{"id":350414,"date":"2025-11-21T14:39:12","date_gmt":"2025-11-21T09:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/?p=350414"},"modified":"2025-11-22T09:51:45","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T04:21:45","slug":"presidential-reference-sc-clarifies-governors-powers-on-state-bills","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/presidential-reference-sc-clarifies-governors-powers-on-state-bills\/","title":{"rendered":"Presidential Reference: SC Clarifies Governor\u2019s Powers on State Bills"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a class=\"btn btn-primary text-light\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Presidential-Reference.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download PDF Daily 7 PM Initiative for the day\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In a major decision clarifying how Governors and state legislatures must interact, the <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Supreme Court\u2019s five-judge Constitution Bench<\/span> issued its opinion on a presidential reference related to the Governor\u2019s assent to state Bills.<\/p>\n<p>The Court held that Governors cannot indefinitely delay Bills passed by state legislatures and must work cooperatively with elected governments, upholding the principle of cooperative federalism. At the same time, it stated that <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">courts cannot mandate a fixed timeframe for the Governor or the President to grant assent<\/span>, nor can they create a concept like \u201cdeemed assent\u201d in cases where no action is taken.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_350417\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-350417\" style=\"width: 415px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-350417\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SC-Clarifies-Governors-Powers-on-State-Bills.png?resize=415%2C232&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"SC Clarifies Governor\u2019s Powers on State Bills\" width=\"415\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SC-Clarifies-Governors-Powers-on-State-Bills.png?w=649&amp;ssl=1 649w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SC-Clarifies-Governors-Powers-on-State-Bills.png?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-350417\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source- IE<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Table of Content<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\"><a href=\"#h1\">Why the Presidential Reference was submitted to the Supreme Court?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h2\">What is the Supreme Court\u2019s position on the 14 key questions regarding the powers of Governors and the President?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h3\">Significance of the Supreme Court Opinion on Governor\u2019s Powers<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h4\">Challenges Highlighted<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"#h5\">Way Forward<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a id=\"h1\"><\/a>Why the Presidential Reference was submitted to the Supreme Court?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"371\">President <strong data-start=\"169\" data-end=\"187\">Droupadi Murmu<\/strong> approached the Supreme Court under <strong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"241\">Article 143(1)<\/strong> to seek its advisory opinion after disputes arose over delays by Governors and the President in granting assent to state Bills.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"809\">The immediate trigger was an <strong data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"438\">April 8 judgment from Tamil Nadu<\/strong>, where a two-judge Bench had set strict timelines for Governors and the President to act on Bills.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"809\">In a highly unusual step, the court invoked <strong data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"597\">Article 142<\/strong> and declared <strong data-start=\"611\" data-end=\"634\">10 Tamil Nadu Bills<\/strong> as having received \u201cdeemed assent\u201d because the Governor had not taken action for extended periods. This unprecedented move raised questions about constitutional boundaries.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"941\">To clear the confusion, the President submitted a <strong data-start=\"861\" data-end=\"917\">five-page reference containing 14 specific questions<\/strong>, seeking guidance on:\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"1010\">Whether courts can set deadlines for constitutional authorities.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1062\">The validity of the concept of \u201cdeemed assent.\u201d<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1160\">The scope and limits of gubernatorial and presidential powers under <strong data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1157\">Articles 200 and 201<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\"><strong>Read more:<br \/>\n<\/strong>1. <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/presidential-reference-under-article-143-an-instrument-of-constitutional-dialogue\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Presidential Reference<\/a><br \/>\n2. <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/role-of-governor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Role of Governor<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a id=\"h2\"><\/a>What is the Supreme Court\u2019s position on the 14 key questions regarding the powers of Governors and the President?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1317\"><strong data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1155\">1. What are the constitutional options before a Governor under Article 200?<\/strong><br data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1158\" \/>Article 200 outlines the process for a Governor to give assent to a Bill passed by the state legislature. The Court held that the Governor has three options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1320\" data-end=\"1334\">Grant assent<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1337\" data-end=\"1389\">Reserve the Bill for the President\u2019s consideration<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1482\">Withhold assent and return the Bill to the legislature with comments for reconsideration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1699\">Crucially, the Court ruled that there is no option to \u201cwithhold assent simpliciter.\u201d The Governor cannot simply refuse to sign a Bill and keep it pending; if they withhold assent, they must return it to the House.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1706\" data-end=\"2259\"><strong data-start=\"1706\" data-end=\"1803\">2. Is the Governor bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers under Article 200?<\/strong><br data-start=\"1803\" data-end=\"1806\" \/>No. Article 163 states that the Governor must act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, except where the Constitution requires discretion. The Court ruled that when granting assent to Bills, the Governor enjoys discretion and is not bound by the Cabinet\u2019s advice. The Bench reasoned that if Governors were bound by the Cabinet, they could never return a Bill for reconsideration, as no government would advise against its own legislation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2261\" data-end=\"2573\"><strong data-start=\"2261\" data-end=\"2339\">3. Is the Governor\u2019s exercise of discretion under Article 200 justiciable?<\/strong><br data-start=\"2339\" data-end=\"2342\" \/>The merits of the Governor\u2019s decision are not justiciable. However, \u201cprolonged, unexplained, and indefinite inaction\u201d is subject to judicial review. If a Governor sits on a Bill without acting, the Court can direct them to do so.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"3020\"><strong data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2676\">4. Is Article 361 an absolute bar to judicial review of the Governor\u2019s actions under Article 200?<\/strong><br data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2679\" \/>No. Article 361 grants the President and Governors personal immunity, stating they are not \u201canswerable to any court\u201d for their duties. The Court held that while this protects the individual, it does not protect the office of the Governor from judicial scrutiny in cases of constitutional inaction. Immunity cannot shield indefinite delays.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3264\"><strong data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3088\">5. Can timelines be imposed on the Governor under Article 200?<\/strong><br data-start=\"3088\" data-end=\"3091\" \/>No. The Court overruled its April judgment that set one- to three-month timelines. Article 200 uses the phrase \u201cas soon as possible,\u201d so rigid deadlines are inappropriate.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3266\" data-end=\"3517\"><strong data-start=\"3266\" data-end=\"3333\">6. Is the President\u2019s discretion under Article 201 justiciable?<\/strong><br data-start=\"3333\" data-end=\"3336\" \/>No. Article 201 deals with Bills reserved by the Governor for the President. Like the Governor, the President\u2019s decision to assent or withhold assent cannot be reviewed on merits.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3519\" data-end=\"3665\"><strong data-start=\"3519\" data-end=\"3586\">7. Can timelines be imposed on the President under Article 201?<\/strong><br data-start=\"3586\" data-end=\"3589\" \/>No. Judicial timelines cannot bind the President regarding reserved Bills.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3667\" data-end=\"3888\"><strong data-start=\"3667\" data-end=\"3761\">8. Must the President consult the Supreme Court under Article 143 when a Bill is reserved?<\/strong><br data-start=\"3761\" data-end=\"3764\" \/>No. Article 143 allows consultation but does not make it mandatory. The President\u2019s subjective satisfaction is sufficient.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3890\" data-end=\"4111\"><strong data-start=\"3890\" data-end=\"3975\">9. Are decisions of the Governor\/President justiciable before a Bill becomes law?<\/strong><br data-start=\"3975\" data-end=\"3978\" \/>No. Judicial review applies only to enacted laws, not proposed Bills. Courts cannot adjudicate on a Bill before it receives assent.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4113\" data-end=\"4310\"><strong data-start=\"4113\" data-end=\"4171\">10. Can Article 142 be used to create \u201cdeemed assent\u201d?<\/strong><br data-start=\"4171\" data-end=\"4174\" \/>No. Article 142 allows the Supreme Court to do \u201ccomplete justice\u201d but cannot create a legal fiction to substitute the Governor\u2019s role.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4312\" data-end=\"4468\"><strong data-start=\"4312\" data-end=\"4372\">11. Can a Bill become law without the Governor\u2019s assent?<\/strong><br data-start=\"4372\" data-end=\"4375\" \/>No. A Bill cannot become law without the Governor\u2019s assent, or the President\u2019s if reserved.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4470\" data-end=\"4683\"><strong data-start=\"4470\" data-end=\"4583\">12. Is it mandatory for a Bench to first decide if a matter requires a five-judge Bench under Article 145(3)?<\/strong><br data-start=\"4583\" data-end=\"4586\" \/>The Court declined to answer, stating it was irrelevant to the reference on legislative assent.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4685\" data-end=\"4890\"><strong data-start=\"4685\" data-end=\"4775\">13. Can Article 142 override substantive or procedural provisions of the Constitution?<\/strong><br data-start=\"4775\" data-end=\"4778\" \/>The Court clarified that Article 142 cannot override substantive provisions such as the requirement of assent.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"5098\"><strong data-start=\"4892\" data-end=\"5016\">14. Does the Constitution bar the Supreme Court from exercising jurisdiction beyond Article 131 in Union-State disputes?<\/strong><br data-start=\"5016\" data-end=\"5019\" \/>The Court declined to answer, deeming it irrelevant to the Governor\u2019s powers.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"190\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><a id=\"h3\"><\/a>Significance of the Supreme Court Opinion on Governor\u2019s Powers<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"414\"><strong data-start=\"195\" data-end=\"232\">1. Clarification of Governor\u2019s Role:<\/strong> The SC reaffirmed that the Governor\u2019s function under Article 200 is discretionary and generally not justiciable, except in cases of prolonged, unexplained, or indefinite inaction.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"595\"><strong data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"458\">2. Strengthening Separation of Powers:<\/strong> By rolling back strict timelines, the Court preserves executive autonomy while retaining judicial oversight as a corrective mechanism.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"796\"><strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"626\">3. Facilitating Dialogue:<\/strong> The Governor\u2019s assent is seen as the \u201cinitiation of a dialogic process\u201d between the state and Centre, highlighting its advisory, consultative, and mediative character.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"981\"><strong data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"835\">4. Preventing Judicial Overreach:<\/strong> The SC explicitly rejected the idea of \u201cdeemed assent\u201d or substituting executive functions, emphasizing adherence to constitutional boundaries.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"986\" data-end=\"1171\"><strong data-start=\"986\" data-end=\"1017\">5. Preserving Federal Balance:<\/strong> The ruling ensures that both the Centre and state governments respect the constitutional discretion of Governors while maintaining checks and balances.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1208\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1208\"><a id=\"h4\"><\/a>Challenges Highlighted<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1391\"><strong data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1249\">1. Prolonged Inaction by Governors:<\/strong> Despite constitutional safeguards, delays in granting assent can stall legislative processes, affecting governance and citizens\u2019 interests.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1396\" data-end=\"1568\"><strong data-start=\"1396\" data-end=\"1435\">2. Ambiguity in Judicial Intervention:<\/strong> The Court can intervene only in \u201cglaring circumstances,\u201d which leaves a grey area about when exactly judicial review is warranted.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1573\" data-end=\"1735\"><strong data-start=\"1573\" data-end=\"1597\">3. Political Pressures:<\/strong> Governors may face political pressure from the Centre or opposition parties, potentially compromising neutrality in legislative assent.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1901\"><strong data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1783\">4. Coordination Between Centre and States:<\/strong> Lack of structured dialogue mechanisms can exacerbate disputes and lead to litigation, straining federal relations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"2064\"><strong data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"1944\">5. Limited Accountability Mechanisms:<\/strong> While the SC can nudge action, there is no fixed timeline, which may reduce the deterrence against deliberate delays.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2071\" data-end=\"2090\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong data-start=\"2075\" data-end=\"2090\"><a id=\"h5\"><\/a>Way Forward<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2244\"><strong data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2121\">1. Promote Timely Assent:<\/strong> Governors should ensure prompt consideration of Bills, and state governments should maintain open channels for dialogue.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2249\" data-end=\"2407\"><strong data-start=\"2249\" data-end=\"2287\">2. Judicial Oversight as Last Resort:<\/strong> Courts should intervene only in exceptional cases, issuing limited mandamus without reviewing merits of the decision.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2412\" data-end=\"2561\"><strong data-start=\"2412\" data-end=\"2442\">3. Institutionalize Dialogue:<\/strong> Establish structured consultations between Governors, state governments, and Centre to resolve legislative impasses.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2566\" data-end=\"2705\"><strong data-start=\"2566\" data-end=\"2593\">4. Training and Awareness:<\/strong> Enhance understanding of constitutional roles under Articles 200 and 201 among Governors and state officials.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2710\" data-end=\"2838\"><strong data-start=\"2710\" data-end=\"2735\">5. Safeguard Federalism:<\/strong> Both Centre and states must respect the discretionary role of Governors to maintain federal balance.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"2998\"><strong data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"2875\">6. Monitor Deliberate Inaction:<\/strong> States can move courts when Governors delay action excessively, ensuring accountability without compromising discretion.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: solid;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100%;\"><strong>Read more<\/strong>&#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-law\/supreme-court-governors-powers-verdict-14-questions-answers-10376162\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IE<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>UPSC Syllabus- GS 2<\/strong>&#8211; Separation of powers and checks and balances<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Download PDF Daily 7 PM Initiative for the day\u00a0 In a major decision clarifying how Governors and state legislatures must interact, the Supreme Court\u2019s five-judge Constitution Bench issued its opinion on a presidential reference related to the Governor\u2019s assent to state Bills. The Court held that Governors cannot indefinitely delay Bills passed by state legislatures&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/presidential-reference-sc-clarifies-governors-powers-on-state-bills\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Presidential Reference: SC Clarifies Governor\u2019s Powers on State Bills<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10367,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-350414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-7-pm","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/350414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10367"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=350414"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/350414\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=350414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=350414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=350414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}