{"id":35226,"date":"2018-10-31T15:52:32","date_gmt":"2018-10-31T10:22:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=35226"},"modified":"2018-10-31T15:52:32","modified_gmt":"2018-10-31T10:22:32","slug":"why-infections-picked-up-in-hospitals-are-the-big-threat-today-how-world-is-trying-to-cope","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/why-infections-picked-up-in-hospitals-are-the-big-threat-today-how-world-is-trying-to-cope\/","title":{"rendered":"Why infections picked up in hospitals are the big threat today, how world is trying to cope:"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/why-infections-picked-up-in-hospitals-are-the-big-threat-today-how-world-is-trying-to-cope-4837567\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why infections picked up in hospitals are the big threat today, how world is trying to cope<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Context<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Bengaluru firm has become India\u2019s first to receive the international Combating Antibiotic Resistant Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) grant to develop antibiotics to treat hospital-acquired infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB \u2013 X)?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CARB-X, or Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator, is a public-private international partnership.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The partnership provides a new, collaborative approach to speed research, development and delivery of new antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics, and other innovative products to address the urgent global problem of drug-resistant bacterial infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Why was CARB instituted?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was set up in 2016 to focus on innovations to improve diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It grew out of President Barack Obama\u2019s 2015 Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (CARB) initiative.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CARB-X is headquartered at BU Law, and will provide grants up to $ 455 million (over Rs 2,900 crore) over a five-year period to firms across the globe for antibiotics R&amp;D.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>From where is the CARB funding comes from?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CARB is funded by the London-based biomedical research charity Wellcome Trust, and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of the US Department of Health and Human Services.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There were two sets of funding announced on March 30 and July 25, 2017, covering 18 projects in six countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All CARB-X funding so far is focused on projects to address the most resistant \u201cGram-negative\u201d bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>what are Gram-negative bacteria?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bacteria are classified as Gram-positive and Gram-negative, based on a structural difference in their cell walls that is detectable through a staining technique developed in 1884 by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for 20-25% of infections, and are multi drug resistant, which is the ability of bacteria to defend themselves against drugs that try to kill them.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is Antibiotics resistance?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic resistance is a subset of <\/span><b>antimicrobial resistance (AMR), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which is a wider category that covers resistance in all micro-organisms bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi to drugs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some 700,000 people die of resistant infections every year globally, a number that is estimated to rise to 10 million by 2050.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Why has antibiotic resistance become a global crisis?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibiotic resistance has become a global crisis that threatens the management of infections, both in the community and in hospital practice.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Reason behind it are:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, including against viral infections;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their prolonged use in patients admitted to hospitals;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Their abuse in animal husbandry as growth promoters;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cheaper antibiotics such as penicillin, tetracycline or co-trimoxazole can often no longer cure an infection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The high-end antibiotics like third- and fourth-generation cephalosporin and carbapenem are commonly used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In hospital critical care units, more than 50% organisms are now resistant even to these drugs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>How is antimicrobial resistance a serious threat to India?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India, because of its sheer numbers, poor literacy and awareness, and lax controls over medical practices, is on the frontlines of the global AMR public health crisis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 2015 WHO multi-country survey recorded \u201cwidespread public misunderstanding\u201d about antibiotic use in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Health Minister J P Nadda, in April 2016, highlighted antimicrobial resistance as a \u201cserious threat to global public health\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR), the crude mortality from infectious diseases in India is 417 per 100,000, and India is among countries with the highest burden of bacterial infections.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>How is India trying to get rid of it?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two, an Indian company, Bangalore-based Bugworks Research, has received an Initial fund of $ 2.6 million for its work on a new class of antibiotics to fight what is known as the \u201cESKAPE\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ESKAPE is group of pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ESKAPE pathogens are considered the leading cause of nosocomial (hospital-born) and hospital acquired infections throughout the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has formed a National Surveillance System for AMR, and issued National Guidelines for use of antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A national policy for containment of antimicrobial resistance was formulated in 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Health Minister J P Nadda released a multi-sectoral National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR) 2017-21 earlier this year.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What is Delhi Declaration?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several Ministers signed a \u2018Delhi Declaration\u2019 to strategies together to contain AMR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specific objectives of the plan include the prevention of emergence and spread of resistant bacteria through infection prevention and control, optimized use of antibiotics in all sectors, and enhanced investments for AMR activities, research and innovations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plan also aims to enable monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;E) of the implementation of NAP-AMR based on the M&amp;E framework.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why infections picked up in hospitals are the big threat today, how world is trying to cope: Context A Bengaluru firm has become India\u2019s first to receive the international Combating Antibiotic Resistant Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) grant to develop antibiotics to treat hospital-acquired infections. What is Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB \u2013 X)? \u00a0CARB-X,&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/why-infections-picked-up-in-hospitals-are-the-big-threat-today-how-world-is-trying-to-cope\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Why infections picked up in hospitals are the big threat today, how world is trying to cope:<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[555],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35226","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-test-1","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704941567},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35226","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35226"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35226\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35226"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35226"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35226"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}