Read\u00a0In-depth analysis of all the Editorials here<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n
\nStatus of women political participation across globe:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Only 24 per cent of all national parliamentarians are women<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Rwanda<\/strong> has the highest number of women parliamentarians worldwide (61.3%)<\/li>\n
- Wide variations in the average percentages of women parliamentarians in each region<\/li>\n
- Nordic countries: 42.3%; Americas: 30%; Europe including Nordic countries: 27.7%; Europe excluding Nordic countries: 26.6%<\/li>\n
- Sub-Saharan Africa:23.6%; Asia:19.4%; Arab States:17.8%; and the Pacific:17%<\/li>\n
- Only 18.3 per cent of government ministers are women<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Most commonly held portfolio by women ministers is environment, natural resources, and energy, followed by social sectors, such as social affairs, education and the family<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Status of women political participation in India:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Lok Sabha<\/strong> have 64 (8 percent<\/strong>) and Rajya Sabha<\/strong> 27 (11 percent<\/strong>) women MPs (IPU and UN women report)<\/li>\n
- Out of the total 4,118 MLAs<\/strong>, only 9 percent<\/strong> are women<\/li>\n
- Between 2010 and 2017 women’s share rose 1 percentage point in its Lower House (Lok Sabha)<\/li>\n
- There are 72 lakh elected women representatives (EWRs) in PRIs<\/strong> (Panchayati Raj Institutions) which constitute 44.2 per cent of total elected representatives (ERs)<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Women sarpanchs accounted for 43 per cent of total gram panchayats<\/strong> (GPs) across the country<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Global Indexes measuring Women Political Empowerment:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- World Economic Forum: Gender Gap Index<\/strong>: India rank= 108\/149; Political Empowerment ranking 2017= 15; 2018= 19<\/li>\n
- United Nation Development Program: Gender Inequality Index:<\/strong> India rank= 127\/189; Share of seats in parliament: 11.6%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Reasons for lower participation of women in Indian politics:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\nAccording to Economic Survey 2017-18: Reasons are::<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Domestic responsibilities<\/li>\n
- Prevailing cultural attitudes regarding roles of women in society<\/li>\n
- Lack of support from family<\/li>\n
- Lack of confidence<\/li>\n
- Lack of finance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Other Reasons are:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Lack of will of Political Parties to provide adequate number of party tickets to women candidates for their better representation<\/li>\n
- Delay in passing of Women Reservation Bill providing 33% reservation in Lok sabha and state legislative assemblies<\/li>\n
- Lack of leadership training and limited involvement in decision making process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Benefits of Increased Women share in Politics:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Women legislators improve the economic performance of their constituencies 1.8 per cent more than male legislatures (UN University)<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Research on panchayats in India discovered that the number of drinking water projects in areas with women-led councils was 62 per cent higher than in those with men-led councils<\/strong><\/li>\n
- Better policy making<\/strong>: especially vulnerable sections related policies. Eg. In Norway, a direct causal relationship between the presence of women in municipal councils and childcare coverage was found<\/li>\n
- Higher economic growth<\/strong>: Research suggests that women favor redistributive politics and, thus, have a tolerance of higher taxes<\/li>\n
- Less Criminalization of Politics:<\/strong> research say women legislature three times less likely of having criminal charges than men legislature<\/li>\n
- Economic infrastructure:<\/strong> evaluation of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana shows the share of incomplete road projects is 22 percentage points lower in female-led constituencies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Study of Women’s Reservation in Politics and Economic Empowerment:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\nImportant Facts:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment act<\/strong> provided for one-third women reservation in all three tiers of panchayat<\/li>\n
- Hindu succession act 1976 and amended in 2005<\/strong> provided equal right to daughter in ancestral property inheritance on par with son<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Benefits of economic empowerment (land rights) of women:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Greater authority in the household decision making<\/li>\n
- Less likely to experience domestic violence<\/li>\n
- Better health and nutrition to children<\/li>\n
- Farm agricultural land more effectively<\/li>\n
- Yields greater output for their entire household<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Positive Impacts of reservation in politics on economic empowerment: <\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Reservation increased frequency and magnitude of female inheritance Eg. frequency of female inheritance increased from 10.3 per cent to 16.3 per cent<\/li>\n
- Higher the political representation—-more the bargaining power in public and private domain—better the response from official stakeholders<\/li>\n
- Female elected leaders increase women\u2019s ability to demand effective enforcement of economic rights through mobilizing political participation and women\u2019s social solidarity<\/li>\n
- Marriage negotiations are sphere when women have shown maximal voice over the natal family\u2019s distribution of resources mainly by young women capable of negotiating their rights<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Constraints:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Only a subset of women can translate greater public, political voice into bargaining power for private, ancestral property<\/li>\n
- Enhanced backlash among men For Eg. increased willingness to sanction violent punishment to daughters and her marital family for marriage against father approval<\/li>\n
- Not beneficial to women who were already married at time of reform introduction as natal family consider implementation of such right as double burden<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Probable Solutions:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Substantive equality for women in society requires major political, economic, and social reforms<\/li>\n
- Problem of traditional entitlements \u2014 men\u2019s privileged access to rights and resources \u2014 must be tackled directly through social influence and persuasion<\/li>\n
- New rights can improve collective welfare if society recognizes that it creates opportunities and benefits for all<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Way Forwards for enhancing women’s share in Indian Politics:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Passing of Women’s Reservation Bill 2008<\/strong> which seeks to reserve one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies<\/li>\n
- Institutionalization of Intra party democracy for wider pool of candidates including women<\/li>\n
- Further promotion of women participation at panchayat level through strengthening women self-help groups<\/li>\n
- Promoting girl\u2019s participation in College\/Universities student political parties and political debate<\/li>\n
- Strengthening women\u2019s agencies and organizations for building a progressive society with equality of opportunities among all citizens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nSource:\u00a0https:\/\/www.thehindubusinessline.com\/opinion\/columns\/empowering-effects-of-women-in-politics\/article26122124.ece<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Read\u00a0In-depth analysis of all the Editorials here Status of women political participation across globe: Only 24 per cent of all national parliamentarians are women Rwanda has the highest number of women parliamentarians worldwide (61.3%) Wide variations in the average percentages of women parliamentarians in each region Nordic countries: 42.3%; Americas: 30%; Europe including Nordic countries:… Continue reading 7 PM | Women in Indian Politics: | 30 January, 2019<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":41356,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7-pm","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/lkBtk.jpg?fit=300%2C217&ssl=1","views":{"total":146,"cached_at":""},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41355","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41355"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41355\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41356"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41355"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41355"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}