheaper substitute<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The new hybrid material would be tested on more cancer cell lines before testing it on animal models. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The focus is on using the assembly for diagnostics. If it offers therapeutic benefits then it will be an added advantage. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Note<\/strong><\/span>: <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/inspiration-kalam-sir\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Inspirational Quotes by\u00a0APJ Abdul Kalam on his birthday anniversary<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Elevated enzyme for cancer diagnosis: Context The application of the elevated enzyme technique may be used during surgery to know tumour spread. Researchers have utilised the overexpression of biotin receptors on cancer cells and enhanced production of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme in cancer cells for cancer diagnosis. Breast and cervical cancer cell line studies shows&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/elevated-enzyme-for-cancer-diagnosis\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Elevated enzyme for cancer diagnosis:<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[555],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-test-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704576298},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34604"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34604\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}