{"id":52335,"date":"2019-09-19T19:00:24","date_gmt":"2019-09-19T13:30:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogadmin.forumias.com\/?p=52335"},"modified":"2019-09-19T16:27:38","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T10:57:38","slug":"7-pm-focusing-on-health-education-of-women-will-bring-down-population-increase-work-participation-19th-september-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/7-pm-focusing-on-health-education-of-women-will-bring-down-population-increase-work-participation-19th-september-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"7 PM | Focusing on health, education of women will bring down population, increase work participation | 19th September, 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Context:<\/strong>\nPolicy-making in India has in recent decades been generally neutral to data and\nresearch. However, in matters of demography, particularly while prescribing\nstrong punitive measures for having large families, decisions must be taken\nbased on rigorous analysis of the data to avoid a China type crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>World Population Prospects 2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It is released by the&nbsp;<em>Population Division of the UN\nDepartment of Economic and Social Affairs.<\/em><em><\/em><\/li><li>The report has reported\nthat India\u2019s total fertility rate (TFR) has declined from 5.9 in early Sixties\nto 2.4 to 2010-15.<\/li><li>By 2025-30, the TFR\nwill fall to 2.1, sliding further to 1.9 during 2045-50.&nbsp;<\/li><li>Overall,&nbsp;<em>the world\u2019s population is ageing<\/em>,\nwith the age group of 65 and above growing at such a fast rate that by 2050,\none in six people in the world will be part of it as compared to one in 11 in\n2019. <\/li><li>By the end of the\ncentury, the world population is set to peak at a level of about 11 billion.<\/li><li>India\u2019s\npopulation was predicted to peak at 1.7 billion in 2060, declining to 1.5\nbillion by 2100.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Total fertility rate (TFR):<\/strong>\nTotal\nfertility rate refers to the total number of children born or likely to be born\nto a woman of child-bearing age in her lifetime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Replacement fertility level:<\/strong>\nTFR\nof 2.1 children per woman is called the replacement level fertility, which is\nthe average number of children a woman would need to have in order for the\npopulation to replace itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Factors\nfor the decline of TFR:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Increased\nacceptance of contraceptives: <\/strong>As per NFHS, the period between\n2005-06 and 2015-16 saw a decline in TFR but the use of contraceptives methods\nhas not increased significantly. This may be partly true as younger couples are more likely to opt\nfor these methods than older ones.<\/li><li><strong>Rise in the age of marriage:<\/strong> The NFHS 2015-16 records that among married\nwomen in 20-24 age group, persons who were either pregnant or had a baby at or\nbefore the age of 18, declined from 48 per cent in 2005-06 to 21 per cent in\n2015-16.<\/li><li>Higher education, increased mobility,\nlate marriage, financially independent women and overall prosperity are all\ncontributing to a falling TFR.<\/li><li><strong>Level\nof literacy: <\/strong>Bihar, with the highest TFR of 3.2, had the maximum\npercentage of illiterate women at 6.8%, while Kerala, where the literacy rate\namong women is 99.3%, had among the lowest fertility rates.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How\nthe declining TFR can help in India\u2019s economic growth?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The decline in TFR\nwould lead to reduction in the dependency ratio.<\/li><li>The\ndependency ratio is a measure of the number of dependents aged zero to 14 and\nover the age of 65, compared with the total population aged 15 to 64. This\nindicator gives insight into the number of people of nonworking age, compared\nwith the number of those of working age.<\/li><li>According to\neconomic survey 2018-19, the age distribution implies that India&#8217;s working-age\npopulation will grow by roughly 9.7mn per year during 2021-31 and 4.2mn per\nyear in 2031-41.<strong><\/strong><\/li><li>Thus, a reduction in\nthe share of children and an increase in the adult population are important for\nachieving a high rate of economic growth since it will lead to an increase in\nthe percentage of the working population. As per Asian Development Bank (ADB),\nIndia is expected to grow at least 6.5-7.5 per cent per annum in the coming\nthree decades.<\/li><li>In order to achieve the\npredicted growth rate, an increase in the percentage of women participating in\nthe workforce is a must. Despite the declining trend in the percentage of\nworking women, the trend of sharp decline in TFR and rise in age of marriage\nsuggest that this is feasible.<strong><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TFR\nreduction community-wise:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>In 2005-6,\nthe TFR for Muslims was 3.4 which fell to 2.6 in 2015-16, a decline of 0.8\npercentage points. <\/li><li>For the\nHindus, TFR declined from 2.6 in 2005-06 to 2.1 in 2015-16, a fall of 0.5\npoints. <\/li><li>The fall\nfor Christians and Sikhs was just 0.3 percentage points.<strong><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Changing\nscenario in Muslim community:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The population growth\nrate of Muslims has been declining since 1971 \u2013 from 30.9% during 1961-71 to\n24.6% during 2001-11.<\/li><li>As per the NFHS, the\nTFR of Muslims in Uttar Pradesh is 3.10, while it is 1.86 in Kerala which is much\nless than that of Hindus in UP (2.67).<\/li><li>As revealed by NFHS data, the primary health and education has played an important\nrole in bringing down TFR among muslim community.<\/li><li>Educated Muslim women\nreport very high unemployment rate is an evidence that the societal norms have\nbeen relaxed, permitting many more of them to seek jobs than the capacity of\nthe labour market to absorb.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Conclusion: <\/strong>There\nhas been talk of measures to control population, independent of caste and\ncommunity considerations. However, the major factors that help in controlling\nthe population growth are the education levels and primary health. Government\nshould work towards providing these facilities with much focus on data and\nresearch before prescribing punitive measures for population control. A special\nfocus is required on education of women that can bring down the population\ngrowth more effectively and at the same time increase women labour force\nparticipation in India.<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source:\n<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/total-fertility-rate-population-explosion-6007821\/\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/total-fertility-rate-population-explosion-6007821\/<\/a><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Context: Policy-making in India has in recent decades been generally neutral to data and research. However, in matters of demography, particularly while prescribing strong punitive measures for having large families, decisions must be taken based on rigorous analysis of the data to avoid a China type crisis. World Population Prospects 2019: It is released by&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/7-pm-focusing-on-health-education-of-women-will-bring-down-population-increase-work-participation-19th-september-2019\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">7 PM | Focusing on health, education of women will bring down population, increase work participation | 19th September, 2019<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":49370,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52335","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-7-pm","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/7-PM.png?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704768396},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52335"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52335\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/49370"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52335"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}